tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-71582847196652313412024-02-06T19:55:40.342-08:00The Billy WilsonBilly Wilsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00650540049798713387noreply@blogger.comBlogger16125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7158284719665231341.post-78907816480768334892015-08-06T19:46:00.000-07:002015-08-13T18:26:24.708-07:00Algoma's Great Lakes Drainage Basin: Streams and Waterbodies<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Contents</span></h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">1 Introduction</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">2 Methods of Collection</span><br />
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">3 Legend</span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">4 The Waterbody Data and Interactive Map</span><br />
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">5 Observations</span><br />
<div>
<ul>
<li>5.1 Drainage</li>
<li>5.2 Lake Charr Waterbodies</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">6 Glossary</span><br />
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">7 References</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">1 Introduction</span></h3>
<br />
This article analyzes the waterbodies and drainage basins situated within the District of Algoma's Great Lakes drainage basin with a focus on freshwater charr (i.e., lake charr [<i>Salvelinus namaycush</i>] and brook charr [<i>Salvelinus fontinalis</i>]).<br />
<br />
Northern Ontario, where the District of Algoma is situated, is one of the two most general sub-provincial geographical and administrative divisions within the province of Ontario. These two divisions contrast markedly from each other with Northern Ontario constituting 87% of the province's land area but only 6% of the population. It is divided up into large, sparsely populated administrative districts opposed to the smaller and more densely populated administrative counties which constitute Southern Ontario.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhisEwJAk4wVpwEcBvM-0RyjlXYvCPHAcqAGc_I_v6bXTRgvmMUlvxFAKvMCTBLlqsFo804gk5llph54DAYTiaw9bWV0nFl0fTwqeBRCqAMN9A-mrgTLmhMBmXiJhU9zlxh1I-ZRo4fOYVb/s1600/Article1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="364" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhisEwJAk4wVpwEcBvM-0RyjlXYvCPHAcqAGc_I_v6bXTRgvmMUlvxFAKvMCTBLlqsFo804gk5llph54DAYTiaw9bWV0nFl0fTwqeBRCqAMN9A-mrgTLmhMBmXiJhU9zlxh1I-ZRo4fOYVb/s640/Article1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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The boundaries of the province of Ontario are highlighted in red. The approximate division between Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario is demarcated in purple. Background imagery from Google Earth.</div>
<br />
Although Sault Ste. Marie is Algoma's seat and is a sizable city containing around 75,000 inhabitants, the district contains 48,810.68 km2 of land and contains only around six other places that possess more than 1,000 inhabitants. Altogether, according to the 2011 census, the district was home to 115,870 inhabitants. If Algoma was a country, it would rank as the second least densely populated country (2.4 people/km2) in the world only ahead of Mongolia (1.9 people/km2).<br />
<br />
Algoma's most populated municipalities according to the 2011 census:<br />
<br />
<ol>
<li>Sault Ste. Marie: 75,141 | 64.8%</li>
<li>Elliot Lake: 11,348 | 9.8%</li>
<li>Blind River: 3,549 | 3.1%</li>
<li>Wawa: 2,975 | 2.6%</li>
<li>Thessalon: 1,279 | 1.1%</li>
<li>Hornepayne: 1,050 | 0.9%</li>
</ol>
<br />
Within the six municipalities that contain more than 1,000 inhabitants, together they constitute 95,342 inhabitants and 82.3% of the total population of the district.<br />
<br />
With most of the population residing within these places, this means that the majority of the vast territory comprising the district is uninhabited. It is mostly wilderness. Wilderness spotted with logging, mining, a handful of cottages, and a fishing lodge or two. It is a place where the local residents long for the services of more densely populated areas and where visitors excitedly embark on their adventures.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7e43LcPeP43YD1WXnUiHJWhROSLogqZKylDYdnc5gRmnUHUaNogug_sMQ88QZhxA50HJgqZn8KSMAgFRVCLNob0kNGTLVi7myXiVVURl18BBRiVI-1lb7V3IKEy71QCDp8pL0Am6-Jdvk/s1600/Article2b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="634" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7e43LcPeP43YD1WXnUiHJWhROSLogqZKylDYdnc5gRmnUHUaNogug_sMQ88QZhxA50HJgqZn8KSMAgFRVCLNob0kNGTLVi7myXiVVURl18BBRiVI-1lb7V3IKEy71QCDp8pL0Am6-Jdvk/s640/Article2b.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
The District of Algoma and its immediate neighbours. The brightest area surrounded by the purple line demarcates the catchment area of all of the streams that empty into the Great Lakes within Algoma. Many of them are long resulting in some overlap into neighbouring districts, primarily that of Sudbury. North of the thick red line is Canada and to the south is the United States, with the state of Michigan being immediately across the border. Wisconsin is present in the extreme bottom left of the image. Background imagery from Google Earth.</div>
<br />
The portion of the district that drains into the Great Lakes is characterized by both ancient mountains that have been weathered down over billions of years by glaciation and by the multitude of waterbodies and beaver ponds spattered across the landscape. Many of the waterbodies and beaver ponds within the Great Lakes drainage basin contain highly sought after brook charr and lake charr, both prized by sport fishermen and the later also being prized commercially. This rugged and dynamic landscape has inspired impressionistic painters like the famous Group of Seven.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQYDHU83Jlho5bHX4I-WSYleYvQIBn8CVr6i_gqJJDvARNw6nMtzsaGg_F6KkHJWeTEmWCujiH6Ip2ZiRagPHDT1KeL6a65ibIN7w8akxMe9103ecaBXf1W5OWlvsv7UQ06YOPBzqUZXdM/s1600/Article4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="376" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQYDHU83Jlho5bHX4I-WSYleYvQIBn8CVr6i_gqJJDvARNw6nMtzsaGg_F6KkHJWeTEmWCujiH6Ip2ZiRagPHDT1KeL6a65ibIN7w8akxMe9103ecaBXf1W5OWlvsv7UQ06YOPBzqUZXdM/s640/Article4.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Satellite imagery showcasing the dynamic landscape of Algoma along with its many waterbodies. The orange colouration is due to the fall colours present when the imagery was taken. Background imagery from Google Earth.</div>
<br />
As with the other articles that I produce, this article is a work in progress. I will be expanding and updating it over time.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">2 Methods of Collection</span></h3>
<br />
The Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (OMNR) was the primary source for nearly all of the data aggregated in this article. Maps from the National Topographic System [3], produced by the federal government, were used to help locate waterbodies, streams, and stream courses. Land use guideline manuals [1] [2], produced by the OMNR, were used to identify which waterbodies contained brook charr, lake charr, and if lake charr were present, what class, if any, the waterbody was designated as. These manuals also provided some data regarding the numbered waterbodies. A website called "Fish ON-Line" [4], which is also produced by the OMNR, was also used to help identify brook charr and lake charr waterbodies, maximum waterbody depths, waterbody names and numbers, and stream courses. Finally, "The Great Outdoors Map", produced by MITIG Forest Services Ltd [5], was used to help identify more lakes based on species whether a name or number were present or not. This last source only covered the Sault Ste. Marie and Blind River OMNR administrative districts and not the other ones analyzed in this article so these districts will have more coverage in this article's data.<br />
<br />
There are many issues that arise when aggregating data for these waterbodies. Many waterbodies, especially those that are small, intermittent beaver ponds, or are very difficult to access, are unnamed and as a result, are excluded from the data in this article. The OMNR does number or give unofficial names to some waterbodies, especially if they have stocked them with fish, but despite this, many waterbodies are still left unnamed and are subsequently excluded from this article.<br />
<br />
Many of the waterbodies that the OMNR does number or unofficially name are identified with inaccurate coordinates meaning that it was necessary to approximate which waterbody was being referred to. Due to a great deal of ambiguity present in the reports used in the aggregation of this data, some numbered waterbodies were excluded if they lacked both coordinates and an identification as to which township they were situated in.<br />
<br />
Not only are there many unnamed waterbodies that are excluded from the data analyzed in this article, many of the named waterbodies haven't been surveyed to provide data as to what fish species are present or as to how deep the waterbody is. Due to these limitations, this article can only do its best to approach an idea of the area surveyed.<br />
<br />
The satellite imagery in the figure below showcases a part of the upper reaches of the Mississagi River drainage basin and how none of the waterbodies included in the view have any official or unofficial OMNR names.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfINLP_jRHD4HmwaMLVcJvINQ8HqipJEyQcWdjrX9n9z329k4GzINLT7FwJwUHvpM1W8AZiEMH_pL6lH-91CqszGcQy29BdtLYsHzN-ZEZp4MN_0lzqDLGnwgUkZneoiddI7jSQkr4qeBj/s1600/Article5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="374" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfINLP_jRHD4HmwaMLVcJvINQ8HqipJEyQcWdjrX9n9z329k4GzINLT7FwJwUHvpM1W8AZiEMH_pL6lH-91CqszGcQy29BdtLYsHzN-ZEZp4MN_0lzqDLGnwgUkZneoiddI7jSQkr4qeBj/s640/Article5.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
The upper reaches of the Mississagi River drainage basin. None of these waterbodies are named. Background imagery from Google Earth.</div>
<br />
Nearly every waterbody within the area analyzed in this article is drained by a stream that eventually reaches either Lake Superior or Lake Huron which themselves are subsequently drained by a network of rivers to the ocean. In aggregating data for the streams that drain these waterbodies, a similar naming issue arises in that many streams are also unnamed and subsequently excluded from the data in this article.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9PdDz2LUJeKJWbvck2OWDT50NBeLBiawaHobmm2WMzFOPvH6L9MAQQi9Bp47DZEsPv6-Yn3f_cplXHY2G9FPea-spPhdpbmQmGXdTIlL6mw83pyDQC3wd6YhfwkRrRs5-OFCvBZUbp9r9/s1600/79459897.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="596" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9PdDz2LUJeKJWbvck2OWDT50NBeLBiawaHobmm2WMzFOPvH6L9MAQQi9Bp47DZEsPv6-Yn3f_cplXHY2G9FPea-spPhdpbmQmGXdTIlL6mw83pyDQC3wd6YhfwkRrRs5-OFCvBZUbp9r9/s640/79459897.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Bridal Veil Falls occurs on an unnamed stream that drops into the Agawa Canyon and directly into the Agawa River which subsequently flows into Lake Superior. Photo taken by Billy Wilson (me).</div>
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<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">3 Legend</span></h3>
<div>
<b><br /></b>
This section describes what each header on the population table in section 5 stands for from left to right. Indicated in parenthesis is what a header's short form stands for.<br />
<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><b>Waterbody:</b> The name waterbody. Official gazetteer names take precedent over other names. [former names], (other names). </li>
<li><b>Township:</b> The name of the township that the waterbody is mostly situated in. Many waterbodies can stretch over more than one township, especially if they are situated where four townships intersect.</li>
<li><b>OMNR District (Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources District):</b> The name of the resource management district that the waterbody is situated in.</li>
<li><b>District:</b> The name of the political administrative district that the waterbody is situated in. </li>
<li><b>Great Lake:</b> The name of the Great Lake that the waterbody ultimately drains into. There are only three possible entries for this column; Lake Superior, Lake Huron (inclusive of streams that empty into the St. Marys River), or Inland. "Inland" means that there isn't any known surface drainage from the waterbody. For reference regarding the stream nomenclature system, see the figure at the end of this section. </li>
<li><b>Primary Stream:</b> The name of the stream that empties into one of the Great Lakes that the waterbody drains into.</li>
<li><b>Secondary Stream:</b> If a named stream exists before the water from the waterbody's outlet reaches the primary stream that empties into the Great Lakes, its name is stated here. </li>
<li><b>Tertiary Stream:</b> If a named stream exists before the water from the waterbody's outlet reaches the secondary stream, its name is stated here.</li>
<li><b>Quaternary Stream:</b> If a named stream exists before the water from the waterbody's outlet reaches the tertiary stream, its name is stated here.</li>
<li><b>Quinary Stream:</b> If a named stream exists before the water from the waterbody's outlet reaches the quaternary stream, its name is stated here.</li>
<li><b>Senary Stream:</b> If a named stream exists before the water from the waterbody's outlet reaches the quinary stream, its name is stated here.</li>
<li><b>Max Depth Metres (Maximum Depth in Metres:</b> The maximum depth of the waterbody in metres. </li>
<li><b>Max Depth Feet (Maximum Depth in Feet):</b> The maximum depth of the waterbody in feet.</li>
<li><b>Lake Charr:</b> An indication as to whether or not the fish species is present in the waterbody. Some are classified by the OMNR as A1, A2, B1, B2, and C which reflect their productivity in regards to this fish species. These categories are further explained in section 5.2. "N/P" means "not present". </li>
<li><b>Brook Charr:</b> An indication as to whether or not the fish species is present in the waterbody. The OMNR designates some of waterbodies as containing primarily brook trout. Where this information was available, this is indicated in this column. "N/P" means "not present". </li>
<li><b>Splake:</b> An indication as to whether or not the fish species is present in the waterbody. "N/P" means "not present". </li>
<li><b>Rainbow Trout:</b> An indication as to whether or not the fish species is present in the waterbody. "N/P" means "not present". </li>
<li><b>Brown Trout:</b> An indication as to whether or not the fish species is present in the waterbody. "N/P" means "not present". </li>
</ul>
</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_uFVTveG2dLFPhNE5TlNNuSIbSezCq4c24XNaMB2tsnT6UvpdPSnna9QP6FpsnDzbBAWdi1sjttttRm9qJY8aXMoGjeXFxrjxh1fTlXppif5wAjh7yEjVksY0MbAFE-jVbuDyL7GCTpOy/s1600/Article6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_uFVTveG2dLFPhNE5TlNNuSIbSezCq4c24XNaMB2tsnT6UvpdPSnna9QP6FpsnDzbBAWdi1sjttttRm9qJY8aXMoGjeXFxrjxh1fTlXppif5wAjh7yEjVksY0MbAFE-jVbuDyL7GCTpOy/s640/Article6.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
An illustration to help visualize this article's nomenclature system used for streams. You can liken it to a tree. For this tree, the Great Lakes are the ground and the primary stream acts as the trunk. A secondary stream is any stream feeding into the primary stream, a tertiary stream is any stream feeding into a secondary stream, and so on.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
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</div>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">4 The Waterbody Data</span></h3>
<div>
<br />
Within this section is one interactive table and one interactive Google Map. The table has its own independent scroll bars, one on the bottom and one on the right of its interface. You can use them to navigate from column to column and row to row. You can also click on the different headers to sort by them. Beneath the table is the interactive Google Map, close by to allow one to go back and forth easily.<br />
<br />
The interactive Google Map can be opened in another window by clicking on the map's name. When it is open in another window you'll be able to type into a search bar that can help you find particular waterbodies. The map has Five different layers that can be toggled on and off when it is open in its own window. Each layer contains markers for a particular section of the area surveyed as described in each layer's title with the exception of the fifth layer. The layer names, in order from top to bottom, are as follows:<br />
<br />
<ol>
<li>West of Mississagi River to South of Montreal River; </li>
<li>Montreal River north to Michipicoten River, but excluding it; </li>
<li>Michipicoten River and West to Edge of Algoma; </li>
<li>Mississagi and East to Edge of Algoma. </li>
<li>Unnamed Waterbodies</li>
</ol>
<br />
The fifth layer is the most recently added one and contains waterbodies that do not possess a name or number. The data for this layer came from The Great Outdoors Map [5].<br />
<br /></div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<iframe frameborder="0" height="637.5" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/12eGQA3Go0aBYEcbpwd8QddARuQiDCbsaO9XWV26UW6o/pubchart?oid=243124451&format=interactive" width="877"></iframe>
<iframe height="480" src="https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=z54SYH0JArBA.kCmMIfkmDZx4" width="640"></iframe>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 14.9499998092651px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 14.9499998092651px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">5 Observations</span></h3>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">To begin with, a few interesting observations. The Marshland River which drains Elliot Lake and numerous other waterbodies is one of the only streams analyzed in the data where a river flows into or becomes a creek. In this case, the Marshland River becomes McCarthy Creek which subsequently flows into the Serpent River. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">The Sister River, which notably drains Rawhide Lake, is called "Red Deer Creek" during a very tiny length of its course between Rottier Lake and McElrea Lake in Viel Township. Names are typically continuous and almost never change to something else and then revert back to a previous name during the course of the same stream. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><br /></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH4WbywPH5byMvfQoltedtdwUkCcJnx1gP7gOqSf0eR6jFnNhESOZ7madP4_Q8q6gw60sNLiEpVAVH5nkG_wpSt3uaK7iJZ63zdhEU60H9aFl3iZs4KcssIgYyjZ6C1FWisKXyVEoICaiA/s1600/79543879.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="356" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH4WbywPH5byMvfQoltedtdwUkCcJnx1gP7gOqSf0eR6jFnNhESOZ7madP4_Q8q6gw60sNLiEpVAVH5nkG_wpSt3uaK7iJZ63zdhEU60H9aFl3iZs4KcssIgYyjZ6C1FWisKXyVEoICaiA/s640/79543879.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">The Batchawana River photographed from the railroad crossing. Photo taken by Billy Wilson (me).</span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b style="font-size: x-large;">5.1 Drainage Observations</b></div>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Below is a pie chart depicting how many waterbodies flow into each Great Lake. The raw figures were as follows, Lake Superior: 1,490; Lake Huron: 1,279; and Inland: 23.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><br /></span>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/12eGQA3Go0aBYEcbpwd8QddARuQiDCbsaO9XWV26UW6o/pubchart?oid=390040249&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Pie chart of the distribution of drainage flowing into Lake Superior, Lake Huron, and what is isolated inland.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<br />
Below is a table listing all of the primary streams, which Great Lake they flow into, and how many waterbodies each primary stream drains.<br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<iframe frameborder="0" height="646.5" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/12eGQA3Go0aBYEcbpwd8QddARuQiDCbsaO9XWV26UW6o/pubchart?oid=567030252&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
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<div style="text-align: left;">
Below is a table listing all of the secondary streams, the primary stream each one flows into, the Great Lake they eventually flow into, and how many waterbodies each secondary stream drains.</div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<iframe frameborder="0" height="644" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/12eGQA3Go0aBYEcbpwd8QddARuQiDCbsaO9XWV26UW6o/pubchart?oid=831872148&format=interactive" width="823.5"></iframe>
</div>
<div>
<br />
Below is a table listing all of the tertiary streams, the secondary and primary stream each one flows into, the Great Lake they eventually flow into, and how many waterbodies each tertiary stream drains.<br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<iframe frameborder="0" height="646" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/12eGQA3Go0aBYEcbpwd8QddARuQiDCbsaO9XWV26UW6o/pubchart?oid=1123833282&format=interactive" width="855.5"></iframe>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div>
<br />
Below is a table listing all of the quaternary streams; the tertiary, secondary, and primary stream each one flows into; the Great Lake they eventually flow into; and how many waterbodies each quaternary stream drains.<br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<iframe frameborder="0" height="644" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/12eGQA3Go0aBYEcbpwd8QddARuQiDCbsaO9XWV26UW6o/pubchart?oid=537977469&format=interactive" width="882"></iframe>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<br />
Below is a table listing all of the quinary streams; the quaternary, tertiary, secondary, and primary stream each one flows into; the Great Lake they eventually flow into; and how many waterbodies each quinary stream drains.<br />
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Below is a table listing all of the senary streams; the quinary, quaternary, tertiary, secondary, and primary stream each one flows into; the Great Lake they eventually flow into; and how many waterbodies each senary stream drains.<br />
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A major thing that affects the number of waterbodies drained for secondary streams and subsequently lower orders of streams (i.e., tertiary, quaternary, etc.) is the frequency of how often stream names change. For instance, Crooked Creek, drains McGiverin Lake and flows into Granary Lake who's outflow is named Granary Creek. Crooked Creek and Granary Creek could have been given the same single name which would have resulted in a combined figure for how many streams are drained, but instead since they are named differently, they are totaled separately.</div>
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It is also important to keep in mind that the number of waterbodies drained isn't an absolute measurement regarding the size or prominence of a stream. It is however an attribute that can allow for some comparison. Also, keep in mind the limitations of this data. Not all waterbodies are identified and there is a bias towards waterbodies that are closer to human activity being identified.</div>
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<b style="font-size: x-large;">5.2 Lake Charr Waterbodies</b></div>
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Lake charr (Salvelinus namaycush) are a highly sought after fish species for both recreational and commercial purposes. The Great Lakes drainage basin within Algoma contains a significant portion of the lake charr's range which extends across the northern portion of North America from the New England states up to Alaska. Of the 2,792 waterbodies analyzed in this article 504 of them are identified as containing lake charr. That's 18.1% of the lakes. <br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">The OMNR identifies lake charr waterbodies by using a classification system that reflects a particular waterbody's productivity regarding lake charr. According to the MNR Sault Ste. Marie District Land Use Guidelines [1], waterbodies are classified by the following system: </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<ul>
<li><b>A Waterbodies:</b> </li>
<ul>
<li>Must have natural reproduction (may be supplemented by stoking).</li>
<li>Should have large areas of water under the 18 metre contour (lake charr summer habitat).</li>
<li>Should have excellent water quality throughout the water column all year.</li>
</ul>
<li><b>B Waterbodies:</b> </li>
<ul>
<li>May have some natural reproduction or may be entirely maintained by planting.</li>
<li>May have less water volume available for summer lake charr habitat.</li>
<li>May have poorer water quality at some times of the year (i.e., lower PH, some oxygen depletion in late summer etc.).</li>
</ul>
<li><b>C Waterbodies:</b> </li>
<ul>
<li>These lakes have ceased to be managed primarily as lake charr waterbodies although some lake charr may still be present. </li>
</ul>
</ul>
</div>
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<div>
<ul>
<li>A and B categories are further divided into A1, A2 and B1, B2 based on land tenure. The A2 and B2 groups are less than 100 percent Crown land (land owned by the government and not under private ownership). </li>
</ul>
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Lake charr are an indicator species in that they have very high requirements of their habitat in order to survive. This is why water quality is emphasized in the guidelines above.<br />
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Of the 504 identified lake charr waterbodies analyzed in this article 378 of them include a maximum depth figure. Below are some lake charr waterbody related statistics pulled from the data. For comparison, the average maximum depth of all of the waterbodies analyzed in the data is 19.9 metres / 65.4 feet.<br />
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<ul>
<li><b>Average Lake charr waterbodies:</b></li>
<ul>
<li><b>Number of waterbodies:</b> 494 (378 with depth information)</li>
<li><b>Average depth:</b> 29.5 metres / 96.8 feet </li>
<li><b>Range:</b> 4.5 metres / 14.8 feet to 119.0 metres / 390.4 feet </li>
<li><b>Ten deepest waterbodies:</b> </li>
</ul>
<ol>
<ol>
<li>Manitowik Lake, Debassige Township: 119.0 metres / 390.4 feet | B2</li>
<li>Ten Mile Lake, Beange Township: 117.3 metres / 384.8 feet | A2</li>
<li>Quirke Lake, Buckles Township: 104.0 metres / 341.2 feet | unclassified</li>
<li>Emerald Lake, Mack Township: 91.4 metres / 299.9 feet | A2</li>
<li>Matinenda Lake, Juillette Township: 85.3 metres / 280.0 feet | A2</li>
<li>Ouellette Lake, Buckles Township: 84.0 metres / 275.6 feet | A1</li>
<li>Lauzon Lake, Striker Township: 82.3 metres / 270.0 feet | A2</li>
<li>Rocky Island Lake, Royal Township: 79.8 metres / 261.8 feet | C</li>
<li>Burns Lake, Varley Township: 78.0 metres / 255.9 feet | A2</li>
<li>Dog Lake, West Township: 74.7 metres / 245.1 feet | B2</li>
</ol>
</ol>
<ul>
<li><b>Ten shallowest waterbodies:</b> </li>
</ul>
<ol>
<ol>
<li>Wishart Lake, Wishart Township: 4.5 metres / 14.8 feet | unclassified</li>
<li>Michell Lake, Tronsen Township: 4.6 metres / 15.1 feet | unclassified</li>
<li>Lower Island Lake, Aweres Township: 4.6 metres / 15.1 feet | unclassified</li>
<li>Legge Lake, Jarvis Township: 4.6 metres / 15.1 feet | unclassified</li>
<li>Picard Lake, Tupper Township: 4.9 metres / 16.1 feet | C</li>
<li>Bojack Lake, Tupper Township: 6.1 metres / 20.0 feet | C</li>
<li>Hoover Lake, Jackson Township: 6.3 metres / 20.7 feet | unclassified</li>
<li>Tower Lake, Aberdeen Additional Township: 7.3 metres / 24.0 feet | unclassified</li>
<li>Sandy Lake, Duncan Township: 7.6 metres / 24.9 feet | C</li>
<li>Green Lake, Beange Township: 8.5 metres / 27.9 feet | B1</li>
</ol>
</ol>
<li><b>A1 lake charr waterbodies:</b> </li>
<ul>
<li><b>Number of waterbodies:</b> 118 (90 with depth information)</li>
<li><b>Average depth:</b> 33.3 metres / 109.3 feet </li>
<li><b>Range:</b> 14.3 metres / 46.9 feet to 84.0 metres / 275.6 feet</li>
<li><b>Ten deepest waterbodies:</b> </li>
<ol>
<li>Ouellette Lake, Buckles Township: 84.0 metres | 275.6 feet</li>
<li>Augusta Lake, Pukaskwa National Park: 67.4 metres | 221.1 feet</li>
<li>Mishi Lake, Pukaskwa National Park: 65.6 metres | 215.2 feet</li>
<li>Dollyberry Lake, Raimbault Township: 65.5 metres | 214.9 feet</li>
<li>Cobre Lake, Sagard Township: 61.6 metres | 202.1 feet</li>
<li>McCool Lake, Gaiashk Township: 61.6 metres | 202.1 feet</li>
<li>Sesabic Lake, Renwick Township: 61.0 metres | 200.1 feet</li>
<li>Rawhide Lake, Viel Township: 61.0 metres | 200.1 feet</li>
<li>Bay (Coffee) Lake, Timmermans Township: 53.3 metres | 174.9 feet</li>
<li>Summers Lake, Beange Township: 53.3 metres | 174.9 feet</li>
</ol>
<li><b>Ten shallowest waterbodies:</b> </li>
<ol>
<li>Quimby Lake, Bolger Township: 14.3 metres / 46.9 feet </li>
<li>Doehead Lake, Winkler Township: 16.4 metres / 53.8 feet </li>
<li>Lake One, Jarvis Township: 16.5 metres / 54.0 feet </li>
<li>Regal Lake, Varley Township: 17.0 metres / 55.8 feet </li>
<li>Lance Lake, Patenaude Township: 17.4 metres / 57.1 feet </li>
<li>Grey Trout Lake, Viel Township: 17.5 metres / 57.4 feet </li>
<li>Fraser Lake, Iris Township: 18.0 metres / 59.1 feet </li>
<li>Anvil Lake, Handleman Township: 18.3 metres / 60.0 feet </li>
<li>Jim Christ / Jimchrist Lake, Raimbault Township: 18.3 metres / 60.0 feet </li>
<li>Peak Lake, Mack Township: 18.3 metres / 60.0 feet </li>
</ol>
</ul>
<li><b>A2 lake charr waterbodies:</b> </li>
<ul>
<li><b>Number of waterbodies:</b> 53 (52 with depth information)</li>
<li><b>Average depth:</b> 46.0 metres / 151.0 feet </li>
<li><b>Range:</b> 14.6 metres / 47.9 feet to 117.3 metres / 384.8 feet </li>
<li><b>Ten deepest waterbodies:</b> </li>
<ol>
<li>Ten Mile Lake, Beange Township: 117.3 metres / 384.8 feet </li>
<li>Emerald Lake, Mack Township: 91.4 metres / 299.9 feet </li>
<li>Matinenda Lake, Juillette Township: 85.3 metres / 280.0 feet </li>
<li>Lauzon Lake, Striker Township: 82.3 metres / 270.0 feet </li>
<li>Burns Lake, Varley Township: 78.0 metres / 255.9 feet </li>
<li>Ranger Lake, Reilly Township: 73.2 metres / 240.2 feet </li>
<li>Wakwekobi / Big Basswood Lake, Day Township: 73.2 metres / 240.0 feet </li>
<li>Chiblow / Makomi Lake, Scarfe Township: 70.1 metres / 230.0 feet </li>
<li>Kirkpatrick / Blue Lake, Sayer Township: 70.1 metres / 230.0 feet </li>
<li>Flack Lake, Raimbault Township: 70.0 metres / 229.7 feet </li>
</ol>
<li><b>Ten shallowest waterbodies:</b> </li>
<ol>
<li>Prairie Grass Lake, Carruthers Township: 14.6 metres / 47.9 feet </li>
<li>Megisan [Magison] Lake, Carton Township: 18.0 metres / 59.0 feet </li>
<li>Upper Green Lake, Fulton Township: 18.0 metres / 59.1 feet </li>
<li>Goldie Lake, Hornell Township: 22.0 metres / 72.2 feet </li>
<li>Slipper Lake, Gunterman Township: 22.9 metres / 75.1 feet </li>
<li>Patten Lake, Aberdeen Additional Township: 24.4 metres / 80.0 feet </li>
<li>McMahon Lake, McMahon Township: 27.5 metres / 90.1 feet </li>
<li>Como Lake, Strathearn Township: 30.0 metres / 98.4 feet </li>
<li>Mongoose Lake, Vibert Township: 30.5 metres / 100.1 feet </li>
<li>Granary / Magog Lake, Mack Township: 30.5 metres / 100.1 feet </li>
</ol>
</ul>
<li><b>B1 lake charr waterbodies:</b> </li>
<ul>
<li><b>Number of waterbodies:</b> 82 (46 with depth information)</li>
<li><b>Average depth:</b> 24.1 metres / 79.1 feet</li>
<li><b>Range:</b> 8.5 metres / 27.9 feet to 64.1 metres / 210.3 feet </li>
<li><b>Ten deepest waterbodies:</b> </li>
<ol>
<li>Goldie Lake, Dambrossio Township: 64.1 metres / 210.3 feet </li>
<li>Deep Lake, McMurray Township: 53.4 metres / 175.2 feet </li>
<li>Upper Bark Lake, Comox Township: 38.0 metres / 124.7 feet </li>
<li>Big Turkey Lake, Wishart Township: 37.0 metres / 121.4 feet </li>
<li>Lac Cherie, Pine Township: 36.6 metres / 120.0 feet </li>
<li>Wagong Lake, Gisborn Township: 35.0 metres / 114.8 feet </li>
<li>Three Lakes, Wardle Township: 34.2 metres / 112.2 feet </li>
<li>Tikamaganda Lake, Eaket Township: 33.6 metres / 110.2 feet </li>
<li>Kettle Lake, Ethel Township: 33.0 metres / 108.3 feet </li>
<li>Flamingo Lake, Foulds Township: 32.0 metres / 105.0 feet </li>
</ol>
<li><b>Ten shallowest waterbodies:</b> </li>
<ol>
<li>Green Lake, Beange Township: 8.5 metres / 27.9 feet </li>
<li>South Lake, Beange Township: 9.2 metres / 30.2 feet </li>
<li>Labelle Lake, Root Township: 10.7 metres / 35.1 feet </li>
<li>Survey Lake [Lake #1], Hembruff Township: 11.0 metres / 36.1 feet </li>
<li>Limit Lake, Ethel Township: 14.0 metres / 45.9 feet </li>
<li>Navy Lake, Fabbro Township: 14.2 metres / 46.6 feet </li>
<li>Little Moon Lake, Timmermans Township: 14.2 metres / 46.6 feet </li>
<li>Gaff Lake, Nicholas Township: 14.3 metres / 46.9 feet </li>
<li>Stone Lake, Beange Township: 15.0 metres / 49.2 feet </li>
<li>Duck / Admiral Lake, Juillette Township: 16.2 metres / 53.1 feet </li>
</ol>
</ul>
<li><b>B2 lake charr waterbodies:</b> </li>
<ul>
<li><b>Number of waterbodies:</b> 48 (41 with depth information)</li>
<li><b>Average depth:</b> 31.5 metres / 103.5 feet </li>
<li><b>Range:</b> 16.0 metres / 52.5 feet to 119.0 metres / 390.4 feet </li>
<li><b>Ten deepest waterbodies:</b> </li>
<ol>
<li>Manitowik Lake, Debassige Township: 119.0 metres / 390.4 feet </li>
<li>Dog Lake, West Township: 74.7 metres / 245.1 feet </li>
<li>Caribou [Rangers] Lake, Lehman Township: 63.1 metres / 207.0 feet </li>
<li>Hawk Lake, Esquega Township: 56.4 metres / 185.0 feet </li>
<li>Anjigami Lake, Nebonaionquet Township: 49.3 metres / 161.7 feet </li>
<li>Ogas Lake, Redsky Township: 42.1 metres / 138.1 feet </li>
<li>Devil's [Deil] Lake, Whitman Township: 42.1 metres / 138.0 feet </li>
<li>North Hubert Lake, Larson Township: 37.5 metres / 123.0 feet </li>
<li>Esten Lake, Esten Township: 36.0 metres / 118.1 feet </li>
<li>Trotter Lake, Garden River First Nation Reserve: 34.2 metres / 112.2 feet </li>
</ol>
<li><b>Ten shallowest waterbodies:</b> </li>
<ol>
<li>Gong Lake, Handleman Township: 16.0 metres / 52.5 feet </li>
<li>Seymour Lake, Rioux Township: 16.0 metres / 52.5 feet </li>
<li>Weashkog Lake, Jarvis Township: 16.2 metres / 53.1 feet </li>
<li>Carpenter Lake, Tronsen Township: 16.2 metres / 53.1 feet </li>
<li>Pivot Lake, Cowie Township: 16.8 metres / 55.1 feet </li>
<li>Constance Lake, Parkinson Township: 17.1 metres / 56.1 feet </li>
<li>Pancake Lake, Kincaid Township: 17.4 metres / 57.1 feet </li>
<li>Matchinameigus / Trout [Matchinemiegus] Lake, Echum Township: 17.7 metres / 58.1 feet </li>
<li>Trout Lake, Dablon Township: 18.3 metres / 60.0 feet </li>
<li>Robertson (Mud) Lake, Van Koughnet Township: 19.2 metres / 63.0 feet </li>
</ol>
</ul>
<li><b>C lake charr waterbodies:</b> </li>
<ul>
<li><b>Number of waterbodies:</b> 62 (51 with depth information)</li>
<li><b>Average depth:</b> 19.8 metres / 64.9 feet </li>
<li><b>Range:</b> 4.9 metres / 16.1 feet to 79.8 metres / 261.8 feet </li>
<li><b>Ten deepest waterbodies:</b> </li>
<ol>
<li>Rocky Island Lake, Royal Township: 79.8 metres / 261.8 feet </li>
<li>Whitefish Lake, Maness Township: 54.9 metres / 180.0 feet </li>
<li>Molybdenite Lake, Andre Township: 49.0 metres / 160.8 feet </li>
<li>Lake Duborne [Lake of the Mountains], Striker: 33.5 metres / 109.9 feet </li>
<li>Beyond Lake, Worton Township: 30.5 metres / 100.1 feet </li>
<li>Seabrook Lake, Maeck Township: 30.5 metres / 100.1 feet </li>
<li>Horseshoe [Bellows] Lake, Deagle Township: 28.0 metres / 91.9 feet </li>
<li>Chubb Lake, Gaudry Township: 27.5 metres / 90.2 feet </li>
<li>Wilkie Lake, Nicholas Township: 25.0 metres / 82.0 feet </li>
<li>Cloudy Lake, Laird Township: 22.9 metres / 75.0 feet </li>
</ol>
<li><b>Ten shallowest waterbodies:</b> </li>
<ol>
<li>Picard Lake, Tupper Township: 4.9 metres / 16.1 feet </li>
<li>Bojack Lake, Tupper Township: 6.1 metres / 20.0 feet </li>
<li>Sandy Lake, Duncan Township: 7.6 metres / 24.9 feet </li>
<li>Mirror Lake, Butcher Township: 8.6 metres / 28.2 feet </li>
<li>Affleck Lake, Carton Township: 9.2 metres / 30.2 feet </li>
<li>Whitman Lake, Daumont Township: 9.5 metres / 31.2 feet </li>
<li>Skunk Lake, Viel Township: 10.7 metres / 35.1 feet </li>
<li>White Birch Lake, Jarvis Township: 10.7 metres / 35.1 feet </li>
<li>Torrance Lake, Ewen Township: 12.2 metres / 40.0 feet </li>
<li>Vixen Lake, Daumont Township: 12.2 metres / 40.0 feet </li>
</ol>
</ul>
<li><b>Unclassified lake charr waterbodies:</b> </li>
<ul>
<li><b>Number of waterbodies:</b> 141 (98 with depth information)</li>
<li><b>Average depth:</b> 24.0 metres / 78.6 feet </li>
<li><b>Range:</b> 4.5 metres / 14.8 feet to 104.0 metres / 341.2 feet </li>
<li><b>Ten deepest waterbodies:</b> </li>
</ul>
<ol><ol>
<li>Quirke Lake, Buckles Township: 104.0 metres / 341.2 feet </li>
<li>Scott Lake, Esquega Township: 63.1 metres / 207.0 feet </li>
<li>Ellen Lake, Pukaskwa National Park: 57.6 metres / 189.0 feet </li>
<li>Whiskey Lake, Gaiashk Township: 55.2 metres / 181.1 feet </li>
<li>Gibberry Lake, Raimbault Township: 54.9 metres / 180.1 feet </li>
<li>Eaglet Lake, LeGarde Township: 53.4 metres / 175.2 feet </li>
<li>May Lake, Joubin Township: 47.0 metres / 154.2 feet </li>
<li>Barbara Lake, Raaflaub Township: 45.0 metres / 147.6 feet </li>
<li>Big Horseshoe Lake, LeCaron Township: 42.7 metres / 140.1 feet </li>
<li>Catfish Lake, Bailloquet Township: 40.3 metres / 132.2 feet </li>
</ol>
</ol>
<ul>
<li><b>Ten shallowest waterbodies:</b> </li>
</ul>
<ol><ol>
<li>Wishart Lake, Wishart Township: 4.5 metres / 14.8 feet </li>
<li>Legge Lake, Jarvis Township: 4.6 metres / 15.1 feet </li>
<li>Mitchell Lake, Tronsen Township: 4.6 metres / 15.1 feet </li>
<li>Lower Island Lake, Aweres Township: 4.6 metres / 15.1 feet </li>
<li>Hoover Lake, Jackson Township: 6.3 metres / 20.7 feet </li>
<li>Tower Lake, Aberdeen Additional Township: 7.3 metres / 24.0 feet </li>
<li>Elizabeth Lake, Duncan Township: 8.5 metres / 27.9 feet </li>
<li>Heyden Lake [Heyden Lake #1], Aweres Township: 8.5 metres / 27.9 feet </li>
<li>Lost Lake, Foulds Township: 9.3 metres / 30.5 feet </li>
<li>Horne Lake, Gunterman Township: 9.5 metres / 31.2 feet </li>
</ol>
</ol>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">When looking over these statistics, it isn't surprising to see that C class lake charr waterbodies tend to be the shallowest as the fish species typically requires a waterbody with a relatively significant depth. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><br /></span>
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/12eGQA3Go0aBYEcbpwd8QddARuQiDCbsaO9XWV26UW6o/pubchart?oid=1585910915&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">
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<div style="text-align: center;">
A pie chart showcasing the distribution of lake charr waterbodies by class.</div>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">6 Glossary</span></h3>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><b>Stream:</b> A continuous or intermittent flow of water that typically utilizes a predictable path. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><b>Waterbody:</b> A relatively static collection of water that is typically held inside of a land depression or is created by blocking a stream (i.e., a dam).</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><b>OMNR (Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources):</b> The governmental body in the Canadian province of Ontario that oversees things pertaining to land usage and natural resources. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><b>Lake Charr (</b></span><b><i>Salvelinus namaycush</i>)</b><b style="font-family: inherit;">:</b><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span>A naturally occurring freshwater salmonid species that is native to the Algoma area.<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><b>Brook Charr (</b></span><b><i>Salvelinus fontinalis</i>)</b><b style="font-family: inherit;">:</b><span style="font-family: inherit;"> A naturally occurring freshwater salmonid species</span> that is native to the Algoma area<span style="font-family: inherit;">. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Splake (</b></span><b><i>Salvelinus namaycush X Salvelinus fontinalis</i>)</b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>:</b> An artificial cross between brook charr and lake charr that is stocked in lakes for sport fishing. They are typically sterile </span>although some populations can be naturally occurring.<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><b>Rainbow Trout (</b></span><b><i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>)</b><b style="font-family: inherit;">:</b><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span>A salmonid species that was artificially introduced to Algoma and the surrounding area.<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><b>Brown Trout (</b></span><b><i>Salmo trutta</i></b><b style="font-family: inherit;">):</b><span style="font-family: inherit;"> A salmonid species that was artificially introduced to Algoma</span> and the surrounding area<span style="font-family: inherit;">. </span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">7 References</span></h3>
<br />
1. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. (1983). <i>Ministry of Natural Resources Sault Ste. Marie District Land Use Guidelines.</i> Toronto Ontario: Queen's Printer for Ontario.<br />
<br />
2. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. (1982). <i>Ministry of Natural Resources Northeastern Ontario Strategic Land Use Plan.</i> Toronto Ontario: Queen's Printer for Ontario.<br />
<br />
3. The Canada Centre for Mapping, Department of Energy, Mines, and Resources. <i>National Topographic System.</i> Toronto Ontario: Queen's Printer for Ontario. Paper maps and <a href="http://www.atlas.gc.ca/toporama/en/index.html" target="_blank">website</a> used.<br />
<br />
4. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. <i>Fish ON-Line.</i> <a href="http://www.web2.mnr.gov.on.ca/fish_online/fishing/fishingExplorer_en.html" target="_blank">Website</a>.<br />
<br />
5. MITIG Forest Services Ltd. (1999). <i>The Great Outdoors Map.</i><br />
<br /></div>
Billy Wilsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00650540049798713387noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7158284719665231341.post-65158864974664582662015-06-27T19:49:00.000-07:002015-12-28T11:51:25.737-08:00A Life in Photos: Dancer and Stage Performer Kitty May (1913-2014)<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Contents</span></h3>
<br />
1 Kitty<br />
<div>
2 At Work on Stage (mostly sorted by photographer's work)</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li>2.1 E. Brucken Photographie</li>
<li>2.2 Tesson Rouen Photographie</li>
<li>2.3 A. Todd Photography</li>
<li>2.4 Backstage</li>
<li>2.5 With her Troupe</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<div>
3 Later Years<br />
4 Family </div>
</div>
<div>
<ul>
<li>4.1 Mother</li>
<li>4.2 Twin Sister</li>
<li>4.3 Other Siblings</li>
<li>4.4 Friends</li>
<li>4.5 Husbands</li>
</ul>
<div>
5 Items</div>
<div>
6 Places She's Been To</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
</div>
I put together this article in honour of my grandmother who passed away just a little over a year ago. She adopted and raised my mother and was an important part of my life as I grew up. She was very nice, generous, and helped me in many ways in my life. I put together this article as a way to remember my grandmother and to share her life's story.<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">1.1 </span><span style="font-size: x-large;">Kitty</span></h3>
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Photo by Mme. Yvonne, A.R.P.S., 98, Charming Cross Road, W.C.2. Tem. Bar 4874.</div>
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The following is from Faces of the Sault a section published in the newspaper, Sault This Week. It was titled, "Kitty McCandless, <i>She toured Europe and taught Sault children to dance</i>."</div>
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"There was a time when Kitty McCandless was Kitty May, the dancer. A time when she performed at London's largest venues, including the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Palladium" target="_blank">Palladium</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Theatre_(London)" target="_blank">Phoenix</a>. During the thirties and the Second World War, before television filled our days, audiences were hungry for live entertainment, and Kitty's troupe toured Europe, providing a variety of shows: musical comedy, variety, cabaret, pantomime. They did it all. </div>
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It all began in dance class. Kitty came from a theatrical family and dancing came naturally to Kitty and her sisters. Marie became a ballroom dancer, but May, Hilda, and Kitty tried everything. Sister Trude was a singer, Ethel was a gymnast, and brother Jack played the drums. </div>
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Kitty turned professional at 12 years of age in association with Terry's Juveniles, performing in the theatres of London, including the Palladium. "She got agents to book us to all kinds of places. We were all 12 years old."</div>
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"We had a tutor in between shows. Say we had a show in the afternoon, then in the evening we would have a tutor and we would learn everything then. I had to be out of the theatre by 10 p.m. because I was so young. If you weren't, then, what we called the school board man, would come around and find out and there would be big trouble. So I had to have somebody pick me up, like my mother or my older sister to take me home."</div>
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"When I got older, I left and we had a newspaper called The Stage. We'd look in 'For the Performer' and there'd be auditions and I'd go up for these auditions. I'd have to walk across the stage, turn around, then I'd have to perform. There'd be a pianist there. He'd play whatever number you wanted and you would go into role. And if they liked you, you went to one side. There would be hundreds and hundreds of girls that would go out for auditions and I was very lucky. I got picked for every audition I went to. The shows would run about six months if they were good, about a month if it were no good." Kitty recalled performing at a seaside resort in Blackpool with her sister, for six months.</div>
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"That's all I did, all my professional life. I was in musical comedy, variety, cabaret, vaudeville, and pantomime. I especially loved musical comedy. The theatres were packed. I remember my mother went to see the shows, when she was alive. She used to sit in the front because she had three daughters performing in the same show."</div>
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"We all had a wonderful time, but it was a very hard life, being in the theatre. I don't care what anybody says. You're touring the world, going from one city to another, and you're packing and unpacking your bags. It was really hard. At the Phoenix Theatre we performed non-stop, five shows a day. That was hard. We were always performing, and we had to change our routines every two weeks."</div>
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Then one day the beautiful Kitty May settled in Paris, with a regular gig at the world famous Casino de Paris. She loved Paris, spoke French, made friends. She would have settled down for good, but war broke out and she returned home to London.</div>
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"I lived in France for three-and-a-half years. I danced there at one of the bigger theatres they had, called Casino de Paris. It was a wonderful theatre. I really enjoyed it there. I loved it. I had a boyfriend there and I really would have loved to live there altogether and got married there, but war broke out. I came back to England."</div>
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Even during the war, Kitty's troupe toured, being charged with the obligation to lift morale among the war-weary British. Even when the sirens wailed, Kitty and her colleagues were expected to carry on, in the face of imminent danger. "We never unpacked, because every city we went to, a siren would wail. But they said to keep going and entertain, to keep morale up, whether the bombs were falling or not. They used to drop incendiary bombs that would start fires, which we would try to put out."</div>
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"We entertained the troops during the war. We went over to France, to Belgium. It got really sad, seeing all the airmen going up. We went to all the different tents to entertain. We were eight girls. There were other companies as well, besides us. When we came back across the water, we saw the ships that had been blown up."</div>
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After the war, Kitty emigrated with Harold Myers, moved to Sault Ste. Marie, and got married. About 12 years later, after Harold had died of cancer, Kitty married Joe McCandless, and raised four children: Julie, Bill, Debbie, and Joe Jr.</div>
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Over the years, Kitty taught dancing to Sault children and put on various recitals, at the Moose Lodge, at the Legion, and at Memorial Gardens which were a big hit. Kitty also held exercise classes for 15 years as a volunteer at the seniors Drop-In Centre on Bay Street.</div>
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Today, the pace of Kitty's life has slowed somewhat, but she still leads an active life. She currently lives in an apartment with her sister Ethel and is often seen about town with her daughter Julie."</div>
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Photo by Mme. Yvonne, A.R.P.S., 98, Charming Cross Road, W.C.2. Tem. Bar 4874.</div>
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Photo by an unknown photographer.</div>
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Photo by an unknown photographer.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">2 At Work on Stage</span></h3>
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This section is mostly sorted by photographer. By the looks of it, these photographers tended to be specific to particular theatres and locations meaning that many of the photos taken by the same photographer could be from the same show or at least from the same venue.<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">2.1 E. Brucken Photographie</span></h3>
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The address for the photography studio is in Paris, France, which likely indicates that these photos were taken at least in France, if not Paris. Perhaps they were taken at Casino de Paris, as Kitty performed there for three-and-a-half years.<br />
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Kitty, second from the left in the back row. Photo by Studio E. Brucken, 17 Faubourg Saint-Martin, Paris, France.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi25c4im3VvUbJKd7inxL-126w6FwFqYzazbQNPHNHXttKxpEw7QxJFMTrys3upZUSWaVUZAS1aL9WYhd6GiyHBN-pIOpdjRTG7ysHM-G_aUlgEssef2Qyz8Plgwr93nDIvkzpKBM55q3S8/s1600/Kitty+%25289+of+125%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="482" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi25c4im3VvUbJKd7inxL-126w6FwFqYzazbQNPHNHXttKxpEw7QxJFMTrys3upZUSWaVUZAS1aL9WYhd6GiyHBN-pIOpdjRTG7ysHM-G_aUlgEssef2Qyz8Plgwr93nDIvkzpKBM55q3S8/s640/Kitty+%25289+of+125%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Kitty, third from the left in the front row. Photo by Studio E. Brucken, 17 Faubourg Saint-Martin, Paris, France.</div>
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Kitty, first row, furthest to the right and completely in view. Photo by Studio E. Brucken, 17 Faubourg Saint-Martin, Paris, France.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMmDhYZaa8iByh9lojO2owAPylXTqvM5O0MV5BKAnMg2j_CHfAryQhagwNpjj3Ffb3W-QMHu1GALDnn6etSET3_6Wr8d6B8rN3XcYXfpgxjraH4nS3gKO04eTS0vdix9gwCMFE-56bO6Pf/s1600/Kitty+%252811+of+125%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="478" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMmDhYZaa8iByh9lojO2owAPylXTqvM5O0MV5BKAnMg2j_CHfAryQhagwNpjj3Ffb3W-QMHu1GALDnn6etSET3_6Wr8d6B8rN3XcYXfpgxjraH4nS3gKO04eTS0vdix9gwCMFE-56bO6Pf/s640/Kitty+%252811+of+125%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Kitty, second from the right. Photo by Studio E. Brucken, 17 Faubourg Saint-Martin, Paris, France.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoaQkbiDJa0gSM_D3zdjBaN2XVE3636w_YOSZ_bLb6_IbpfwpeUhUuhNqCwy60LeYtv9S6kE-XQcB4T4Rem3Qm3DVaXLB8uoSNp4az7Grf62UQQJvobJ6H_Oh3iwpxwuhbFYE7QDBjBpCJ/s1600/Kitty+%252813+of+125%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="470" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoaQkbiDJa0gSM_D3zdjBaN2XVE3636w_YOSZ_bLb6_IbpfwpeUhUuhNqCwy60LeYtv9S6kE-XQcB4T4Rem3Qm3DVaXLB8uoSNp4az7Grf62UQQJvobJ6H_Oh3iwpxwuhbFYE7QDBjBpCJ/s640/Kitty+%252813+of+125%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Kitty, being lifted furthest to the right. Photo by Studio E. Brucken, 17 Faubourg Saint-Martin, Paris, France.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU6QrPm1TZPUtybzOcCgn0rq9OIxol35Y-VUQUr5dlNB_S4llQPqqSje0bk-nGHw0DFaacZCzw824zqteGGO8ZTpTYJ7Eh6zMYdWLUZmJJgwPy9p3i4eO6FSKB4Gqx_K9xWlMkquDyY8Ar/s1600/Kitty+%252828+of+125%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="458" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU6QrPm1TZPUtybzOcCgn0rq9OIxol35Y-VUQUr5dlNB_S4llQPqqSje0bk-nGHw0DFaacZCzw824zqteGGO8ZTpTYJ7Eh6zMYdWLUZmJJgwPy9p3i4eO6FSKB4Gqx_K9xWlMkquDyY8Ar/s640/Kitty+%252828+of+125%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Kitty, second row from the front, second from the right and completely in view. Photo by Studio E. Brucken, 17 Faubourg Saint-Martin, Paris, France.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYMU0TqBZg07P4yJlduH-lmR3phHGwqQ9cg_JPmMp7yWqH-zR-A8bRPw5-H-8Cipeh64Qu606kAcTg89JVMtOE1ph775YJCWZ9QRxZ-L5phtT9N9zEVeRniU4fhVfyoo8CI3lLwqBW5YRj/s1600/Kitty+%252829+of+125%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="460" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYMU0TqBZg07P4yJlduH-lmR3phHGwqQ9cg_JPmMp7yWqH-zR-A8bRPw5-H-8Cipeh64Qu606kAcTg89JVMtOE1ph775YJCWZ9QRxZ-L5phtT9N9zEVeRniU4fhVfyoo8CI3lLwqBW5YRj/s640/Kitty+%252829+of+125%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Kitty, front row, second from the right. Photo by Studio E. Brucken, 17 Faubourg Saint-Martin, Paris, France.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfSp3lwOzeAezMpff_tsv4eVhfJtzvGvcJ-HFeoImWJwONyW4ze2fDIGj9AYSOKJHtd5chyphenhyphenkDDIAVDM4aeTPD7x_wiYXZ7IM6RX79IP7quRte9ZyJqhnwcXrd2LaHdAprbD8LjsnJYzwpP/s1600/Kitty+%252832+of+125%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="456" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfSp3lwOzeAezMpff_tsv4eVhfJtzvGvcJ-HFeoImWJwONyW4ze2fDIGj9AYSOKJHtd5chyphenhyphenkDDIAVDM4aeTPD7x_wiYXZ7IM6RX79IP7quRte9ZyJqhnwcXrd2LaHdAprbD8LjsnJYzwpP/s640/Kitty+%252832+of+125%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Kitty, front row, third from the right. Photo by Studio E. Brucken, 17 Faubourg Saint-Martin, Paris, France.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHL9xgd_Jh-aPKQFFxaz7xi_ygSqJfbEhECg7_1_h4xT1uZjJPcqQa8Uvc4PaBUAQdJ7n-fqPAa2zGcBwuDW1gcK_V7YKUpXDi_VUMYpbiF4orUMnLwTCosi9Ws3lC8yeCdbaRnINh2su8/s1600/Kitty+%252833+of+125%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="456" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHL9xgd_Jh-aPKQFFxaz7xi_ygSqJfbEhECg7_1_h4xT1uZjJPcqQa8Uvc4PaBUAQdJ7n-fqPAa2zGcBwuDW1gcK_V7YKUpXDi_VUMYpbiF4orUMnLwTCosi9Ws3lC8yeCdbaRnINh2su8/s640/Kitty+%252833+of+125%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Kitty, front row, second from the right. Photo by Studio E. Brucken, 17 Faubourg Saint-Martin, Paris, France.</div>
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<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">2.2 Tesson Rouen Photographie</span></h3>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<span style="text-align: center;">Although I haven't positively identified where these were taken, Rouen is a city on the north coast of France which is a place that Kitty likely could have performed. </span></div>
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<span style="text-align: center;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH0y10dANQiyijO6vUqNZ0UyiUEwQPi8XQ_XjADjgPVm4cGZLNm7fLJD31NCRtOa2gx3xBNhDc3s0ekkqvuVk59U1Hw1k72miU17LyTEpgd6OECyzukt_CoQb3lIt7KxCNh1h4R2CJm_wF/s1600/Kitty+%25284+of+125%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="472" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH0y10dANQiyijO6vUqNZ0UyiUEwQPi8XQ_XjADjgPVm4cGZLNm7fLJD31NCRtOa2gx3xBNhDc3s0ekkqvuVk59U1Hw1k72miU17LyTEpgd6OECyzukt_CoQb3lIt7KxCNh1h4R2CJm_wF/s640/Kitty+%25284+of+125%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Kitty, third from the left. Photo by Tesson Rouen. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeTFCxc5Kr2DQJDCcoQw5gc2ZLsMIBtUfB-CvQzxgzq0IO8ailOIZyIS8-5_pBLNyEpD7aubsmk8yAda9KKPK8MkQ6aT-KR2TSgNlop6204ctN9oPijh-nfpJocHzyy7x8Dl57139lDv4H/s1600/Kitty+%25285+of+125%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeTFCxc5Kr2DQJDCcoQw5gc2ZLsMIBtUfB-CvQzxgzq0IO8ailOIZyIS8-5_pBLNyEpD7aubsmk8yAda9KKPK8MkQ6aT-KR2TSgNlop6204ctN9oPijh-nfpJocHzyy7x8Dl57139lDv4H/s640/Kitty+%25285+of+125%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Kitty, fourth from the left. Photo by Tesson Rouen. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOfj1yC3iezLZkJY8aNIHKcc8NPPNga4P90bNjPYstYYZwGfPpxWzFzJz8QHdKFiuZs3sxbDIRQmcLRaHRLBr7FmwNfBHuXqs_AA7hSJUCUvm6ickrbhRz9bnJ6KQZteXzfT6lLeOei1N2/s1600/Kitty+%25286+of+125%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOfj1yC3iezLZkJY8aNIHKcc8NPPNga4P90bNjPYstYYZwGfPpxWzFzJz8QHdKFiuZs3sxbDIRQmcLRaHRLBr7FmwNfBHuXqs_AA7hSJUCUvm6ickrbhRz9bnJ6KQZteXzfT6lLeOei1N2/s640/Kitty+%25286+of+125%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Kitty, first row sitting, second from the right. Photo by Tesson Rouen. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCifALem522e8dYSFL3POQ79f-fE1ZwcP6PlmjWOmRHSyogk04017PK4JaJX-PszhcGdqkjYMpuIHmy-TurchqkWsBHTValtwkH7zrWQrOnTJhBCZlBt6UUewJ9rfeXAlvNmuVaQd9jKSE/s1600/Kitty+%25287+of+125%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCifALem522e8dYSFL3POQ79f-fE1ZwcP6PlmjWOmRHSyogk04017PK4JaJX-PszhcGdqkjYMpuIHmy-TurchqkWsBHTValtwkH7zrWQrOnTJhBCZlBt6UUewJ9rfeXAlvNmuVaQd9jKSE/s640/Kitty+%25287+of+125%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Kitty, first on the left. Photo by Tesson Rouen. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFNJqXmk7XKkAGfMjY9wBGPeueZyAk9Ds7bEuD-Gw1xmRHtV5Ax8mPwgNR964nuq8C4qN01I0hmy0fTwzEc_YSOp2skSiDaDVN72HTmuG84L3QriwbJ1uUfUbS_Cwwu440gTXORxA0-C_j/s1600/Kitty+%25288+of+125%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="478" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFNJqXmk7XKkAGfMjY9wBGPeueZyAk9Ds7bEuD-Gw1xmRHtV5Ax8mPwgNR964nuq8C4qN01I0hmy0fTwzEc_YSOp2skSiDaDVN72HTmuG84L3QriwbJ1uUfUbS_Cwwu440gTXORxA0-C_j/s640/Kitty+%25288+of+125%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Kitty, second from the left. Photo by Tesson Rouen. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPsrnSMqTwjY8um83mJJ3EI4RjreUtpVceCwsbuQMLia8uad23boWfQpakW0Us2csp3si6aIbc12la5yT0TU-5gGKrmfc_X8Ww5laiaZLhTRatcpBq4R3cBeOT4XbukKdEzdKptLzHvRXL/s1600/Kitty+%252812+of+125%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="474" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPsrnSMqTwjY8um83mJJ3EI4RjreUtpVceCwsbuQMLia8uad23boWfQpakW0Us2csp3si6aIbc12la5yT0TU-5gGKrmfc_X8Ww5laiaZLhTRatcpBq4R3cBeOT4XbukKdEzdKptLzHvRXL/s640/Kitty+%252812+of+125%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Kitty, second from the left. Photo by Tesson Rouen. </div>
</div>
<div>
<span style="text-align: center;"><br /></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">2.3 A. Todd Photography</span></h3>
<div>
<span style="text-align: center;"><br /></span>
<span style="text-align: center;">The location of the photographer is in the neighbourhood of </span><span style="text-align: center;">Harringay which is located in London. So it is likely that these were also taken in London, perhaps at the London Palladium or the Phoenix. </span><br />
<span style="text-align: center;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNBBa5WqPDJNoypL7dIIRo9CYHhTxguMyL2rcbdBAGyHOIy4Bxj86bfbxToToY5xEvsE8BVuOxQ9IoL1PmmjzACjAL5F5qfUWNVb_hZjtvAcCbvL_gF8ri_BuMt5SFhMVWHb3mQmwr38FS/s1600/Kitty+%252816+of+125%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="488" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNBBa5WqPDJNoypL7dIIRo9CYHhTxguMyL2rcbdBAGyHOIy4Bxj86bfbxToToY5xEvsE8BVuOxQ9IoL1PmmjzACjAL5F5qfUWNVb_hZjtvAcCbvL_gF8ri_BuMt5SFhMVWHb3mQmwr38FS/s640/Kitty+%252816+of+125%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Kitty, second from the left. Written on reverse, "185/231 The same scene, wich the principal day." Photo by A. Todd, 3, Burgoyne Road, Harringay, N. 4.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF8fgZd4DgndrTMnuTA_R8FD6_gHfaQDYDPJURlBersw4WH7UCf7qUGpRKIPw8lLhjL1AS-cGj_N1j8b-zRUMS4DSpbXIrDaL16MQMNJ5IWdQrw0a1OSANcelQA3Y0fXIPfMpkMKza2R2Y/s1600/Kitty+%252820+of+125%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="492" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF8fgZd4DgndrTMnuTA_R8FD6_gHfaQDYDPJURlBersw4WH7UCf7qUGpRKIPw8lLhjL1AS-cGj_N1j8b-zRUMS4DSpbXIrDaL16MQMNJ5IWdQrw0a1OSANcelQA3Y0fXIPfMpkMKza2R2Y/s640/Kitty+%252820+of+125%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Kitty, third from the left. Written on reverse, "173/231 "'Cinderella Ballroom Scene. Scot is dancing with me." Photo by A. Todd, 3, Burgoyne Road, Harringay, N. 4.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWRBpTo3UxG7LXXuK6oc0-QQlJ3qXuLOXWOUtP2n-le7hjpKUYeLHn1v3P3Alv-BhdZjFGjRj1kGFNTU7Yyugx44GAlDJKc2RakFCAU1d01TFMi-zLP6-aX-4zREX-4SnCamAvMfstWyoI/s1600/Kitty+%252819+of+125%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWRBpTo3UxG7LXXuK6oc0-QQlJ3qXuLOXWOUtP2n-le7hjpKUYeLHn1v3P3Alv-BhdZjFGjRj1kGFNTU7Yyugx44GAlDJKc2RakFCAU1d01TFMi-zLP6-aX-4zREX-4SnCamAvMfstWyoI/s640/Kitty+%252819+of+125%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
Kitty, furthest to the right. Written on reverse, "185/231 Scot and I again." Photo by A. Todd, 3, Burgoyne Road, Harringay, N. 4.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwJRmmlUrjJdpWwG0QL3ucYW0f9Oc-Gq6-frvVyuSO5GMkTcHZtWtuKxa1IZhskPSD2D6ZL8aNSpC-6dtDCox4_UlvhtCtSVW4jPN5T6pULA7OpAyLCBB5ECPuLC_erfCrSm-LCyP7TYrE/s1600/Kitty+%252821+of+125%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="488" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwJRmmlUrjJdpWwG0QL3ucYW0f9Oc-Gq6-frvVyuSO5GMkTcHZtWtuKxa1IZhskPSD2D6ZL8aNSpC-6dtDCox4_UlvhtCtSVW4jPN5T6pULA7OpAyLCBB5ECPuLC_erfCrSm-LCyP7TYrE/s640/Kitty+%252821+of+125%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Kitty, furthest to the left. Her friend Scottie might be in the middle. Written on reverse, "20/64" Photo by A. Todd, 3, Burgoyne Road, Harringay, N. 4.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivFlxgy38KlGBMNdKlatdpPHBFg5iQpttyGWe9ixbUYxCSOCMyKrEutooc6A1TVg37tN_FSKW4iQeTycx7ZRcEqFpyMHZ6_dLRZPKnI-shZzfGLTChC_Bl5_rwZwX1f_aTA-hepKyRpgf2/s1600/Kitty+%252822+of+125%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivFlxgy38KlGBMNdKlatdpPHBFg5iQpttyGWe9ixbUYxCSOCMyKrEutooc6A1TVg37tN_FSKW4iQeTycx7ZRcEqFpyMHZ6_dLRZPKnI-shZzfGLTChC_Bl5_rwZwX1f_aTA-hepKyRpgf2/s640/Kitty+%252822+of+125%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Kitty, second from the left. Her friend Scottie might be furthest to the right. Written on reverse, "193/231 Pat and I missed the cue mom, in the photograph." Photo by A. Todd, 3, Burgoyne Road, Harringay, N. 4.</div>
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<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">2.4 Backstage</span></h3>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4F5OcGyStN6qxucF0i1rrQHNn4nJSZ_HzUA-h20gUMv3snUvzkQi8m796layG-BV3MCOhRFyVDBennClRAHPM_NQ3Pc7846-75oz_VNB5t7Xpf4cWO7KvwvLJEnUJDS02cPYVXdQDmbHg/s1600/Kitty+%252825+of+125%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4F5OcGyStN6qxucF0i1rrQHNn4nJSZ_HzUA-h20gUMv3snUvzkQi8m796layG-BV3MCOhRFyVDBennClRAHPM_NQ3Pc7846-75oz_VNB5t7Xpf4cWO7KvwvLJEnUJDS02cPYVXdQDmbHg/s640/Kitty+%252825+of+125%2529.jpg" width="464" /></a></div>
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Kitty, furthest to the left. Written on reverse, "288D This was taken in the changing room. Look at the spots on my face. Though must have been the camera, I'll..." Photo by L. Graver-Johnson, 33 St. Helens RD. Hastings.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0FEcyt1Gr09rzoWM5kDLkZFkCSVhsEfVjK2NfYBwA4EiIL5y-QEW2pwJJw9x4twYMqDWByF6Jri48R-Yk3wMHo_JfDImW1e6re-REy3xChX0ytzkGfqD_fH2c06B9N1b6NOf1X6tZSzhi/s1600/Kitty+%252818+of+125%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0FEcyt1Gr09rzoWM5kDLkZFkCSVhsEfVjK2NfYBwA4EiIL5y-QEW2pwJJw9x4twYMqDWByF6Jri48R-Yk3wMHo_JfDImW1e6re-REy3xChX0ytzkGfqD_fH2c06B9N1b6NOf1X6tZSzhi/s640/Kitty+%252818+of+125%2529.jpg" width="488" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Kitty, furthest to the left. Photo by Dudley B. Gordon. 226, Stockwell Road. Brixton, London. S,W,9.</div>
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Kitty, third from the left. Photo by an unknown photographer..</div>
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<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">2.5 With Her Troupe</span></h3>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYxOMfoEO_dv-DCmqwPLODsuycXjLh50TB6qUgkVUQaJaPnYpWFFwea5f7hcDbMJZJWRfoSqBH0k6hKEwH8m4Ybb_v93ew_vn_SORDYc3iZnhI-CXqR9HerR1sNO-k_mbGbSgFpvDZT9ay/s1600/Kitty+%252815+of+125%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="476" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYxOMfoEO_dv-DCmqwPLODsuycXjLh50TB6qUgkVUQaJaPnYpWFFwea5f7hcDbMJZJWRfoSqBH0k6hKEwH8m4Ybb_v93ew_vn_SORDYc3iZnhI-CXqR9HerR1sNO-k_mbGbSgFpvDZT9ay/s640/Kitty+%252815+of+125%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Kitty, first row, fourth from the left. Her friend Scottie might be fifth from the right. Written on reverse, "Miss May". Photo by Paramount Press Pictures. 224 Chapman Road. S.W.9. </div>
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Kitty, first on the left. Her friend Scottie might be third from the right. Photo by Paramount Press Pictures. 224 Chapman Road. S.W.9. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYcdJuPuv6DZqFbGF6tHZr-tLk-M0MnlIg8kqaV7wngq3pTsGtRbDtE7vsEy2G1thDx5tquoOrVENjRBUUYxkrGvMUpOhbFSRgA7FhDbHaYQ8jz-R-DeI4T8CTiQleNEK-Ze0-6FsnA62y/s1600/Kitty+%252831+of+125%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYcdJuPuv6DZqFbGF6tHZr-tLk-M0MnlIg8kqaV7wngq3pTsGtRbDtE7vsEy2G1thDx5tquoOrVENjRBUUYxkrGvMUpOhbFSRgA7FhDbHaYQ8jz-R-DeI4T8CTiQleNEK-Ze0-6FsnA62y/s640/Kitty+%252831+of+125%2529.jpg" width="462" /></a></div>
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Kitty, middle in the first row Kneeling. Written on reverse, "'Stairway to Stardom" Co. This is all the Company. Cyril Levis in ... top with his baby. His wife is the one with him .... ... ... face, she was just joining ... ... glasses of when she photographs snap". Photo by Pool Snaps, Bathing Pool, St. Leonards-on-Sea.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI8D_zJqj9CAu7k5ddRhq3Mghq_jos08rcCBjgw9zdO-1oZ2tin6qxPleG9nr3UxpP-wZp4gM8a3NdLLuY2WZoUnvPvP77oIEPMzL48oqVBOiumJUivzDVzd2Yq_vAM2pZh5Vpre4eriGT/s1600/Kitty+%2528110+of+125%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiI8D_zJqj9CAu7k5ddRhq3Mghq_jos08rcCBjgw9zdO-1oZ2tin6qxPleG9nr3UxpP-wZp4gM8a3NdLLuY2WZoUnvPvP77oIEPMzL48oqVBOiumJUivzDVzd2Yq_vAM2pZh5Vpre4eriGT/s640/Kitty+%2528110+of+125%2529.jpg" width="390" /></a></div>
Kitty, furthest to the left on the lowest stairs. Written on reverse, "This was also taken at the bathing pool. Cyril Levis is at the top in white pants; he's our boss and ..... Can you see me climbing? Scot ..... she felt a little faint going so high up." Photo by L. Graver-Johnson, 33 St. Helens RD. Hastings.<br />
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Kitty, furthest to the left in the row that's standing. Photo by J. Smailes & Son, Press Photographers, Rhyl.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFMaf_qt25rO6Zzl8axPTJgWiDqpmSbbvyWjtLflnrhL2ruePImIQvG-hmjK42rxAhF83Nd9QY5ZGuodDEYllW74ZQ38AJreHEH8IHQTnffJEdAq8DiuNqKb__AeDZ4uXKxd7DvJdqhldO/s1600/Kitty+%2528111+of+125%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="398" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiFMaf_qt25rO6Zzl8axPTJgWiDqpmSbbvyWjtLflnrhL2ruePImIQvG-hmjK42rxAhF83Nd9QY5ZGuodDEYllW74ZQ38AJreHEH8IHQTnffJEdAq8DiuNqKb__AeDZ4uXKxd7DvJdqhldO/s640/Kitty+%2528111+of+125%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
Kitty, third from the left. Photo by J. Smailes & Son, Press Photographers, Rhyl.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEwZOiAuN1gkmwE39v6gpF69O1nXOhu5cSvUXQA_oWukFA4UlfzKPaDm1YwVADL6UHvYwyo3ouzwDlmJi3nbqm2uzyGjzcTMhb2B-TIFisZhrag1y3jTMD4nCSaKKq9VRaVc85l4FApJ_C/s1600/Restored3+%25281+of+1%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="442" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEwZOiAuN1gkmwE39v6gpF69O1nXOhu5cSvUXQA_oWukFA4UlfzKPaDm1YwVADL6UHvYwyo3ouzwDlmJi3nbqm2uzyGjzcTMhb2B-TIFisZhrag1y3jTMD4nCSaKKq9VRaVc85l4FApJ_C/s640/Restored3+%25281+of+1%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
Kitty, likely the girl third from the right. Cyril Levis is likely the man in the middle, the leader of the troupe. Photo by an unknown photographer.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-sPjftQ46HoVvqf5b44YAGKn2A4UE5pLPfV7Hh-v2cMmQb7HckSXcNcCTEWxcvMYXdJGC1GmL1bUm4nywA0234LvdeueaHj9EuhqNiFsjwxxH-Y99wxuIKnpnTr7UNzHusx0rvrPsVDa5/s1600/Kitty+%2528122+of+125%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-sPjftQ46HoVvqf5b44YAGKn2A4UE5pLPfV7Hh-v2cMmQb7HckSXcNcCTEWxcvMYXdJGC1GmL1bUm4nywA0234LvdeueaHj9EuhqNiFsjwxxH-Y99wxuIKnpnTr7UNzHusx0rvrPsVDa5/s320/Kitty+%2528122+of+125%2529.jpg" width="212" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicAyAoGv8BlmaWxS75cZx5q3u2V05XigcncWzmQt0aWhtpG-RN8Q4bdjHBi-wKH-lvdSRHl2qSGklr_jmvylQusJa5KsHDgqvzLOo1ASQhJDWzlgd5FNIRyyh7mphdElkTs3eiPsTC4AP0/s1600/Kitty+%2528123+of+125%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicAyAoGv8BlmaWxS75cZx5q3u2V05XigcncWzmQt0aWhtpG-RN8Q4bdjHBi-wKH-lvdSRHl2qSGklr_jmvylQusJa5KsHDgqvzLOo1ASQhJDWzlgd5FNIRyyh7mphdElkTs3eiPsTC4AP0/s320/Kitty+%2528123+of+125%2529.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Kitty's 1948 Variety Artistes' Federation "VAF" booklet. The VAF, which incorporated in 1967 as "Equity", is the UK's trade union for professional performers and creative practitioners. Photos taken by me.</div>
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<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">3 Later years</span></h3>
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This section covers her life after she moved to Canada from England in 1948 to marry Harold all the way up to when she passed away. She worked as a performer until she moved to Canada. While living in Canada, she only ever lived in one city, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. During her time in Canada, she taught children how to dance, put on recitals, and held exercise classes at the seniors Drop-In Centre. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTR4aojpxWg44f6mQitZR_JvMOMuDtKJJp8-0Oyr6LBPhaUnh9LqMKp_ku6vk4WoOKJqRTzOSA_s3RiqX8WpJSmHS0ybgl42I_2q65sfXzOzEjAQOAh9_M5SbQJc7pJxmBNOaO-MwEKp9S/s1600/Kitty+And+Ethel2+%25281+of+1%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="590" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTR4aojpxWg44f6mQitZR_JvMOMuDtKJJp8-0Oyr6LBPhaUnh9LqMKp_ku6vk4WoOKJqRTzOSA_s3RiqX8WpJSmHS0ybgl42I_2q65sfXzOzEjAQOAh9_M5SbQJc7pJxmBNOaO-MwEKp9S/s640/Kitty+And+Ethel2+%25281+of+1%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Kitty, right, and her twin sister, Ethel, left. After Kitty left England to get married to Harold, Ethel followed Kitty a few years later and lived with her.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBeIXpIB7oZPva1Bvc2Mp-E0rxnkHivQ62jmY8x9cyF3nKvMXDbl-S8xlt1R6lquC54VdysvOkOtWNBYXZMAmljOh_LXEOnPDlZtZFQ8jAbp1Jn9L-kP_EKXs4YoPDc2G83CqR1_Wcp6Wi/s1600/Kitty+Windsor+Castle+%25281+of+1%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBeIXpIB7oZPva1Bvc2Mp-E0rxnkHivQ62jmY8x9cyF3nKvMXDbl-S8xlt1R6lquC54VdysvOkOtWNBYXZMAmljOh_LXEOnPDlZtZFQ8jAbp1Jn9L-kP_EKXs4YoPDc2G83CqR1_Wcp6Wi/s640/Kitty+Windsor+Castle+%25281+of+1%2529.jpg" width="634" /></a></div>
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Ethel, left, and Kitty, right, at Windsor Castle while visiting England in 1976.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6qNUn7VQXfZK_FRuczlRiM7XajELgHI9RWEaMo7-kHoN-Nc8xrUG-6p5Oy2_6Gon7MmYLnnJcsImcWqq7Fc_U7Fuk3gj_U5-OXYRSzvgceE8l8jYzoizZbOgcziOxfrJ6JAMFLXAW4LIx/s1600/Kitty+And+Ethel5+%25281+of+1%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6qNUn7VQXfZK_FRuczlRiM7XajELgHI9RWEaMo7-kHoN-Nc8xrUG-6p5Oy2_6Gon7MmYLnnJcsImcWqq7Fc_U7Fuk3gj_U5-OXYRSzvgceE8l8jYzoizZbOgcziOxfrJ6JAMFLXAW4LIx/s640/Kitty+And+Ethel5+%25281+of+1%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Kitty, left, and Ethel, right, both wearing bonnets, return to London, England for a visit where they meet up with their sister Marie. This was likely taken in the 1980's.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm7PXnRZPK_hkGkR10k-xy0xcylJSL4NkTPNr05jGtSycT4iEv4PeGOCxLOCD9iDJFv103FWU6hiSyWGo-7qigYU36591dmRwXpHAUUiqjfF-Px5Gb1eHLq0RgrvRj8-dIkEIlpYx2KsEj/s1600/Kitty+Fitness+%25281+of+1%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="506" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm7PXnRZPK_hkGkR10k-xy0xcylJSL4NkTPNr05jGtSycT4iEv4PeGOCxLOCD9iDJFv103FWU6hiSyWGo-7qigYU36591dmRwXpHAUUiqjfF-Px5Gb1eHLq0RgrvRj8-dIkEIlpYx2KsEj/s640/Kitty+Fitness+%25281+of+1%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Kitty, far left, as a volunteer fitness instructor at the seniors Drop-In Centre.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPOBOQ7QXhynpT-gfaOhIgpO67NQpP8KgBmtDK6Y1jVs-lkuYliQ4fglD_LJ5D-ZAgpzYaXcKND3zlccsk5IUxWOj6SMPxHJiGZV965dPl2zZ0kI1hLwBalCCMRwt15IPQDBvUQ8v6RVKP/s1600/Kitty+And+Ethel+%25281+of+1%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPOBOQ7QXhynpT-gfaOhIgpO67NQpP8KgBmtDK6Y1jVs-lkuYliQ4fglD_LJ5D-ZAgpzYaXcKND3zlccsk5IUxWOj6SMPxHJiGZV965dPl2zZ0kI1hLwBalCCMRwt15IPQDBvUQ8v6RVKP/s640/Kitty+And+Ethel+%25281+of+1%2529.jpg" width="630" /></a></div>
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Kitty, left and her twin sister, Ethel, right. This was taken behind her townhouse likely during the 1990's.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho1CFM8xR7DDYqmZ2usro4aOGA7_r6nJpeA6nJXzAOwv4hgD_JC1skQViXYo5k1K5lUBAlTiqgz1WKZsnd_lGrRWm0X2Lv2tZPEsWFGD66qmWngYetjWPlz4XYrXRYcFXNxvqW8x3HzTsS/s1600/Kitty+And+Ethel3+%25281+of+1%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEho1CFM8xR7DDYqmZ2usro4aOGA7_r6nJpeA6nJXzAOwv4hgD_JC1skQViXYo5k1K5lUBAlTiqgz1WKZsnd_lGrRWm0X2Lv2tZPEsWFGD66qmWngYetjWPlz4XYrXRYcFXNxvqW8x3HzTsS/s640/Kitty+And+Ethel3+%25281+of+1%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Kitty, right, and Ethel, left, were both very active all the way up until their final days. They would commonly walk from their townhouse to the mall located downtown and back.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZKCFSAHuHZG_y9Qh_oMQ8mlbqQURDqPwOaKJMB9ni9lVAks-GOagAvSVDQMHKYnLFgLWI83lmtp8FLjRURUULgOWmxJJWQ87YcBAxhGQ9tGWiFERfIdQhaorZU-aR0YdD2BoiAXdM5iDV/s1600/Kitty+Snow+%25281+of+1%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZKCFSAHuHZG_y9Qh_oMQ8mlbqQURDqPwOaKJMB9ni9lVAks-GOagAvSVDQMHKYnLFgLWI83lmtp8FLjRURUULgOWmxJJWQ87YcBAxhGQ9tGWiFERfIdQhaorZU-aR0YdD2BoiAXdM5iDV/s640/Kitty+Snow+%25281+of+1%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Kitty outside of her townhouse in the snow.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuZFHzPcEGEUIhHbLKn2k_SCAN-Y5Z_hM-NMpPNc7sq2KrR7JQZZKynTlFzDScXK3UQk5xTkM9WU2BrqUh9WvtwTyHl9f3DocKn0M57CqerThPymRXfB3Z988nTGNs6nrBqaWWo5WRuqzI/s1600/Kitty+%252874+of+125%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuZFHzPcEGEUIhHbLKn2k_SCAN-Y5Z_hM-NMpPNc7sq2KrR7JQZZKynTlFzDScXK3UQk5xTkM9WU2BrqUh9WvtwTyHl9f3DocKn0M57CqerThPymRXfB3Z988nTGNs6nrBqaWWo5WRuqzI/s640/Kitty+%252874+of+125%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Kitty, right, and her twin sister, Ethel, left, inside of their townhouse.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq7imv2l8duSs9x-hcsLFlCigiIqT2BqMch1QctJ7zYWqnQJiFwfsKoEne7hDbKj4lAoo98ls9cBNlkWesdoTvcLuNYWVMkJ8CKyN_6o17Zx6Tkire91WEZd1xbHuXYrY11Z9Ck3OrVaGN/s1600/DSC03847.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq7imv2l8duSs9x-hcsLFlCigiIqT2BqMch1QctJ7zYWqnQJiFwfsKoEne7hDbKj4lAoo98ls9cBNlkWesdoTvcLuNYWVMkJ8CKyN_6o17Zx6Tkire91WEZd1xbHuXYrY11Z9Ck3OrVaGN/s640/DSC03847.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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Kitty loved drinking tea. All throughout my childhood, whenever I'd go to her home or go to a restaurant with her, she'd have tea. This particular place we frequented a lot and I have many memories of her drinking tea here. This was taken 3rd of December 2008 by me.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9md5jKLk1EZuV9lsA-l3dKoZjfqkKrZwpmbLlAVP7JaFhhSa6dVGWkMfyXCa2N4o6UxwIq-DCtj5QZbbQIOCrpBdGDFd9dhsi7WmgXC9FYOUWnmklzsvPwgAK2eBcsFNcNQjMwAaA7Kd6/s1600/Kitty+Move+%25281+of+1%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9md5jKLk1EZuV9lsA-l3dKoZjfqkKrZwpmbLlAVP7JaFhhSa6dVGWkMfyXCa2N4o6UxwIq-DCtj5QZbbQIOCrpBdGDFd9dhsi7WmgXC9FYOUWnmklzsvPwgAK2eBcsFNcNQjMwAaA7Kd6/s640/Kitty+Move+%25281+of+1%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Kitty going to see her twin sister, Ethel who was in a care home. Photo taken by me on the 26th of January 2009.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU0EvASIuDbfIf52KX9SXUqLK8e7J_RQhQZDcoCEi_HLoZQLJ5uT5p0wrCRZbMz6BL-EFTPeNtkGPCwdlgZ-YQig61RcIkLnZEpCYj5XnfWs2VvJ9PFN-czP-dbwnKfYqJQCVno6ZXNlpS/s1600/Kitty+Table+Orig+%25281+of+1%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU0EvASIuDbfIf52KX9SXUqLK8e7J_RQhQZDcoCEi_HLoZQLJ5uT5p0wrCRZbMz6BL-EFTPeNtkGPCwdlgZ-YQig61RcIkLnZEpCYj5XnfWs2VvJ9PFN-czP-dbwnKfYqJQCVno6ZXNlpS/s640/Kitty+Table+Orig+%25281+of+1%2529.jpg" width="426" /></a></div>
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Kitty sitting at the kitchen table in her apartment a few days after her twin sister, Ethel, passed away. I took this photo on the 1st of May 2010 in Kitty's last apartment.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOL8IwfC_lX0BQOzQMH0r2Nzm3q6uuUiPHsuh1hwEdz8IWSir8p8xbtNTN51CTI7bkFmKcwdBp6eCpqvjc5rdnciMlJHVOWcurRhX0WpEZvrJcjRyLTpPY90ftu5nj0z1EuXR04NXHvgAZ/s1600/Kitty+Feet+%25281+of+1%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOL8IwfC_lX0BQOzQMH0r2Nzm3q6uuUiPHsuh1hwEdz8IWSir8p8xbtNTN51CTI7bkFmKcwdBp6eCpqvjc5rdnciMlJHVOWcurRhX0WpEZvrJcjRyLTpPY90ftu5nj0z1EuXR04NXHvgAZ/s640/Kitty+Feet+%25281+of+1%2529.jpg" width="426" /></a></div>
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Taken at the same time as the photo above. Kitty's sofa is to the left. She is sitting at her kitchen table.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">4 Family</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>4.1 Mother</b></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB0OmDeUl624LX6f5AoK3oQfrKM5dmsZ0VsZBHY2tQHSZyPN0fxvWSCRNUruVXCUIxXmtEA_K8U5U1blZqMPkF7Jgp1G3WdvsXDK8G-B-eUSaohICfUfYX-b4whyIuZ7K7uXEv9EaTUysZ/s1600/Restored6+%25281+of+1%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiB0OmDeUl624LX6f5AoK3oQfrKM5dmsZ0VsZBHY2tQHSZyPN0fxvWSCRNUruVXCUIxXmtEA_K8U5U1blZqMPkF7Jgp1G3WdvsXDK8G-B-eUSaohICfUfYX-b4whyIuZ7K7uXEv9EaTUysZ/s320/Restored6+%25281+of+1%2529.jpg" width="194" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM5MrJGPvGVrWOxLZcVR6GO7mM7faHrvW94_tZ1rqa9Mt_EmV8-vhEpZLtyQNzkoaicg93aXB2GU48YsjxU9CYkqxgjkcj2xPyy1N2-3FTNLWbSJpNP0rqK8E5XENmv-xk9847HeIAsHXE/s1600/Kitty+%252882+of+125%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjM5MrJGPvGVrWOxLZcVR6GO7mM7faHrvW94_tZ1rqa9Mt_EmV8-vhEpZLtyQNzkoaicg93aXB2GU48YsjxU9CYkqxgjkcj2xPyy1N2-3FTNLWbSJpNP0rqK8E5XENmv-xk9847HeIAsHXE/s320/Kitty+%252882+of+125%2529.jpg" width="198" /></a></div>
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Rose Jacobs, Kitty's mother. Photos by "Regal Portrait Co.," 8 Aldgate High Street, E.C.3. </div>
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<b style="font-size: x-large;">4.2 Twin Sister</b></div>
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Kitty's twin was very close to her. For nearly all the time that I've known my grandmother they lived together. It was only when Ethel's health deteriorated and she needed to be put into a care centre that they weren't together. Despite this, Kitty would go with my mother to see her twin sister nearly every single day until she passed away.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz4EXSZe38O_QFLqJciOoKMPAW3VRGiHT9uJHJsklE_MW8RI2J-Vs53KVY7G7qEAMSwpHR6syw0L1W2D44N4Ql3KAgjtEP0TeKWRqq0JF36tFgRQAebBxe1FkoMrE_9nOT24O1ufY4R6KQ/s1600/Kitty+%252887+of+125%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz4EXSZe38O_QFLqJciOoKMPAW3VRGiHT9uJHJsklE_MW8RI2J-Vs53KVY7G7qEAMSwpHR6syw0L1W2D44N4Ql3KAgjtEP0TeKWRqq0JF36tFgRQAebBxe1FkoMrE_9nOT24O1ufY4R6KQ/s640/Kitty+%252887+of+125%2529.jpg" width="490" /></a></div>
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Kitty on left, her sister, Ethel Jacobs, on the right. This photo was perhaps taken when Ethel and Kitty went to California to visit their sisters Hilda and Trude. Photo by an unknown photographer. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0QGoTfIQHQ99mnwMsouX7zVl5cbZD4-OrS0Jl15qAS90Dub_KtnYGDBFE4U3_uBrMVfnXlnMmyg7zTNjkTXQxpfzxzSUsqJzUQv6MtgOTb_TTfMorZsdv_Rjz-YRcyAJJ71co2lj10iZC/s1600/Restore7+%25281+of+1%2529.tif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0QGoTfIQHQ99mnwMsouX7zVl5cbZD4-OrS0Jl15qAS90Dub_KtnYGDBFE4U3_uBrMVfnXlnMmyg7zTNjkTXQxpfzxzSUsqJzUQv6MtgOTb_TTfMorZsdv_Rjz-YRcyAJJ71co2lj10iZC/s320/Restore7+%25281+of+1%2529.tif" width="197" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb47NLBvs5OFqQWMVKLLdbkpcZrTDr6833dCdNKXtDs4RpjowMM8otD7G4NPQ99X_fNP6y3JzF3CAPo1vM8mD7n8ANkOc-r2lWcBVApigfhnsQN1S1cvIhl99PWDTk1Vus66gwx5045E8T/s1600/Restore6+%25281+of+1%2529.tif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb47NLBvs5OFqQWMVKLLdbkpcZrTDr6833dCdNKXtDs4RpjowMM8otD7G4NPQ99X_fNP6y3JzF3CAPo1vM8mD7n8ANkOc-r2lWcBVApigfhnsQN1S1cvIhl99PWDTk1Vus66gwx5045E8T/s320/Restore6+%25281+of+1%2529.tif" width="195" /></a></div>
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Both photos are of Kitty's twin sister, Ethel Jacobs. On the left photo, written on reverse, "Ethel My Beautiful Sister". On the right photo, written on reverse, "Ethel I've loved you so much". Photos by an unknown photographer. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjobqz28ZtiTk7jwc3-aqEBQ5iqhUfMOdAQ6QkML9yp0p_4mMSzloBH_Go3eQVBVf9yS1XioY0QKoSq7kgiTzSsspPPT_0peeb9prFSTQi9d7XvJQeaA4hxQ0gvXPaOHW-jf9BddU_LMDIs/s1600/Restored7+%25281+of+1%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjobqz28ZtiTk7jwc3-aqEBQ5iqhUfMOdAQ6QkML9yp0p_4mMSzloBH_Go3eQVBVf9yS1XioY0QKoSq7kgiTzSsspPPT_0peeb9prFSTQi9d7XvJQeaA4hxQ0gvXPaOHW-jf9BddU_LMDIs/s320/Restored7+%25281+of+1%2529.jpg" width="196" /></a></div>
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Kitty's sister, Ethel Jacobs. Photo by an unknown photographer.</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">4.3 Other Siblings</span></h3>
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I'm not as familiar with the rest of Kitty's siblings as I've never met any other than her twin who she lived with. The siblings became scattered, Hilda and Trude lived in California, Kitty and Ethel in Canada, and May, Marie, and Jack stayed in England. </div>
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<b>Hilda</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6uBiOWmaNCsYfwfQMzFh2WF6HdByT3ChGnctjyvGD_UaLkS-BN1VNoKJ2BJbN08YK9EZd4jEDlPrGXS1Qdxx3qLso4KJBMdF6usjrvDxy_hLOOMUxxPvZm3W-DRNsW0JSyDS6Tw7mboJo/s1600/Kitty+%2528116+of+125%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6uBiOWmaNCsYfwfQMzFh2WF6HdByT3ChGnctjyvGD_UaLkS-BN1VNoKJ2BJbN08YK9EZd4jEDlPrGXS1Qdxx3qLso4KJBMdF6usjrvDxy_hLOOMUxxPvZm3W-DRNsW0JSyDS6Tw7mboJo/s320/Kitty+%2528116+of+125%2529.jpg" width="222" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisJJHhKobQLJUbitBr7lt9ovYGo8mg4OkwP6roIRg0XvcFSRemhWY23TzwDIydbbaPa-qtLuzVSkyvtWzbNpC0MrkOoKe_r5qXAZkt7wsTYkAX_vyNUh7AHPa1BfP5Zz9uw_xEJ4eqO95K/s1600/Kitty+%252825+of+47%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisJJHhKobQLJUbitBr7lt9ovYGo8mg4OkwP6roIRg0XvcFSRemhWY23TzwDIydbbaPa-qtLuzVSkyvtWzbNpC0MrkOoKe_r5qXAZkt7wsTYkAX_vyNUh7AHPa1BfP5Zz9uw_xEJ4eqO95K/s320/Kitty+%252825+of+47%2529.jpg" width="224" /></a></div>
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Both photos are of Hilda, one of Kitty's sisters. Written on the reverse of the left photo, "Lots of love, Hilda. Hollywood, California. 1946". Written on the reverse of the right photo, "Hollywood Beach, California, 1945. Wind was blowing so hard, and sun in my eyes....."</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOVKH0cDttnuT2hPKvwdJmJQ9qhgBeb-nZWjFxN17xwirTAQOE27LLWOWr-3A8P6GB9QPvJKMwnLX5SYvxXrZk__9US_284q5tNX849WLHdYsRKk2CSFakEJGXbk_vUoWgKwsfbljz677U/s1600/Kitty+%252840+of+47%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="626" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOVKH0cDttnuT2hPKvwdJmJQ9qhgBeb-nZWjFxN17xwirTAQOE27LLWOWr-3A8P6GB9QPvJKMwnLX5SYvxXrZk__9US_284q5tNX849WLHdYsRKk2CSFakEJGXbk_vUoWgKwsfbljz677U/s640/Kitty+%252840+of+47%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Hilda, one of Kitty's sisters. Written on reverse, "Hollywood-Xmas-1950. To Ethel, with fond love from your sister Hilda".</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVTgkSK7lzLOGmAyGvKVuy74RxRdBoaL2UNw7Ga-NdceQmwHCs-aG1G5X-weWeDhgNNqD0gm4CKcYSuDqAZOLcKjx7bkrLi6LACf8tCAC4WqFhPkWK-JxJ7d7m7Q1z0yiByKjVtD0dm66A/s1600/Kitty+%252813+of+47%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="442" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVTgkSK7lzLOGmAyGvKVuy74RxRdBoaL2UNw7Ga-NdceQmwHCs-aG1G5X-weWeDhgNNqD0gm4CKcYSuDqAZOLcKjx7bkrLi6LACf8tCAC4WqFhPkWK-JxJ7d7m7Q1z0yiByKjVtD0dm66A/s640/Kitty+%252813+of+47%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Kitty's sister Hilda to the left, and her husband, René, to the right. I believe this was taken on her birthday. Written on reverse, "Nice? April 2nd, 1989".</div>
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<b>Jack</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNKg_L570V2Jwq5GzGvH04AYlI6cQ4hgNe5bkuCiCaITGDC09Y83i4BlSWfukJP44iCVro-FYtV3zTN2gb892ksSQTwz9GuZ1xREzvQGJtZpS7Zi297VlTEfDB_GCBnHezw-A-_HBGkCfs/s1600/Kitty+%252831+of+47%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="466" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNKg_L570V2Jwq5GzGvH04AYlI6cQ4hgNe5bkuCiCaITGDC09Y83i4BlSWfukJP44iCVro-FYtV3zTN2gb892ksSQTwz9GuZ1xREzvQGJtZpS7Zi297VlTEfDB_GCBnHezw-A-_HBGkCfs/s640/Kitty+%252831+of+47%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Kitty's brother Jack on the left and her sister Trude on the right.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_MiV_VmvgGtBATmIEtCZnu2ZOjBhrloukiWqpUI07PPddZqzOldQE3Ww0gToRXIRJWb2DKCbCEgST7w3GipagBUgMKz9xLBp7SbiYPuTr_DZ1zXEjSOeKaLCH_vvNSRfkMZzO7FoKinZn/s1600/Kitty+%252833+of+47%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_MiV_VmvgGtBATmIEtCZnu2ZOjBhrloukiWqpUI07PPddZqzOldQE3Ww0gToRXIRJWb2DKCbCEgST7w3GipagBUgMKz9xLBp7SbiYPuTr_DZ1zXEjSOeKaLCH_vvNSRfkMZzO7FoKinZn/s640/Kitty+%252833+of+47%2529.jpg" width="481" /></a></div>
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Jack, Kitty's brother, is in the centre. The other two are likely husbands of the other sisters, with perhaps Hilda's husband on the left, and May's on the right. This photo was likely taken in California when Kitty and Ethel went to visit their sisters Hilda and Trude.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLGucBA6riGup5lXTedQzyiBsK_ttcLdQSUvlvRwzpSjMBOz8HjKNGRrFLn8OvcCrDj_pVicFQf-UdNM35wxjciCTv6ErVKY53HFobb3lLtoq-uuC_NdoUo_vlzNdrZimbo8IG7_yhw9MM/s1600/Kitty+%25282+of+47%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLGucBA6riGup5lXTedQzyiBsK_ttcLdQSUvlvRwzpSjMBOz8HjKNGRrFLn8OvcCrDj_pVicFQf-UdNM35wxjciCTv6ErVKY53HFobb3lLtoq-uuC_NdoUo_vlzNdrZimbo8IG7_yhw9MM/s640/Kitty+%25282+of+47%2529.jpg" width="618" /></a></div>
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Jack, Kitty's only brother. Written on reverse, "To Kitty + Ethel with my love brother Jack x x x x x". </div>
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<b>Marie</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvzqcGj5pvSZ6bGfY3ou_uZnJiyC_m2KgOUwsSA_ZcaTjZ6DVMcaej43hDHl4DC9SHdgcF-Sq9UNKQak6lJuFQRoH7iNKt4Ofy7GObkVaLR34KlX8b5qT77x94sB2ydPZkab64cE0ZXvXs/s1600/Kitty+%252841+of+47%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvzqcGj5pvSZ6bGfY3ou_uZnJiyC_m2KgOUwsSA_ZcaTjZ6DVMcaej43hDHl4DC9SHdgcF-Sq9UNKQak6lJuFQRoH7iNKt4Ofy7GObkVaLR34KlX8b5qT77x94sB2ydPZkab64cE0ZXvXs/s640/Kitty+%252841+of+47%2529.jpg" width="438" /></a></div>
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Marie, on right, one of Kitty's sisters. Written on reverse, "Dear Kitty. This was taken out-side ....'s shop. She was trying out a new camera. All my love, Marie. x x x x 1950"</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc2_sUn8utXmBSIvpc23FxcfaaqFnjnY9wDplupMTLIZnGT2GAVOsoAa52a4VkoiG-tdJrwubZmpxyFugZSaoahXKuO_ihvvkpA4K6Z5j0BmtnsowL39ExmTj6q_jzrsURArtblAetOlH1/s1600/Kitty+%252895+of+125%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc2_sUn8utXmBSIvpc23FxcfaaqFnjnY9wDplupMTLIZnGT2GAVOsoAa52a4VkoiG-tdJrwubZmpxyFugZSaoahXKuO_ihvvkpA4K6Z5j0BmtnsowL39ExmTj6q_jzrsURArtblAetOlH1/s640/Kitty+%252895+of+125%2529.jpg" width="456" /></a></div>
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Marie on right, Kitty on left. Written on reverse, "To/ Kitty with all my love, Marie. x x x x x A remembrance. P.S. Try and come out soon with Joe. x x x x"</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjhMhRlQIWQEE5n9hUWuQOT4Xjy5acUO9To7YZV7vQY3JA8-RmkRrLxLbDDdvPpMkIg2cGwBM1WnKjtXjGM65TpbGB_Rs0S6toHlPPBbNs1s3mlfMuHHAIjEZmz6s0zU08t1SG0xutCAv8/s1600/Ethel+and+Marie+%25281+of+1%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjhMhRlQIWQEE5n9hUWuQOT4Xjy5acUO9To7YZV7vQY3JA8-RmkRrLxLbDDdvPpMkIg2cGwBM1WnKjtXjGM65TpbGB_Rs0S6toHlPPBbNs1s3mlfMuHHAIjEZmz6s0zU08t1SG0xutCAv8/s640/Ethel+and+Marie+%25281+of+1%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Marie, left, and Ethel, right, when Kitty and Ethel went to London England for a visit in the 1980's.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYoca0HgUnvkpMbzJmHX0xg6YFnRs6YCqb20g88lyYjh_gq8J7e1ZynA42GB2nBRkoBiFZvofXKWuUDs4PI3l7T3YV8904Ig0379BsWD_4ubBrcpARWLGmXWEb6mDahkY43-_aoR2962Z_/s1600/Marie+Kitty+Ethel+Roy+%25281+of+1%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="436" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYoca0HgUnvkpMbzJmHX0xg6YFnRs6YCqb20g88lyYjh_gq8J7e1ZynA42GB2nBRkoBiFZvofXKWuUDs4PI3l7T3YV8904Ig0379BsWD_4ubBrcpARWLGmXWEb6mDahkY43-_aoR2962Z_/s640/Marie+Kitty+Ethel+Roy+%25281+of+1%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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From left to right, Marie, Kitty, Ethel, and Roy, one of Marie's sons.</div>
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<b>May</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKohr-t6RuMEx_5EB5R31rja95GvmM619f54SNO1Cuicxyqk6lFptgG8r9kJjaltas38X-PyxKNWkfUhVBvoxO7Rb6tv1b9CKtvqU6_IIT7kSDpPfB1SY0XafW6R-DcvJl6gD6mTcG7Qkz/s1600/May+%25282+of+3%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhKohr-t6RuMEx_5EB5R31rja95GvmM619f54SNO1Cuicxyqk6lFptgG8r9kJjaltas38X-PyxKNWkfUhVBvoxO7Rb6tv1b9CKtvqU6_IIT7kSDpPfB1SY0XafW6R-DcvJl6gD6mTcG7Qkz/s640/May+%25282+of+3%2529.jpg" width="530" /></a></div>
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Likely May, right, and her husband, left.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcK5fe3P2z2QZyhxgHTJyvsZiwW6-T3MRj0JwG6gXsMVuu1Fh4FM7RhvC4BkYIfKYRm8mNgrd_2P7vog-ouKTmPvCA6y6wfDVqrzC7Rzrqz-uquw1THtghkHjRUFbVh9sQmbOwtr1xYxOj/s1600/May+%25281+of+3%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcK5fe3P2z2QZyhxgHTJyvsZiwW6-T3MRj0JwG6gXsMVuu1Fh4FM7RhvC4BkYIfKYRm8mNgrd_2P7vog-ouKTmPvCA6y6wfDVqrzC7Rzrqz-uquw1THtghkHjRUFbVh9sQmbOwtr1xYxOj/s640/May+%25281+of+3%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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On the cake it says "Happy Birthday May".</div>
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<b>Trude</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCOp_9XCgigWcahVhdVb1gbnNcmgrahMiaoY7GLwxIndSbUzDvVTwuHphoUGlH4mqJlz4LLVHBl4Do55Rbd-D2zBrhS2CqAkmxbKkdGNUzj8nC_lHKMFHVAEyAnEw1zEVsMxKj-E67KoHT/s1600/Kitty+%252829+of+47%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="478" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCOp_9XCgigWcahVhdVb1gbnNcmgrahMiaoY7GLwxIndSbUzDvVTwuHphoUGlH4mqJlz4LLVHBl4Do55Rbd-D2zBrhS2CqAkmxbKkdGNUzj8nC_lHKMFHVAEyAnEw1zEVsMxKj-E67KoHT/s640/Kitty+%252829+of+47%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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From left to right, Kitty, Kitty's sister Trude, and Kitty's twin sister Ethel.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9o3v5yIQZZLP9rTTCDyUAif9dJhIKaYeZo9umlhcGbfb13vhg-sE_SSwpY4jdhDGkUuCzQIW8hQNv1yWUQC0rLH-b_MWo8S_C2RUcZVuTXAZu4LL6J_rYyq93LKTh3csA4ispNF-IWy8M/s1600/Kitty+%25286+of+47%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="422" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9o3v5yIQZZLP9rTTCDyUAif9dJhIKaYeZo9umlhcGbfb13vhg-sE_SSwpY4jdhDGkUuCzQIW8hQNv1yWUQC0rLH-b_MWo8S_C2RUcZVuTXAZu4LL6J_rYyq93LKTh3csA4ispNF-IWy8M/s640/Kitty+%25286+of+47%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Trude, one of Kitty's sisters. Written on reverse, "Trude".</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxSlYtQX9YZes-nz8tLHB6tquthenVd8MH9zE8BBNWKNvP2-FkFs1GAmwCehJTxZxhuSp4fYehY1HQiCNercGCjbFQOt0L23jyXtqBWBjzH8sa82ocS-cTFk8KSP5KCp2KbmD_OgTXYeiJ/s1600/Kitty+%252810+of+47%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="442" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxSlYtQX9YZes-nz8tLHB6tquthenVd8MH9zE8BBNWKNvP2-FkFs1GAmwCehJTxZxhuSp4fYehY1HQiCNercGCjbFQOt0L23jyXtqBWBjzH8sa82ocS-cTFk8KSP5KCp2KbmD_OgTXYeiJ/s640/Kitty+%252810+of+47%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Trude is standing with Hilda sitting across the table from her husband, René. This is likely Hilda's birthday. Written on reverse, "Cheesecake dessert. Candles came out peculiar! April 2nd, 1989."</div>
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<b>Group Photos</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO95bz-pdKu9Et_N4dXT1b2jyNMeWnDjKnRlMDfQDofiKa1RNcVmsC9bDE1bszZfvTT_JgqjuGbuHzA1ypsT1Ce7dB0Mc43i3z5FUqmdxFKNgkpB3tMmvHBjdQtZjQ3Lz4qGNARV6VLd1C/s1600/Kitty+%252832+of+47%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="462" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO95bz-pdKu9Et_N4dXT1b2jyNMeWnDjKnRlMDfQDofiKa1RNcVmsC9bDE1bszZfvTT_JgqjuGbuHzA1ypsT1Ce7dB0Mc43i3z5FUqmdxFKNgkpB3tMmvHBjdQtZjQ3Lz4qGNARV6VLd1C/s640/Kitty+%252832+of+47%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Best I can tell, from left to right, Jack, perhaps a son of Marie's, Hilda, Trude, Roy, Ethel, and Kitty. I'm not certain about the second row or the person in the foreground.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-iIlJg4TN4RQ3ft0rQG-v6sIASN2yDmcvDtOmyd72XfQVSreMQ-giieM52P7czumV0LPPCTzMlmsghdplobOfBsHTaiMIHe_4OjDCiXjGyF_YtSYmZM7Z5Zg2Gpw7RZqw4M5J8aS3t7q0/s1600/Kitty+%252834+of+47%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-iIlJg4TN4RQ3ft0rQG-v6sIASN2yDmcvDtOmyd72XfQVSreMQ-giieM52P7czumV0LPPCTzMlmsghdplobOfBsHTaiMIHe_4OjDCiXjGyF_YtSYmZM7Z5Zg2Gpw7RZqw4M5J8aS3t7q0/s640/Kitty+%252834+of+47%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Best I can tell, from left to right starting with the front row, Ethel; Trude; Hilda; Hilda's husband, René; and potentially May. Second row, Kitty; perhaps a son of Marie's; Jack; likely Roy who is also a son of Marie; and perhaps May's husband.</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">4.4 Friends</span></h3>
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<b>Scottie</b></div>
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Scottie both performed with Kitty and was considered one of her best friends. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5N1ZvFdnIsu2M0n4hU1F3Q0tMHBaKyKnyo58BxYbaiksx8_kTHsVBCHomHO-MD9PpRoruUSzfKOoxr_IC1owiq1LROWn5CI-8Zb9cAsrSYHV0f4VT8z1y5zN9mQOY_VawdzVstBzj3_cn/s1600/Kitty+%2528113+of+125%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5N1ZvFdnIsu2M0n4hU1F3Q0tMHBaKyKnyo58BxYbaiksx8_kTHsVBCHomHO-MD9PpRoruUSzfKOoxr_IC1owiq1LROWn5CI-8Zb9cAsrSYHV0f4VT8z1y5zN9mQOY_VawdzVstBzj3_cn/s640/Kitty+%2528113+of+125%2529.jpg" width="482" /></a></div>
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Kitty on the right, likely her friend Scottie on the left. Photo by an unknown photographer.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2W2wdKgfSTW_e3NBXug4bFIwNUSplE4UzRryvrJsSxLJtUreMD8Y0ZSwQ_wnQSSULPidQDo7MKAijzP5HeVyGonjVG-Gsh7HhK97ujtfhpy7OZmJyMwMGY9CjkaBJx2qFCD4tiGajbDbe/s1600/Kitty+%252828+of+47%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2W2wdKgfSTW_e3NBXug4bFIwNUSplE4UzRryvrJsSxLJtUreMD8Y0ZSwQ_wnQSSULPidQDo7MKAijzP5HeVyGonjVG-Gsh7HhK97ujtfhpy7OZmJyMwMGY9CjkaBJx2qFCD4tiGajbDbe/s200/Kitty+%252828+of+47%2529.jpg" width="198" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-dk3uT8GnB2XY_KTxQentzVViQl6eDqHCY8qOOB3YYbyghrH7SrlXDvr_p0b3tcMZWYg3eQsCgd6rPBZIYwzlLJ6df5myfWJIlmJe-ymFXF9R0Z1CZIFQ6HeH1G7hLVu_YeJL2O9KjhpR/s1600/Kitty+%252827+of+47%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-dk3uT8GnB2XY_KTxQentzVViQl6eDqHCY8qOOB3YYbyghrH7SrlXDvr_p0b3tcMZWYg3eQsCgd6rPBZIYwzlLJ6df5myfWJIlmJe-ymFXF9R0Z1CZIFQ6HeH1G7hLVu_YeJL2O9KjhpR/s200/Kitty+%252827+of+47%2529.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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The two photos above and the one below all contain Scottie. By the looks of it, she was still touring after Kitty had left in 1948. The man in the photos is Sam, who was Scottie's husband. Going clockwise starting with the photo in the upper left, going from left to right, Helen, Scottie, Sam, and Gladys, written on reverse, "Helen, Sammy, Gladys, and I. 1951". Scottie, "leading lady", and Sam, Scottie, written on reverse, "Sam and I with the leading lady. 1951". Gladys, Scottie, and Peggy, written on reverse, "Gladys, Peggy, and I. 1951".</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFggcFBuuYKQZk8rjke3HJHNdGAjxpwqtFLYK50fcl1oLWpo0-YhIJ4GJHEeD2wcxp_l1tNL-MCFWu0MR72t1__eo7-1ro9rMTVnm_5URFBQgPE3Kceg44wR-JnzeZrxVROLKdgjGIrv2d/s1600/Kitty+%252885+of+125%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFggcFBuuYKQZk8rjke3HJHNdGAjxpwqtFLYK50fcl1oLWpo0-YhIJ4GJHEeD2wcxp_l1tNL-MCFWu0MR72t1__eo7-1ro9rMTVnm_5URFBQgPE3Kceg44wR-JnzeZrxVROLKdgjGIrv2d/s200/Kitty+%252885+of+125%2529.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVJ_CWC8q4mXwEMZpGszmc209sbHVI17beuBnrd0oTOyUUI-_od4BGykcDi_OMdR60V15PHveliJtfHeN_GHF0W-b3gpea7N6Byc1XKXlatxYxH72kD8S4cdA9b_ELlIbBTDGdJo97Ggqp/s1600/Scottie+et+al+%25281+of+1%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVJ_CWC8q4mXwEMZpGszmc209sbHVI17beuBnrd0oTOyUUI-_od4BGykcDi_OMdR60V15PHveliJtfHeN_GHF0W-b3gpea7N6Byc1XKXlatxYxH72kD8S4cdA9b_ELlIbBTDGdJo97Ggqp/s640/Scottie+et+al+%25281+of+1%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Another from Scottie, likely after Kitty left for Canada. Written on reverse, "Love from: Scottie (The ...), Peggy (Belches), Bambi, Gladys (are you working), ... (Brown Boots), Patricia (Trouble)". Scottie is likely the furthest to the left, Gladys might be the third from the left. Photo by an unknown photographer.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie9uXyxMrUULILIlX_bwlc-Cl1AY5v4atUgQ6rDQ6pTershtNIx6iCgjkjYpBjqPxHHc0rHV2b6SsdntZEg9IW9EiP8GpadxS32-EXUHtUUSEMN7luiDS8AlCS6L5s2Z9kVtZGOBz1VZys/s1600/Kitty+Ring+%25281+of+1%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="542" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie9uXyxMrUULILIlX_bwlc-Cl1AY5v4atUgQ6rDQ6pTershtNIx6iCgjkjYpBjqPxHHc0rHV2b6SsdntZEg9IW9EiP8GpadxS32-EXUHtUUSEMN7luiDS8AlCS6L5s2Z9kVtZGOBz1VZys/s640/Kitty+Ring+%25281+of+1%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Before Kitty left England, her friends gave her this ring. Inside of the ring it reads, "Love from the girls. 1. 6. 48." I imagine that the "1. 6. 48." means "1st of June 1948", and that 1948, which was also the year of her unfinished Variety Artistes' Federation booklet, was the year she stopped performing and left for Canada to marry Harold. Photo taken by me.</div>
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<b>Isabel</b></div>
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Isabel was Kitty's best friend in North America. She was the biological mother of my uncle, Bill, who Kitty adopted after Isabel died during childbirth. I was named after Bill since he unfortunately died in his 30's before I was born. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNrHLIcfaZ43TcuN-zJSTv3pwvbcYv4nEnzChPDbiq6QIAzrIbgrVYqCXq5Fko-4n0CwlOyO_2_KlQWHkCBqLSddeOj5iNMQecVCAaEuIQLgo2HxppLctjZefUUy2f6aZBk-6WUQUrwOXM/s1600/Kitty+%252821+of+47%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNrHLIcfaZ43TcuN-zJSTv3pwvbcYv4nEnzChPDbiq6QIAzrIbgrVYqCXq5Fko-4n0CwlOyO_2_KlQWHkCBqLSddeOj5iNMQecVCAaEuIQLgo2HxppLctjZefUUy2f6aZBk-6WUQUrwOXM/s640/Kitty+%252821+of+47%2529.jpg" width="464" /></a></div>
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Written on reverse, "Isabel, she was a wonderful friend to me. She died in child birth. She had twins, Billy and I don't know the other twin's name, he didn't live too long." </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTSt8UOQCbYf2uC230S0GbYhJHaV80xz8vYoP7GC7XfnUi4cYd_3ywQvjmEY7pjwW1uSD4ZsYKhDDMbWMIqdHIGmIFN0H9hW4nhylv1FnirwFRhbiHQwquAroepHi1oaKPO4NUSGl1vmhb/s1600/Kitty+%252817+of+47%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTSt8UOQCbYf2uC230S0GbYhJHaV80xz8vYoP7GC7XfnUi4cYd_3ywQvjmEY7pjwW1uSD4ZsYKhDDMbWMIqdHIGmIFN0H9hW4nhylv1FnirwFRhbiHQwquAroepHi1oaKPO4NUSGl1vmhb/s320/Kitty+%252817+of+47%2529.jpg" width="257" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn4NLJ8IF7aiONpLo-goSHihSHRjAT4bXjhAEdT1lFu4xUMw05vCYMpCOVBjghBXS5lcCXftV6NGXc2K6CN4scx9ogu5uFw109OLe7NtHSdkx_E36S86h9Aq6xTr1uhyp6V2qSqGs0mc-Z/s1600/Kitty+%252897+of+125%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjn4NLJ8IF7aiONpLo-goSHihSHRjAT4bXjhAEdT1lFu4xUMw05vCYMpCOVBjghBXS5lcCXftV6NGXc2K6CN4scx9ogu5uFw109OLe7NtHSdkx_E36S86h9Aq6xTr1uhyp6V2qSqGs0mc-Z/s320/Kitty+%252897+of+125%2529.jpg" width="193" /></a></div>
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Both of the photos above likely include Isabel. They were likely both taken while on a day trip up to Lake Superior, north of Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. In the photo on the right, Kitty is likely on the right with Isabel on the left.</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">4.5 Husbands</span></h3>
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<span style="text-align: center;">Kitty originally left England to get married to a Canadian named Harold Myers. After he died of cancer 12 years later, she married Joseph McCandless. </span><span style="text-align: center;"></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgecSem4Omzw1KBR-46hqmt9QRnq1Vbu0nHXYxkEHgN6pCaapObCl2erYRZpyK5cVp-1OFZ0TXF-UQ59l_bS15qROtdmHSy_wCNnFxfYPvnfchyIRXRfadyWB1Ahf2EDZ2tvm2nlLY-HpPc/s1600/Kitty+Rings+%25281+of+1%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgecSem4Omzw1KBR-46hqmt9QRnq1Vbu0nHXYxkEHgN6pCaapObCl2erYRZpyK5cVp-1OFZ0TXF-UQ59l_bS15qROtdmHSy_wCNnFxfYPvnfchyIRXRfadyWB1Ahf2EDZ2tvm2nlLY-HpPc/s640/Kitty+Rings+%25281+of+1%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Kitty's rings. From left to right, a ring from her girlfriends before she left England; the ring from her first husband, Harold; a ring from the neighbour who fancied her; her second husband's engagement ring; and finally, her second husband, Joseph's wedding ring. Photo taken by me.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV8qaGfDrQMCOputDIo40GweZv0Ovk-dZ50YWZ0jg4sj1tEuiKldYqSw6_sl56SOp1707CAeBFKnmWNYbrUWXZYfBfevbsj5caqg2ZRRL5iZn8OJ-8u0FyJfqJk_9IMtEXRFM-3NWaP3Ua/s1600/Kitty+%252894+of+125%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV8qaGfDrQMCOputDIo40GweZv0Ovk-dZ50YWZ0jg4sj1tEuiKldYqSw6_sl56SOp1707CAeBFKnmWNYbrUWXZYfBfevbsj5caqg2ZRRL5iZn8OJ-8u0FyJfqJk_9IMtEXRFM-3NWaP3Ua/s640/Kitty+%252894+of+125%2529.jpg" width="440" /></a></div>
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Second husband, on left, Joseph McCandless.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUGKgl5eADcq58yNPqRjlkKXiCALMBbgkLlGZeYLf6QVYJF3Riq2DoAwI-XxAzQy2Clvi0FCPtgU-dbimXC-4aizdaqzQKypRuNfh012zC-8L8HCGkrwLlCGTX6wmMF6hnWUMXBC2P6ouA/s1600/Kitty+%252816+of+47%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUGKgl5eADcq58yNPqRjlkKXiCALMBbgkLlGZeYLf6QVYJF3Riq2DoAwI-XxAzQy2Clvi0FCPtgU-dbimXC-4aizdaqzQKypRuNfh012zC-8L8HCGkrwLlCGTX6wmMF6hnWUMXBC2P6ouA/s320/Kitty+%252816+of+47%2529.jpg" width="298" /></a></div>
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Joseph McCandless again. He died just a few years after marriage due to heart disease.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">5 Items</span></h3>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2evb_HOiU-9SxLjzSXB-ELS8GqhRV6l_Xu6DYLNRCNy3OzciHoJTIcINnANEI3214S5uNgMDCxNg7aFjdmHPWy8IEM5ZfaNGi1nK_QaicS711aX8fM3hNst3jmOnDDuT2q3vOHC0wrcL_/s1600/Kitty+%252847+of+47%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="284" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2evb_HOiU-9SxLjzSXB-ELS8GqhRV6l_Xu6DYLNRCNy3OzciHoJTIcINnANEI3214S5uNgMDCxNg7aFjdmHPWy8IEM5ZfaNGi1nK_QaicS711aX8fM3hNst3jmOnDDuT2q3vOHC0wrcL_/s640/Kitty+%252847+of+47%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Kitty's glasses, the last prescription she had before she passed away. Photo taken by me.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPCl-vYVPNVeKe3qtwtDjnjIUmf4AswtD19-3dGhJryO4IxUjhdSLRaazplKvDYJ91_kIqYNRv0WF86qKHJGKs871j6CGQnTpdqwPD1jA3WoJ1-m4CI7jK-ezwQR_0eKC0H2WuCrk-lwlM/s1600/Kitty+%252876+of+125%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPCl-vYVPNVeKe3qtwtDjnjIUmf4AswtD19-3dGhJryO4IxUjhdSLRaazplKvDYJ91_kIqYNRv0WF86qKHJGKs871j6CGQnTpdqwPD1jA3WoJ1-m4CI7jK-ezwQR_0eKC0H2WuCrk-lwlM/s640/Kitty+%252876+of+125%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Cindy, Kitty's cat, who lived with her for as long as I can remember, up until a few years before her passing.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicaAvq7MBwQfeFhiZ5f7Pw3IDMwuLlbfYDSDYYfu3mhgHzvyKD4AHwkskj15rSqQWghf4b5GhPJR6zO_MZfxohVTtdFWRRAfyRuM1HV4k2R0FE3gXMLg1XVSYrwRd-DKFQnhLWXasG2UNT/s1600/Kitty+Camera+%25281+of+1%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicaAvq7MBwQfeFhiZ5f7Pw3IDMwuLlbfYDSDYYfu3mhgHzvyKD4AHwkskj15rSqQWghf4b5GhPJR6zO_MZfxohVTtdFWRRAfyRuM1HV4k2R0FE3gXMLg1XVSYrwRd-DKFQnhLWXasG2UNT/s640/Kitty+Camera+%25281+of+1%2529.jpg" width="426" /></a></div>
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The camera Kitty bought in Hollywood, California when she went to visit her sisters Hilda and Trude, who had immigrated there. The camera is still capable of taking photos, although the shutter is sticky. I've been able to take a couple of nice long exposures at night with it. <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/billy_wilson/4269711971/in/album-72157613630946075/" target="_blank">Here's one</a>. Photo taken by me.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkMiSIn08BGXbaWjto8JykzRuprvqeCwOqsW2scQi8EWDGSRKdaITUEwwTOWYQhfmyBo306fWokC1MneqqQablb8LZG7GU2_34YQnydSGaZXIrf6PJSJQnT6Ns9I2jvGW4EYOLLcux0wC0/s1600/Kitty+Door+%25281+of+1%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkMiSIn08BGXbaWjto8JykzRuprvqeCwOqsW2scQi8EWDGSRKdaITUEwwTOWYQhfmyBo306fWokC1MneqqQablb8LZG7GU2_34YQnydSGaZXIrf6PJSJQnT6Ns9I2jvGW4EYOLLcux0wC0/s640/Kitty+Door+%25281+of+1%2529.jpg" width="426" /></a></div>
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The door to Kitty's second last apartment. Photo taken by me.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">6 </span><span style="font-size: x-large;">Places She's Been To</span></h3>
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<span style="text-align: center;">In this section I largely share Google Street View screenshots of significant places that Kitty has been to. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi251qIJRFDxcomsLsL3X0SxhoMBLMdMe3KQAQ0W0l-mAgS-R46jS17k3a4j3-_U6iLEsFqOfZicyVjItYK9NpfjNrtN_6oHppzOQsm8RZ0U-RzPpS8mRopvhqdenjPA8E9iqcm9rVmlFsS/s1600/Street+View1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi251qIJRFDxcomsLsL3X0SxhoMBLMdMe3KQAQ0W0l-mAgS-R46jS17k3a4j3-_U6iLEsFqOfZicyVjItYK9NpfjNrtN_6oHppzOQsm8RZ0U-RzPpS8mRopvhqdenjPA8E9iqcm9rVmlFsS/s640/Street+View1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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The neighbourhood Kitty grew up in. She might have been raised in the apartment block to the left. These apartments were originally constructed during the late Victorian days as one of the world's first modern social housing projects. Today, due to the closeness of the area to central London, it is a pricey area. Image via: <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@51.525524,-0.076211,3a,75y,58.34h,93.81t/data=!3m7!1e1!3m5!1sVm5garEh0mEZosq2npSbbQ!2e0!6s%2F%2Fgeo1.ggpht.com%2Fcbk%3Fpanoid%3DVm5garEh0mEZosq2npSbbQ%26output%3Dthumbnail%26cb_client%3Dmaps_sv.tactile.gps%26thumb%3D2%26w%3D100%26h%3D80%26yaw%3D176.48778%26pitch%3D0!7i13312!8i6656" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoRk65RG8VCr5XOeyrS56lgsBfPRH_BtOQZKjj7iMrvssWVIiWKpw356VGOf7mEQh94BpHFIEqP9bbYHONYjeifIufr3t-MY7Z-r7aqVO6WZBmrn7zYSItBIdR6ZRVBL0gAPfWNRjqgGYs/s1600/Kitty+%252879+of+125%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoRk65RG8VCr5XOeyrS56lgsBfPRH_BtOQZKjj7iMrvssWVIiWKpw356VGOf7mEQh94BpHFIEqP9bbYHONYjeifIufr3t-MY7Z-r7aqVO6WZBmrn7zYSItBIdR6ZRVBL0gAPfWNRjqgGYs/s640/Kitty+%252879+of+125%2529.jpg" width="528" /></a></div>
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An old photo of Virginia Road School. Kitty attended this school when she was very young.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTPY2XAkHzaf4FdkPlU6yDE8gFVOuzcLprNUblfMmeNpj4M2bwDIGQCLeYU-KEgs8ahtxNmrHy7nZtB-fZD5iNvx4Fhj5hOIEya5d7XWo36KgXJKR8a85zc76MIsbAGY9z3mlITaBT6B_q/s1600/Street+View2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTPY2XAkHzaf4FdkPlU6yDE8gFVOuzcLprNUblfMmeNpj4M2bwDIGQCLeYU-KEgs8ahtxNmrHy7nZtB-fZD5iNvx4Fhj5hOIEya5d7XWo36KgXJKR8a85zc76MIsbAGY9z3mlITaBT6B_q/s640/Street+View2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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What Virginia Road School looks like today. Image via: <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@51.526713,-0.074905,3a,75y,225.73h,102.16t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sJIvwpu-3Z73esggKvOlgmg!2e0!7i13312!8i6656" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYCQltA9L7jtsfzgruME9Lqau6hGj9Fb8UnZSTQu_EqGiLHPPyBWO1wr9cNxHi79g6Ed_teRVhtkKuxyAZ_G19gZGvN28maNBjoHthyphenhyphenJEoYM3pR6zgJDmfFBNBEktakGZyPi_7YRbu3nzg/s1600/Street+View3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYCQltA9L7jtsfzgruME9Lqau6hGj9Fb8UnZSTQu_EqGiLHPPyBWO1wr9cNxHi79g6Ed_teRVhtkKuxyAZ_G19gZGvN28maNBjoHthyphenhyphenJEoYM3pR6zgJDmfFBNBEktakGZyPi_7YRbu3nzg/s640/Street+View3.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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The London Palladium, one of the most famous venues that Kitty performed in. It is said to be the most famous theatre not only in London, but in all of the United Kingdom. Many famous people have performed here and the venue holds the record for the greatest number of Royal Variety Performances held in any theatre. Image via: <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@51.514514,-0.140691,3a,90y,61.57h,110.65t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sB_gYTPCaGU29lIqTn-xxew!2e0!7i13312!8i6656" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1LuQr1trm78972WHF_lyqyXCBlZRGD-21StOuYMpZhs6-Vlw-9ykzysADz3nF-IIvzpj_sqisgn239GQlX5TrelUlzTZlrfs3kCvZ8e5yEvWquNHrjfB_DGYVUER3AtUVfCNzdMzdvMGu/s1600/Street+View4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1LuQr1trm78972WHF_lyqyXCBlZRGD-21StOuYMpZhs6-Vlw-9ykzysADz3nF-IIvzpj_sqisgn239GQlX5TrelUlzTZlrfs3kCvZ8e5yEvWquNHrjfB_DGYVUER3AtUVfCNzdMzdvMGu/s640/Street+View4.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_Theatre_(London)" target="_blank">Phoenix Theatre</a> in London, England, another place where Kitty performed. Image via: <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@51.514521,-0.129771,3a,75y,94.12h,104.53t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1snqRBvOB80iEd22jBub7WLg!2e0!7i13312!8i6656" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0WviFLfRqCZg2URqJIqoEtfuCP0b_av20WMqY_BBHiRkjeeSj-WRjRQCu5w6xbSDWFR1viqxYjYSvqolX4FJo9FCvMJ5M0uMeTX4Ei1EDYnCBYqhrplbmn4YrTZspC2_qwwAtCdfXiY8T/s1600/Street+View5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="310" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0WviFLfRqCZg2URqJIqoEtfuCP0b_av20WMqY_BBHiRkjeeSj-WRjRQCu5w6xbSDWFR1viqxYjYSvqolX4FJo9FCvMJ5M0uMeTX4Ei1EDYnCBYqhrplbmn4YrTZspC2_qwwAtCdfXiY8T/s640/Street+View5.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Casino de Paris, Paris, France. Kitty lived in Paris for three-and-a-half years and performed here steadily. Image via: <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@48.878125,2.33011,3a,50.4y,12.89h,107.1t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sZEhJfz1vmhFal8Nr03EtZw!2e0!7i13312!8i6656!6m1!1e1" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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In having put this article together, I've learned so much more about my grandmother. I feel as though she lived a pretty interesting life and I mean for this article to be a way to remember her and share her life's story.<br />
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If anyone has any more information or concerns regarding the information in this article, you can contact me through my site. </div>
Billy Wilsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00650540049798713387noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7158284719665231341.post-29769669894013882702014-08-21T20:23:00.000-07:002015-01-03T16:22:40.373-08:00Part II: Visualizing Urbanizational and Architectural Trends in the Developed English Speaking World: A Cross-Sectional Study (1800-2010) Using London, England's Population in the Year 1901 as a Reference Point<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">Contents</span></h3>
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1 Introduction <br />
<ul>
<li>1.1 Abstract </li>
<li>1.2 How to Read these Articles </li>
</ul>
2 Methods of Collection <br />
3 Legend <br />
<ul>
<li>3.1 Understanding the Charts </li>
<li>3.2 Understanding the Maps </li>
<li>3.3 Understanding the Images </li>
</ul>
4 The Population Data <br />
5 Observations <br />
<ul>
<li>5.1 Overview of the Population in 1901 Relative to London's </li>
<li>5.2 The Average Onset of Decrease </li>
<li>5.3 Factors Affecting the Presence of Pre-1900 Architecture Today </li>
</ul>
6 An Interactive Map of the Municipalities <br />
7 Further Reading and Related Articles <br />
8 Glossary <br />
9 References: <a href="http://www.thebillywilson.com/p/to-simplify-things-i-use-this-one.html" target="_blank">Complete External List</a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"> 1 Introduction</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;"> 1.1 Abstract</span></h3>
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The primary focus of this article is to illustrate how urbanization in the developed English speaking world (DESW) began largely at the onset of the nineteenth century during the industrial revolution, culminating in population in the middle of the twentieth century, and subsequently declining in population as suburbanization and deindustrialization took hold. Through the aggregation of population data and the studying of urbanization you gain insight into where humans likely have built buildings during a particular period. One of my main interests lies in exploring Georgian (1714-1837 [to 1860 for this article]) and Victorian era (1837 [from 1860 for this article]-1901) architecture which one can with noticeable accuracy predict in what general area examples likely at least once stood. <br />
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The median year between 1790 and 2010 is 1900 and the most populated municipality in the world and subsequently the DESW was London, England which had 4,536,541 inhabitants (metropolitan county/inner city population) in 1901. This number is used as the maximum y-value on the charts used in this article, hence acting as a reference point. With the year 1900 being the median, the forty-one municipalities I chose to analyze in this article are the top forty most populated ones in the developed English speaking world in the year 1900, plus one extra for comparison. The population is analyzed in ten year intervals since the censuses were decennial. 1790 was the date of the first American census in the newly formed republic. Finding reliable data for American or British controlled areas earlier than this date is extremely difficult. <br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> 1.2 How to Read these Articles</span></h3>
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This <a href="http://www.thebillywilson.com/p/population-data-articles.html" target="_blank">series of articles</a> constitute a work that is constantly in progress and from time to time you may notice revisions. Through all of this, I strive to make all of my work coherent in style and flow to ensure easier understanding.<br />
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For every image or map in this article there will be a link to the original full resolution source located in the description located below them. You can use this for closer examination. <br />
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In trying to keep everything simplified, I use one universal referencing list for all of the articles in this series which you can find <a href="http://www.thebillywilson.com/p/to-simplify-things-i-use-this-one.html" target="_blank">here</a>. Reference numbers in this article are expressed within [brackets].<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">2 Methods of Collection</span></b></h3>
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All of the data used in this article is for the municipality proper aside from the data for Australia and London where the boundaries of the municipality proper were vastly unrepresentative of the entire population. In London for example, the boundaries of the city proper haven't changed since the 1600's. If the city-proper population had been used then London wouldn't have even ranked among the municipalities examined in this article. By the 1971 census, the city of London proper hit its lowest recorded modern population of a mere 4,245 inhabitants.<br />
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<span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;">The data used for the American municipalities came from the U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1900). [2.]. It appears to be a complete source of information for the majority of the American municipalities. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">Since Britain and its dominions did censuses during the second year of each decade opposed to the USA which did them during the first year, the population data for the British Empire is for the 1901 opposed to 1900 for the USA and in many other places. Also, I wasn't able to find data for the year 1790 for the UK so that is omitted. The data for the UK is more difficult to come by so some censuses are missing, especially before 1850. Due to World War Two reliable population data for 1941 is unavailable for the United Kingdom and Ireland. The data collected for the rankings of the municipalities in the UK is most accurate for the 1800's. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white;">The year of incorporation as a city for Canada was found via the <i>Canada Year Book 1957-1958</i> [42.]. When it comes to the urban designation of "city" in the UK it contains more of a ceremonial status than something that denotes population size. The population rank for each municipality in the world in the year 1900 was retrieved from one of my other articles <i><a href="http://www.thebillywilson.com/2014/04/every-city-in-world-with-more-than.html" target="_blank">The Population of Every Urban Centre in the World with more than 100,000 Inhabitants in the Year 1900</a></i>. </span><br />
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">3 Legend</span></b></h3>
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The municipalities under the population data section are ordered from most populated in the year 1900/1901 to least populated. Included are the forty most populated plus Quebec City as a reference point which adds up to a total of forty-one municipalities.<br />
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3.1 Understanding the Charts</span></h3>
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Below is a sample of one of the bar charts featured in this article. The horizontal red line at the top of the chart denotes the maximum y-value which was population of London, England in 1901 (4,536,541 inhabitants). The vertical red line in the middle denotes the median census date which was the year 1900 for the USA and 1901 for places that were part of the British Empire.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm2WdIGEXFUKR_xRtXdkGN0dotQiLrFXaPam-_pIFCn2q9wisGcLo_cjDdyJIP9o4XZ1uxwLVHiGik3iLg-3BRFwjP7fNAH3A7H_j_C4WvgRtfbIR8ZMziPugt4Px75CNwDotz5YVdO8_I/s1600/Reference+Lines.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm2WdIGEXFUKR_xRtXdkGN0dotQiLrFXaPam-_pIFCn2q9wisGcLo_cjDdyJIP9o4XZ1uxwLVHiGik3iLg-3BRFwjP7fNAH3A7H_j_C4WvgRtfbIR8ZMziPugt4Px75CNwDotz5YVdO8_I/s1600/Reference+Lines.jpg" height="424" width="640" /></a></div>
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The bars for the population proper for a municipality are in blue as shown above. If I also plotted the greater area for more realistic comparison purposes, the bars making up that difference will be in red (i.e., London, New York City, Philadelphia, Sydney, and Melbourne).</div>
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I've found that the population trends of the average postindustrial municipality can be generalized in to three main periods and a minor plateau period as shown below. Slow Urban Growth Period (1790-1850), Rapid Urban Growth Period (1850-1930), the brief Plateau Period (1930-1950), and the Decline Period (1950-2010). Included in the sample chart below are other corresponding trends. 1950 tends to be the average year from which the population begins to decline. </div>
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<b>NOTE:</b> For some reason many tables and charts may not display in this article but they will appear if you refresh the page and maintain a view of the table or chart. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSHV_ygR3jGi06Zs5h_5EBMwPHBA-ZgQ0gmT5VNawGpcELKnE_uKOIIJdmZAem3MhoC5Y2ov-Op56plt9lSa4iCsxMkiWYJ0k4S-PWDikxbFLkuayA4yr-F6DvhiOxMGfVrtwwP79BkQkN/s1600/Reference+Lines+Version+Two.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSHV_ygR3jGi06Zs5h_5EBMwPHBA-ZgQ0gmT5VNawGpcELKnE_uKOIIJdmZAem3MhoC5Y2ov-Op56plt9lSa4iCsxMkiWYJ0k4S-PWDikxbFLkuayA4yr-F6DvhiOxMGfVrtwwP79BkQkN/s1600/Reference+Lines+Version+Two.jpg" height="424" width="640" /></a></div>
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The above chart is of course a generalization and one can find numerous exceptions in the population data section of this article. A new trend that has begun to emerge slowly over the past few decades is gentrification where people are moving back into inner-city neighbourhoods and fixing them up. Another phenomenon currently happening is an increase in the amalgamating of surrounding suburbs. This is what tends to cause the most dramatic increases in population between censuses. </div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">3.2 Understanding the Maps</span></h3>
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I also include topographic maps in each municipality's section (still working on finding maps for Australian and Canadian municipalities). They all contain approximately the same field of view meaning that you're able to compare the actual relative size of each municipality. They are all comprised of multiple topographic sheets that have been stitched together. The information on each sheet is not necessarily from the same year but are all from around the year 1900. A date range is displayed in each map's description as is a reference number corresponding to the source of the maps. The original high resolution maps can be found at each source. </div>
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3.3 Understanding the Images</span></h3>
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For each municipality in the population data section I include one or two images in an attempt to represent the late nineteenth century urban landscape of the city centre for that municipality. Of course it is impossible to represent every aspect of a large municipality with only one image but there's only so much that can be fit into one article. Not all municipalities still contain as many examples of pre-1900 architecture as they once likely had due to suburbanization, urban decay, and redevelopment. In this article I don't focus much on how many examples still exist as much as I'm just attempting to illustrate that they did indeed exist and there are at least traces of them available. Referring to historic photographs would better illustrate the Victorian architecture that at least may once have been present in some places.<br />
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All of these images are screenshots taken from modern day Google Street View imagery. For each screenshot in this entire article there is a link back to that exact view in Google Street View to allow anyone to explore that area. </div>
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">4 The Population Data</span></b></h3>
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Just a note, I'm always trying to update the data and quality my articles so from time to time there will likely be some changes made. Latest update: none since publishing.<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>1. London, England, United Kingdom</b></span></div>
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<b>London's Founding:</b> c.43</div>
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<b>Year of Incorporation as a City:</b> <i>time immemorial</i><br />
<b>1900 Population Rank in the World:</b> #1</div>
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<b>Notes and Observations</b><b>:</b> First, London is exceptional in that it was already home to 879,491 inhabitants in 1801 making it the most populated of all of the municipalities analyzed in this article during that year. Dublin came second with 165,000 inhabitants.<br />
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London's peak in population is also interesting occurring in 1911 with 4,997,741 inhabitants. It largely plateaus around this point before showing a decrease around the outbreak of World War II which is closer to the average of 1950 where other centres begin to experience decreases in urban population. </div>
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=666665825&format=interactive" width="711"></iframe>
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="550" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=546235355&format=interactive" width="690"></iframe><br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwt8B_WVGgVT49IAm-OUuQXAhFgkwrLjKpjy0KABMJlBafMLiHs-4ja-hiu0PMNmWerrpC3tZVPlg1lLUqwYTwcCNcFaUoPqa7IJ7VSxZ3mGks4_-jr4BJviwZrwJN8HMl_dZOVAP6DHUy/s1600/Map+of+London.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwt8B_WVGgVT49IAm-OUuQXAhFgkwrLjKpjy0KABMJlBafMLiHs-4ja-hiu0PMNmWerrpC3tZVPlg1lLUqwYTwcCNcFaUoPqa7IJ7VSxZ3mGks4_-jr4BJviwZrwJN8HMl_dZOVAP6DHUy/s1600/Map+of+London.jpg" height="640" width="480" /></a></div>
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A map of London, England and vicinity including the county borough of West Ham (included in this article) which is located to the upper right of Inner London (River Lea forms a visual distinction between the two. Sheets from an early ordnance survey of Britain, 1885-1900 [15].</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnZA3fQuxp0hLqbBb-13_6rAtTYCZ_YfDmLLsTS0nU8y9uPdecq_vinkD4TJJJNeJVtJVM25w6fikAn-x-WtBKz9jzZryj5fob05l8uDPpD6p5ZmGLtKcZcaVYvAgCBC0_feidVoAeGcpL/s1600/London+Temple+Bar.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnZA3fQuxp0hLqbBb-13_6rAtTYCZ_YfDmLLsTS0nU8y9uPdecq_vinkD4TJJJNeJVtJVM25w6fikAn-x-WtBKz9jzZryj5fob05l8uDPpD6p5ZmGLtKcZcaVYvAgCBC0_feidVoAeGcpL/s1600/London+Temple+Bar.jpg" height="364" width="640" /></a></div>
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Temple Bar, the dividing point between the City of London proper and the City of Westminster. To the left are the Royal Courts of Justice, built in the 1870's and opened by Queen Victoria in 1882. Further down Fleet Street on the left is the Old Bank of England which was built in the late nineteenth century and is now a pub. The item in the middle of the street is the current Temple Bar marker which was unveiled in 1880. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@51.513601,-0.112193,3a,75y,83.93h,105.88t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1s3bnHu7CydknLcPEZfV6_KA!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_ysBpbJAucqfP8QI2RlOqdG3pH1yC-Q8iRu64EfSz-AmjCL0cCmlGhZV2S8y3L3PDuwMp4otY19Z_iseE_a4f049mR3e-jAgg7JNZhS-d0Px9zy0Alh_U2zemFn8qCoqoEegkarnY7pMA/s1600/London+View+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_ysBpbJAucqfP8QI2RlOqdG3pH1yC-Q8iRu64EfSz-AmjCL0cCmlGhZV2S8y3L3PDuwMp4otY19Z_iseE_a4f049mR3e-jAgg7JNZhS-d0Px9zy0Alh_U2zemFn8qCoqoEegkarnY7pMA/s1600/London+View+2.jpg" height="360" width="640" /></a></div>
Late Victorian structures along Mount Street, Mayfair, London, England. Also, London is a place for car spotting. On the left side of the street is an Aston Martin (1st), Bentley Mulsanne (3rd), and a Bentley Continental GT (4th). Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@51.509674,-0.151034,3a,75y,79h,89.08t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sJFmlmBUBblZyjfLLk3xckw!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>2. New York City, New York, United States</b></span></div>
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<b>New York City's Founding:</b> 1624<br />
<b>Year of Incorporation as a City:</b><br />
<b>1900</b><b> Population</b><b> Rank in the World:</b> #2<br />
<b>Notes and Observations</b><b>:</b> Immediately, likely the most remarkable part of the bar chart is how aggressively New York City meets and subsequently greatly exceeds London's 1901 population. New York City's greatest increase occurred during the 1890's during which it annexed the city of Brooklyn, which at the time was the fourth most populated municipality in the USA (1900 population: 1,166,820).<br />
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During the eighteenth century Philadelphia had been the most populated municipality of the Thirteen Colonies and subsequently the early United States but by the first official census in 1790 New York City had overtaken Philadelphia as the most populated by city proper. Although New York City had taken this formal title it couldn't technically claim to be the most populated municipality in the United States until the 1810 census when it finally surpassed that of Philadelphia. In the chart below the borough population before the 1898 consolidation is shown in red. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLA77OHwC4EiWstrH93jZ3TDhl22kXg7Y-8thlP7AItB_zatSwlo3wneu3LN2gGu-dLFjXHXXchAcCUfbk2FJcCNUy5St5GfJs3ZRufq6WiA5mdVD3jRxzVLeHVI_efAXWSGojRc-JRtLQ/s1600/Map+of+New+York+City+EXTENDED+Low+Res.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLA77OHwC4EiWstrH93jZ3TDhl22kXg7Y-8thlP7AItB_zatSwlo3wneu3LN2gGu-dLFjXHXXchAcCUfbk2FJcCNUy5St5GfJs3ZRufq6WiA5mdVD3jRxzVLeHVI_efAXWSGojRc-JRtLQ/s1600/Map+of+New+York+City+EXTENDED+Low+Res.jpg" height="640" width="488" /></a></div>
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A topographic map of New York City and vicinity stitched together from sheets dating mainly from 1884-1909 [51]. The top sheet with information for New Jersey missing is from 1931 [51]. To get a better sense of the area surrounding New York City, a larger than normal field of view is displayed here. To keep things in line for comparison purposes, the section highlighted by the red box correlates with the standard field of view used for the other municipalities. The thick black line outlines the city's boundaries as they were in 1900. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXvvhWfNARY3yU2H7JkQ4Mwy8s7FtxHPawhe1joyKFgkK4FkY_Y80MM5wiq852AvqF607WVdNI78DY-zdG0S2t-QrhJUXRYoxkPhzpH2MQrVAOybRdvVhIXcVw8nhIkbhwWzb9EROTgzfj/s1600/New+York+City+SoHo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXvvhWfNARY3yU2H7JkQ4Mwy8s7FtxHPawhe1joyKFgkK4FkY_Y80MM5wiq852AvqF607WVdNI78DY-zdG0S2t-QrhJUXRYoxkPhzpH2MQrVAOybRdvVhIXcVw8nhIkbhwWzb9EROTgzfj/s1600/New+York+City+SoHo.jpg" height="362" width="640" /></a></div>
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Along Broadway in SoHo "SOuth of HOuston (Street)", Manhattan, New York City. Many grand examples of late nineteenth and early twentieth century architecture can be seen in the image above. SoHo is famous for containing the largest collection of cast-iron fronted architecture in the world. Visible in this image are mostly stone and brick fronted buildings. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@40.724402,-73.997641,3a,75y,213.93h,101.74t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sVJJPz9eg4u2lFZFoljWZRQ!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRNkmycdTpskwEKIQSatlsBchyphenhyphenNjeCDeYsS94adwwrhfiIaAj63Z_Jl_bZEWDDOnNym5dov021RvRJpvIkvUGImngKU2X-0ItMx4S0ScYcyqiNoMuBm2Qm1aE6aZRR9JuO3qvu25zymWmP/s1600/New+York+City+Iron+Fronts+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRNkmycdTpskwEKIQSatlsBchyphenhyphenNjeCDeYsS94adwwrhfiIaAj63Z_Jl_bZEWDDOnNym5dov021RvRJpvIkvUGImngKU2X-0ItMx4S0ScYcyqiNoMuBm2Qm1aE6aZRR9JuO3qvu25zymWmP/s1600/New+York+City+Iron+Fronts+2.jpg" height="360" width="640" /></a></div>
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Painted cast-iron fronted buildings along Greene Street in Soho, New York City. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@40.720982,-74.002761,3a,75y,29.42h,96.15t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1s9Wesk10lmgAQQwOwbsCVww!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBZ326keONSgWtJ2vJWNxoar62O-bvsfZGwtKXHQHQ9oubzJzzmiszaQ1Ug5QhVskv32Nx85-Re2zr9qm2JRjI1Rb4UqGu3BkM7SQQHPVz2OoGE2sCvwRDl2jOi9xdy-t2VPsbey2tXXzE/s1600/New+York+City+Iron+Fronts+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBZ326keONSgWtJ2vJWNxoar62O-bvsfZGwtKXHQHQ9oubzJzzmiszaQ1Ug5QhVskv32Nx85-Re2zr9qm2JRjI1Rb4UqGu3BkM7SQQHPVz2OoGE2sCvwRDl2jOi9xdy-t2VPsbey2tXXzE/s1600/New+York+City+Iron+Fronts+3.jpg" height="360" width="640" /></a></div>
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More painted cast-iron fronted buildings along Greene Street in Soho, New York City. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@40.724267,-73.999976,3a,75y,319.88h,94.01t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1snvofW8srp1BxfhCDTGMn9A!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>3. Chicago, Illinois, United States</b></span></div>
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<b>Chicago's Founding:</b> 1780's<br />
<b>Year of Incorporation as a City:</b> 1837<br />
<b>1900</b><b> Population</b><b> Rank in the World:</b> #6<br />
<b>Notes</b><b> and Observations</b><b>:</b> Chicago's population trend displays the typical peak in 1950 and subsequent decline thereafter. </div>
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=1396686564&format=interactive" width="689"></iframe>
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="507" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=61346928&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9yoyEv0JbgHJcnIGgMYw8ZifhjUSfwgvnI5YQ41Zv5-dbdRXajPyGZbzezm8ab7A5nZJzrdWEXSy4MdvKeEV2JgRG4RHgqM4fFmiK3uh0sUCu1tuB27Jtk9hXQJPrNp5-fHfRjrW4UOyp/s1600/Map+of+Chicago.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9yoyEv0JbgHJcnIGgMYw8ZifhjUSfwgvnI5YQ41Zv5-dbdRXajPyGZbzezm8ab7A5nZJzrdWEXSy4MdvKeEV2JgRG4RHgqM4fFmiK3uh0sUCu1tuB27Jtk9hXQJPrNp5-fHfRjrW4UOyp/s1600/Map+of+Chicago.jpg" height="640" width="466" /></a></div>
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A topographic map of Chicago and vicinity stitched together from sheets dating from 1897-1899 [51].</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDhYJ66ZyUUONa1Fb9Wm5Emwz-LMDl0CYHou3rW4N2sbiXRRtuJXc-gowX70a1LeyYk1knmOcIset-WMtBSg3c83oFXiLzF0rX2mU8y6L8znfbvdAfeh2GJf6zpiVekLvpZBCvCxIoX3eq/s1600/Chicago+Victorian+Skyscraper.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDhYJ66ZyUUONa1Fb9Wm5Emwz-LMDl0CYHou3rW4N2sbiXRRtuJXc-gowX70a1LeyYk1knmOcIset-WMtBSg3c83oFXiLzF0rX2mU8y6L8znfbvdAfeh2GJf6zpiVekLvpZBCvCxIoX3eq/s1600/Chicago+Victorian+Skyscraper.jpg" height="362" width="640" /></a></div>
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Chicago is known for being the home of the skyscraper. The first skyscrapers were able to reach heights exceeding seven-stories due to the incorporation of a steel frame structure. In this image is the Rookery Building, built in 1888, it is considered to be Chicago's oldest still standing high-rise. The surrounding buildings were constructed during the first half of the twentieth century. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@41.878724,-87.632269,3a,75y,42.59h,108.48t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sW9JJ4176oJLxs83Vdyusqw!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA0HmVmo06GvJDT7YWyVzQ6P-MYSDCpteNFOp7pwuHVC19Hf2DWx0jO8GiY3jyo_TWvKXBMNuJkIumeZy4Brp4HvjiSN0I6pK82JuUmNJWU8yCLwmd9frcGOH0cUAMYQc_-7_S6iMaJ_gK/s1600/Chicago+View+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiA0HmVmo06GvJDT7YWyVzQ6P-MYSDCpteNFOp7pwuHVC19Hf2DWx0jO8GiY3jyo_TWvKXBMNuJkIumeZy4Brp4HvjiSN0I6pK82JuUmNJWU8yCLwmd9frcGOH0cUAMYQc_-7_S6iMaJ_gK/s1600/Chicago+View+2.jpg" height="360" width="640" /></a></div>
When it comes to very large <span style="text-align: left;">municipalities</span> many times even the Victorian suburbs had their own commercial core as seen above in Lincoln Park. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@41.918075,-87.654586,3a,65.3y,57.35h,111.44t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sXUAOz7mGvduEs3HJq0kxSg!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>4. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States</b></span></div>
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<b>Philadelphia's Founding:</b> 1682<br />
<b>Year of Incorporation as a City:</b><br />
<b>1900</b><b> Population</b><b> Rank in the World:</b> #9<br />
<b>Notes</b><b> and Observations</b><b>:</b> During the eighteenth century Philadelphia had been the most populated municipality in the Thirteen Colonies and subsequently the early United States but by the first official census in 1790 New York City proper had already surpassed Philadelphia. Despite this, Philadelphia still technically had the most populated urban area until the 1810 census when New York City finally surpassed it.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6B8HkX-xABxgiIWG_OPExQMTLeHEv0iXFQ82bhn-KrShBUStS5GmoRIpd5PCcveVFjbyNcvadn4uiH5mqTxACcBJIZbmKNu33eMp6eBAIKGppdIsJ9VS8BtetZ6w0Qgvpha-CAfpRntb6/s1600/Philadelphia+Historic+Map.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6B8HkX-xABxgiIWG_OPExQMTLeHEv0iXFQ82bhn-KrShBUStS5GmoRIpd5PCcveVFjbyNcvadn4uiH5mqTxACcBJIZbmKNu33eMp6eBAIKGppdIsJ9VS8BtetZ6w0Qgvpha-CAfpRntb6/s1600/Philadelphia+Historic+Map.jpg" height="482" width="640" /></a></div>
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Above is a map of Philadelphia in 1802 from the David Rumsey Collection [44.]. Examine <a href="http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~205~20052:Philadelphia-?sort=pub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_date%2Cpub_list_no%2Cseries_no#" target="_blank">original</a>.</div>
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On the map above you can see how in 1802 Philadelphia was growing beyond its borders (built up areas are shaded) to the north (Northern Liberties District) and to the south (Southwark District) along the Delaware river but the area within its formal borders (coloured area) extending west to the Schuylkill River remained less developed.<br />
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The drastic increase in population experienced by the 1860 census was due to the surrounding townships and districts within Philadelphia County being annexed by Philadelphia by the Act of Consolidation, 1854. It annexed a number of municipalities which ranked in the top one-hundred most populated in the USA in 1850:<br />
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<li>#9. Spring Garden District: 58,894</li>
<li>#11. Northern Liberties District: 47,223</li>
<li>#12. Kensington District: 46,774</li>
<li>#20. Southwark District: 38,799</li>
<li>#27. Moyamensing District: 26,979</li>
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Philadelphia is interesting in that it lost population during the 1930's, although its peak wasn't until the 1950 census. The decline in the 1930's could likely have been a result of the Great Depression. Other municipalities which also experienced a brief decline during the 1930's but recovered during the 1940's include Boston, St Louis, Cleveland, and Newark. </div>
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=1506308878&format=interactive" width="718"></iframe>
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="543" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=887663924&format=interactive" width="705"></iframe>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM6naXjwy7KDQpPBMcHHwFvGrM99TX0UZaWI4jloqp9O3hLu76rlGjNR68c8qTnZIY-b55uKs6dTT7KDYIcs0hlJ8JCl0WIwaZ2IwI9xfpvAyeEBM_XqzImWWyl0sCYqdmRmKqJhK00Xiq/s1600/Map+of+Philadelphia+Low+Res.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiM6naXjwy7KDQpPBMcHHwFvGrM99TX0UZaWI4jloqp9O3hLu76rlGjNR68c8qTnZIY-b55uKs6dTT7KDYIcs0hlJ8JCl0WIwaZ2IwI9xfpvAyeEBM_XqzImWWyl0sCYqdmRmKqJhK00Xiq/s1600/Map+of+Philadelphia+Low+Res.jpg" height="640" width="486" /></a></div>
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A topographic map of Philadelphia and vicinity stitched together from sheets dating from 1885-1904 [51].</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI3xYVVkMuweoOwhNgZsE6EEUqAHyP0x9i2HUKWI1Oa_EJHFuOa1KrKJhnDhp5f4c4pxZFJvxhcd1Bgyf6d0gSo90NTDi3_ATGyrrhHwr3iuvW_pt9fKZf40oREDddEPYwDOfD4VGhyphenhyphenL3V/s1600/Philadelphia+View+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhI3xYVVkMuweoOwhNgZsE6EEUqAHyP0x9i2HUKWI1Oa_EJHFuOa1KrKJhnDhp5f4c4pxZFJvxhcd1Bgyf6d0gSo90NTDi3_ATGyrrhHwr3iuvW_pt9fKZf40oREDddEPYwDOfD4VGhyphenhyphenL3V/s1600/Philadelphia+View+3.jpg" height="360" width="640" /></a></div>
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At the end of the street is the Philadelphia City Hall, built 1871-1901. Upon completion it was the tallest habitable building in the world until 1908 (still the world's tallest stone masonry building). In front of it and to the viewer's left is the Masonic Temple which was built 1868-1873. Furthest to the left is the Arch Street United Methodist Church, built 1864-1870. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@39.954394,-75.163093,3a,75y,177.17h,95.14t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sWCm7XDCQhQ84SPsrdwGQ9A!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDT5AHC62OTiQMaFsYksV2uvncG5l81jLc3IPY_nKOkx5-04sLL0LqmyjBnYEN0aNEEyRnCl6_GBBNZ0H4mXC9oOc8KKrpmHyb5B1Yo_a8q9mBNSigNdZgQMI3TtQz9jo1rc8URnO0Pqqg/s1600/Philadelphia+View+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDT5AHC62OTiQMaFsYksV2uvncG5l81jLc3IPY_nKOkx5-04sLL0LqmyjBnYEN0aNEEyRnCl6_GBBNZ0H4mXC9oOc8KKrpmHyb5B1Yo_a8q9mBNSigNdZgQMI3TtQz9jo1rc8URnO0Pqqg/s1600/Philadelphia+View+2.jpg" height="360" width="640" /></a></div>
From right to left along what at one point was known as "Bank Row": the Philadelphia Bank Building, completed 1857; others will be named upon new information. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@39.948923,-75.14818,3a,75y,334.3h,100.43t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sFKXuZnHFZ88G34AdqIDQwA!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>5. Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom</b></span></div>
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<b>Glasgow's Founding:</b><br />
<b>Year of Incorporation as a City:</b> 1492<br />
<b>1900</b><b> Population</b><b> Rank in the World:</b> #18<br />
<b>Notes</b><b> and Observations</b><b>:</b> In 1912 Glasgow expanded its boundaries and absorbed surrounding communities including Partick and Govan. The population increase can be seen by the 1921 census where Glasgow gained 248,760 more inhabitants since the previous census. Like many other municipalities, Glasgow's population peaked at the 1951 census.<br />
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=505475942&format=interactive" width="676"></iframe>
<iframe frameborder="0" height="505" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=537273311&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr3QXky_MrFvdo2JeiXoPIcZkwGbl6aPfSb_d1zVwOuuDvChAfNId7miRcp05eCKq_2vxF-6RojopgsFI2CjCX5spp8Y1wabkRjuXAd1wyw7gRV9ocAR5b8AdKsztSWeJItGA6IlOLBJIE/s1600/Map+of+Glasgow.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr3QXky_MrFvdo2JeiXoPIcZkwGbl6aPfSb_d1zVwOuuDvChAfNId7miRcp05eCKq_2vxF-6RojopgsFI2CjCX5spp8Y1wabkRjuXAd1wyw7gRV9ocAR5b8AdKsztSWeJItGA6IlOLBJIE/s1600/Map+of+Glasgow.jpg" height="640" width="464" /></a></div>
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A map of Glasgow, Scotland and vicinity. Sheets from an early ordnance survey of Britain, 1885-1900 [15].</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxf3wHR-vptJ5K4NoEa48scN73fIAqnk7mtk6cr9fYhQC3ljMOZSNSfu0lmEPfVAk1762XtSyub1LrXsVEX1pIHQ-ttReLe3_TwPOwWgaJGN0TCFw3lomXnEvIcBaw_a0-p3fH1bIb34Rz/s1600/Glasgow+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxf3wHR-vptJ5K4NoEa48scN73fIAqnk7mtk6cr9fYhQC3ljMOZSNSfu0lmEPfVAk1762XtSyub1LrXsVEX1pIHQ-ttReLe3_TwPOwWgaJGN0TCFw3lomXnEvIcBaw_a0-p3fH1bIb34Rz/s1600/Glasgow+1.jpg" height="348" width="640" /></a></div>
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Glasgow Central Station (left), Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@55.860573,-4.257397,3a,75y,279.77h,89.43t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sY4orgCekPS28lVByG531ng!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0BPawDnry3ai5CD5tFNS7Ah2UgIrhUmZpOtjDv3EbiV-dASXsYigpc4JCNd2UjMZXNzAbp6yIApm4FBIHanb6AYYupedzNL3-ACnSwocrEQX2hjpClq7AFefm_0-BzDW-YqLse0S-kbhN/s1600/Glasgow+ff1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0BPawDnry3ai5CD5tFNS7Ah2UgIrhUmZpOtjDv3EbiV-dASXsYigpc4JCNd2UjMZXNzAbp6yIApm4FBIHanb6AYYupedzNL3-ACnSwocrEQX2hjpClq7AFefm_0-BzDW-YqLse0S-kbhN/s1600/Glasgow+ff1.jpg" height="346" width="640" /></a></div>
Just west of George Square in Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@55.8611209,-4.2535283,3a,75y,97.24h,99.09t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sK-TKyYNCwB7nIk1leZsZJA!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>6. Liverpool, England, United Kingdom</b></span></div>
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<b>Liverpool's Founding:</b> 1207<br />
<b>Year of Incorporation as a City:</b> 1880<br />
<b>1900</b><b> Population</b><b> Rank in the World:</b> #23<br />
<b>Notes</b><b> and Observations</b><b>:</b> Interestingly, Liverpool has experienced quite a decrease in population for a British municipality. Correlated to that has been a significant amount of urban decay and renewal. Despite this, there is still a significant collection of both Georgian and Victorian architecture present in the city.<br />
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=949867085&format=interactive" width="677"></iframe>
<iframe frameborder="0" height="505" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=679261562&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhai7sfs0hg5C0N6J1Te7JzZK238IaYnekS_vw3dkj3Cn2MSVFqi0zvM39VE9mYbPxbTd2vrvMNq3NyYtKNpQl9zrSaqj2EUeYrUu1rxnZxZPGcJMsJxTBR0__Pfh3upkKDGReM_3E-ekx5/s1600/Map+of+Liverpool.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhai7sfs0hg5C0N6J1Te7JzZK238IaYnekS_vw3dkj3Cn2MSVFqi0zvM39VE9mYbPxbTd2vrvMNq3NyYtKNpQl9zrSaqj2EUeYrUu1rxnZxZPGcJMsJxTBR0__Pfh3upkKDGReM_3E-ekx5/s1600/Map+of+Liverpool.jpg" height="640" width="468" /></a></div>
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A map of Liverpool, England and vicinity. Sheets from an early ordnance survey of Britain, 1885-1900 [15].</div>
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Castle Street terminating at Liverpool's town hall which was built 1749-1754 and is regarded as one of the finest remaining eighteenth century town halls in England. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@53.406026,-2.990645,3a,75y,336.65h,98.55t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sqXtEv9m4AIik4qHpnqwtAA!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgJl7zDakN28Ut2GUIDL8piRnSYHFMbF9OaWcl47JJmsB1rt4t8w9PKNNaw3hVx5U077zG2pTaG8jbI780ifJAWtX7TJyHQBf4E4XxAJcebkWhgHbhO-KNKbI7jAYOznB6F_wMtdDF7M5c/s1600/Liverpool+View+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgJl7zDakN28Ut2GUIDL8piRnSYHFMbF9OaWcl47JJmsB1rt4t8w9PKNNaw3hVx5U077zG2pTaG8jbI780ifJAWtX7TJyHQBf4E4XxAJcebkWhgHbhO-KNKbI7jAYOznB6F_wMtdDF7M5c/s1600/Liverpool+View+2.jpg" height="360" width="640" /></a></div>
To the left are the Liverpool Municipal Buildings, built 1860-1868. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@53.408241,-2.986723,3a,75y,133.87h,98.7t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sOU6QOe4I_93YnWU7IRtQGA!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>7. St. Louis, Missouri, United States</b></span></div>
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<b>St. Louis' Founding:</b> 1764<br />
<b>Year of Incorporation as a City:</b> 1822<br />
<b>1900</b><b> Population</b><b> Rank in the World:</b> #31<br />
<b>Notes</b><b> and Observations</b><b>:</b> St. Louis is one of the oldest settlements in the Midwest being found in 1764 just after it had been transferred from French sovereignty to British under the Treaty of Paris (1763) formally ending the Seven Years' War. It was founded by fur traders and named in honour of King Louis IX of France. Under American control it became a principal port along the Mississippi River.<br />
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St. Louis' population trend is interesting in that its rate of decrease after its peak in 1950 is greater than its increase prior. Like Philadelphia, Boston, Cleveland, and Newark, St. Louis also experienced a shortly sustained decline in population during the 1930's.<br />
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=1943124234&format=interactive" width="677"></iframe>
<iframe frameborder="0" height="505" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=2081672380&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1fcLWihXcwfhyphenhyphenCMXXQS_t4slJOhWFuSGygTNrw__mbjzCLe4mMfPYgbfr0wIRCvfdKS7iLvsygF8RMZPFDHzxHzrfBN9NMo_11ccEhHwP81IxjpEgD5XKEcFQzxJ_3iwC6Ms5W4zKeM4V/s1600/Map+of+St+Louis+Low+Res.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1fcLWihXcwfhyphenhyphenCMXXQS_t4slJOhWFuSGygTNrw__mbjzCLe4mMfPYgbfr0wIRCvfdKS7iLvsygF8RMZPFDHzxHzrfBN9NMo_11ccEhHwP81IxjpEgD5XKEcFQzxJ_3iwC6Ms5W4zKeM4V/s1600/Map+of+St+Louis+Low+Res.jpg" height="640" width="502" /></a></div>
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A topographic map of St. Louis and vicinity stitched together from sheets dating from 1903-1910 [51]. The bottom left quarter was unsurveyed at the time. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq0T0yluIgMlBMjayYz-T3biqZS_ag9ruwZAET6pPz074acgzmqUBFWaLN5IpMGKuJkDD5HG75AWz8-H7TFQL3LCm9FAs6c5CScpvr0yXuppGI74RuKL6oURWJdMdrT9zM6abTfz4xW_oy/s1600/St.+Louis+View.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhq0T0yluIgMlBMjayYz-T3biqZS_ag9ruwZAET6pPz074acgzmqUBFWaLN5IpMGKuJkDD5HG75AWz8-H7TFQL3LCm9FAs6c5CScpvr0yXuppGI74RuKL6oURWJdMdrT9zM6abTfz4xW_oy/s1600/St.+Louis+View.jpg" height="360" width="640" /></a></div>
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The building taking up an entire block on the left is the United States post office and customs house, built 1873-1884. To the right and in the background is the St. Louis board of education building which was originally built 1891-1893 as the St. Louis public library. View on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@38.629318,-90.191933,3a,75y,272.79h,99.85t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sroTiNy84cdf9AXWuiJG0bg!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIJAhyvBtMW-kmcTKJ38kUmv5WDCePKug-WgMMpn_ySogGoyq1fNKbJKU9xLL7dhLpCVetSzQNNsOD6m3K9EONmOpS7DT42EIQxHMVlNDYUPzqBSjB2DwdkTrdxP3hWpgvL-AwwO_7zVw5/s1600/St+louis+view+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIJAhyvBtMW-kmcTKJ38kUmv5WDCePKug-WgMMpn_ySogGoyq1fNKbJKU9xLL7dhLpCVetSzQNNsOD6m3K9EONmOpS7DT42EIQxHMVlNDYUPzqBSjB2DwdkTrdxP3hWpgvL-AwwO_7zVw5/s1600/St+louis+view+2.jpg" height="360" width="640" /></a></div>
St. Louis, Missouri's old warehouse district is home to a number of high-rises constructed from the 1880's-1940's. The building on the left was built in 1899. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@38.632011,-90.197896,3a,75y,285.66h,101.49t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sI-t9kimkdwyIkRRSfdY8FA!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>8. Boston, Massachusetts, United States</b></span></div>
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<b>Boston's Founding:</b> 1630<br />
<b>Year of Incorporation as a City:</b> 1822<br />
<b>1900</b><b> Population</b><b> Rank in the World:</b> #33<br />
<b>Notes</b><b> and Observations</b><b>:</b> A much gentler increase and tapering makes for a visually pleasing chart. One of my hypotheses surrounding the quality of pre-1900 architecture in a municipality is that municipalities that have slowly increased over a much longer period of time will have better examples opposed to a boom-town.<br />
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Like Philadelphia, St. Louis, Cleveland, and Newark, Boston also experiences a brief decline in population during the 1930's.<br />
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=682444852&format=interactive" width="673"></iframe>
<iframe frameborder="0" height="505" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=175168846&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaKmWkLGGnsWZJFs0qIp79OPFnQp5aHTvXjI_HRKQd-OSTZFCDBlzrQR4jIH2ONT0qVcHrEMfYoXj96Uj3FWze1UX9MNysDVM86DPWdtpuIArApLhk7Hf-li-t5zfEOH68MhamjM8PTyET/s1600/Map+of+Boston+Low+Res.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaKmWkLGGnsWZJFs0qIp79OPFnQp5aHTvXjI_HRKQd-OSTZFCDBlzrQR4jIH2ONT0qVcHrEMfYoXj96Uj3FWze1UX9MNysDVM86DPWdtpuIArApLhk7Hf-li-t5zfEOH68MhamjM8PTyET/s1600/Map+of+Boston+Low+Res.jpg" height="640" width="474" /></a></div>
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A topographic map of Boston and vicinity stitched together from sheets dating from 1885-1900 [51].</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP5goy-BL5MHTR_wIzzFk38kPr7ksN7yEe5doyGJaopXyGRLJgxCUF3SLxORwdc7H0TKkm1J-JEy_O9fT7M3ujQzNnXFQOaMAHRb0IumAT3zVvOW3kEMg0WDNEAQp4AqLibgM0Y122xkMh/s1600/Boston+View.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP5goy-BL5MHTR_wIzzFk38kPr7ksN7yEe5doyGJaopXyGRLJgxCUF3SLxORwdc7H0TKkm1J-JEy_O9fT7M3ujQzNnXFQOaMAHRb0IumAT3zVvOW3kEMg0WDNEAQp4AqLibgM0Y122xkMh/s1600/Boston+View.jpg" height="362" width="640" /></a></div>
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The Wigglesworth Building (left), Boston, Massachusetts. Built in 1873. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@42.355423,-71.057319,3a,75y,258.21h,101.8t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sRS0pjOq67CdkbXDwV2d9qw!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwPqnZX6e2QEzPJLdgeCQN7CPewjthRk_2VgD-0d9ZXvkMbtC3ovO3Q-YmoJlIkB5P9W8lcbyxO7XsxN7203PimMGOo8wcm1BtHx3aPsaRxUvGlRgC7yc08WOAk0NI4QAGRoZYIrdnAeys/s1600/Boston+View+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwPqnZX6e2QEzPJLdgeCQN7CPewjthRk_2VgD-0d9ZXvkMbtC3ovO3Q-YmoJlIkB5P9W8lcbyxO7XsxN7203PimMGOo8wcm1BtHx3aPsaRxUvGlRgC7yc08WOAk0NI4QAGRoZYIrdnAeys/s1600/Boston+View+2.jpg" height="360" width="640" /></a></div>
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Much of Boston's old city centre is built upon a windy network of roads lending the possibility for some pretty interesting façades. Pictured here is the Flour and Grain Exchange which was built 1890-1892 in the Richardsonian Romanesque style. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@42.358509,-71.053338,3a,75y,91.08h,99.76t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1s-nTA3JqpZrsuyR7T3vXBbQ!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>9. Manchester, England, United Kingdom</b></span></div>
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<b>Manchester's Founding:</b> 1st century<br />
<b>Year of Incorporation as a City:</b> 1853<br />
<b>1900</b><b> Population</b><b> Rank in the World:</b> #34<br />
<b>Notes</b><b> and Observations</b><b>:</b> Despite Manchester having experienced a fairly noticeable decrease in population due to deindustrialization during the twentieth century, the city still possesses a substantial number of examples of Victorian architecture reflective of the time it boomed.<br />
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In recent years there has been a substantial amount of investment put into the city which is causing a population turnaround.<br />
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=528112187&format=interactive" width="674"></iframe>
<iframe frameborder="0" height="505" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=1550023970&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKkmBVQhLS5n6OSPQ7UKqh_FF-_g8o0B-YGRp3uIwTMqYW_AsFHFAJwho8KoWMZGloQOtADAygKRhZKtr_ceGiQqZOLu1VPzGg_3jnLe7lwyL7S9OT1EFpcJFwvTx06vYUidVfdL_hrCkx/s1600/Map+of+Manchester.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKkmBVQhLS5n6OSPQ7UKqh_FF-_g8o0B-YGRp3uIwTMqYW_AsFHFAJwho8KoWMZGloQOtADAygKRhZKtr_ceGiQqZOLu1VPzGg_3jnLe7lwyL7S9OT1EFpcJFwvTx06vYUidVfdL_hrCkx/s1600/Map+of+Manchester.jpg" height="640" width="464" /></a></div>
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A map of Manchester, England and vicinity. Salford which is also analyzed in this article comprises much of the western half of the morphological urban area of Manchester. They are separated by the River Irwell. Sheets from an early ordnance survey of Britain, 1885-1900 [15].</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipa3HaUB_00nvrQrpkNaJtP_DKALepvr3Gfmic9GPxLkEU-_qToot-lyNFmckGtFOivq-N3BS5gAAvAFizYIiZJbiIZR5RIahAg85DBZk1Uv_tvtViGw3DD-uTG5xF1I59psWlA_79UsT-/s1600/Manchester+View+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipa3HaUB_00nvrQrpkNaJtP_DKALepvr3Gfmic9GPxLkEU-_qToot-lyNFmckGtFOivq-N3BS5gAAvAFizYIiZJbiIZR5RIahAg85DBZk1Uv_tvtViGw3DD-uTG5xF1I59psWlA_79UsT-/s1600/Manchester+View+2.jpg" height="362" width="640" /></a></div>
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Victorian stone buildings in Manchester. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@53.480286,-2.241896,3a,75y,28.03h,103.05t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1s2QJYjKlrkrvhmCyaKrurEw!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxdgf1NMdunIvmF6isAmoMC-AvFNJlXZ6VS4_UBwXMALQLJSX85j69AGGVd6pVLneCVBr9CvecqRbMYwfmcDJo4zYsvZUzSTaeP686z0AgR4108EiDITiz1IIATSey0xizKAIJTT5kFIo9/s1600/Manchester+View.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxdgf1NMdunIvmF6isAmoMC-AvFNJlXZ6VS4_UBwXMALQLJSX85j69AGGVd6pVLneCVBr9CvecqRbMYwfmcDJo4zYsvZUzSTaeP686z0AgR4108EiDITiz1IIATSey0xizKAIJTT5kFIo9/s1600/Manchester+View.jpg" height="362" width="640" /></a></div>
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A street lined with Victorian buildings in Manchester. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@53.476266,-2.238631,3a,75y,313.62h,95.97t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1slv2dKOHsT1mbC3vxUUET3w!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">10. Birmingham, England, United Kingdom</span></b></div>
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<b>Birmingham's Founding:</b> c. 600<br />
<b>Year of Incorporation as a City:</b> 1889<br />
<b>1900</b><b> Population</b><b> Rank in the World:</b> #37<br />
<b>Notes</b><b> and Observations</b><b>:</b> Birmingham was extensively targeted in bombing raids during World War II and subsequently experienced substantial urban development during the 1950's and 1960's. During the post-war period the city experienced significant immigration from other Commonwealth countries leading to its peak at the 1951 census.<br />
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=1700588466&format=interactive" width="678"></iframe>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm6T8igNHI8gCeYNrJ1CUgvwb2HO7WF8wSjAtgpc8IlH9ROycgdFtXHM5iAKQ805ggQZz6TIEURH0eNBRBDSDtvhUibJA0RnPdCkk7wrjvGXEIHjqQ4WgbxzQcyP7uBGVPwQkReBURaf-a/s1600/Map+of+Birmingham.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm6T8igNHI8gCeYNrJ1CUgvwb2HO7WF8wSjAtgpc8IlH9ROycgdFtXHM5iAKQ805ggQZz6TIEURH0eNBRBDSDtvhUibJA0RnPdCkk7wrjvGXEIHjqQ4WgbxzQcyP7uBGVPwQkReBURaf-a/s1600/Map+of+Birmingham.jpg" height="640" width="470" /></a></div>
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A map of Birmingham, England and vicinity. Sheets from an early ordnance survey of Britain, 1885-1900 [15].</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp_roxGJS7fmrrkQt1fsVYaVX1WMLc_VbXAgbja6Px6NvDndq0WfMYTeepdELR6FURpuOFcji8RL845mN1BvJwc1plHng9YQjmiz5saFicVvj-9Gw8fKoP7E-4f4kTveoD5FJ5iAZIVW3s/s1600/Birmingham+View+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp_roxGJS7fmrrkQt1fsVYaVX1WMLc_VbXAgbja6Px6NvDndq0WfMYTeepdELR6FURpuOFcji8RL845mN1BvJwc1plHng9YQjmiz5saFicVvj-9Gw8fKoP7E-4f4kTveoD5FJ5iAZIVW3s/s1600/Birmingham+View+2.jpg" height="362" width="640" /></a></div>
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Colmore Row is composed of stone Victorian commercial buildings. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@52.480862,-1.900902,3a,75y,19.34h,102.75t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1soGtzSJHy5gtcVD2MgzBgfw!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk2MIEAxIZ1Zt7zDjgJ9WGVfRXnEg-wpp3YTTaWBAkGxey2722L_hl63kNq7uyJATnmiNJxHL2rZN4Bl3nhmM454x0Ez44q3St4SEo-bzBOkwrCq2zZr25aEVP-MiqBKuHowsxDOsa_5qD/s1600/Birmingham+View.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjk2MIEAxIZ1Zt7zDjgJ9WGVfRXnEg-wpp3YTTaWBAkGxey2722L_hl63kNq7uyJATnmiNJxHL2rZN4Bl3nhmM454x0Ez44q3St4SEo-bzBOkwrCq2zZr25aEVP-MiqBKuHowsxDOsa_5qD/s1600/Birmingham+View.jpg" height="364" width="640" /></a></div>
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The first building to the left is the Pitman Vegetarian Hotel which opened in 1898. The red stone building further back in the background is the Victorian Law courts which was built 1887-91. The red stone building to the right of it is the Methodist Central Hall which was built 1903-4. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@52.482669,-1.893899,3a,75y,25.79h,97.01t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sjZQFCUbqr4ox71vl5dY3Ew!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>11. Baltimore, Maryland, United States</b></span></div>
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<b>Baltimore's Founding:</b> 1729<br />
<b>Year of Incorporation as a City:</b> 1851<br />
<b>1900</b><b> Population</b><b> Rank in the World:</b> #40<br />
<b>Notes</b><b> and Observations</b><b>:</b> Baltimore is home to substantial examples of pre-1900 architecture but due to suburbanization, urban decay, and racial issues much of the historic infrastructure of the city is in poor repair. The city is also known for its high prevalence of faux-stone siding which hides original brick façades. Nevertheless, the city still has a number of lovely areas filled with historic architecture.<br />
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=771823035&format=interactive" width="675"></iframe>
<iframe frameborder="0" height="506" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=347022877&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXlj5CyQaB6TSKBlxuYTttz-ReAESc5-hTbSHDhB82Qh82P3bt9seqXbMWo6gHbyS8XQgn0lVs3umQESd3YDY9r0Wu0X6PHYjq1OiCq_AQpOjaQqXiKPZ0l3WDGGbVBBFrd2IqtzdiPBqW/s1600/Map+of+Baltimore+Low+Res.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXlj5CyQaB6TSKBlxuYTttz-ReAESc5-hTbSHDhB82Qh82P3bt9seqXbMWo6gHbyS8XQgn0lVs3umQESd3YDY9r0Wu0X6PHYjq1OiCq_AQpOjaQqXiKPZ0l3WDGGbVBBFrd2IqtzdiPBqW/s1600/Map+of+Baltimore+Low+Res.jpg" height="640" width="498" /></a></div>
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A topographic map of Baltimore and vicinity stitched together from sheets dating from 1900-1905 [51].</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9GCE4pbhKuV-T0LlsqRwVKifhyphenhyphenoW7oQcwJcMdAjVYN7FmLQcpuHwJH-o7jO9FLVQ_Z8OgZr4AaJEGZrqwnTFGl8_UPJnbckR3GoLC7YrkoMK-we_cXvP7IPUj8bMxsET8punavXbHx6zG/s1600/Baltimore+View+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9GCE4pbhKuV-T0LlsqRwVKifhyphenhyphenoW7oQcwJcMdAjVYN7FmLQcpuHwJH-o7jO9FLVQ_Z8OgZr4AaJEGZrqwnTFGl8_UPJnbckR3GoLC7YrkoMK-we_cXvP7IPUj8bMxsET8punavXbHx6zG/s1600/Baltimore+View+3.jpg" height="362" width="640" /></a></div>
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To the right is the Central Savings Bank Building, built 1890. To the left is the Fidelity Building, built 1893. The original building contained eight floors but more were added to a total of fifteen in 1912. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@39.290791,-76.615213,3a,75y,1.54h,98t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1si84dy2MRIfoBNgZwSSB8wQ!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim-cojmmshk9knUKW0BDj38ibyroDcUMIXIA_wJKI9F09kppmxevE41U_tkg7VL2wKlmIUoHOA96XSsgFaSBLr92WA1S5BbWwSfNrz-K7ZNn47dW12_m6Eh95J366FKeHAzDrZuWfhT5jf/s1600/Baltimore+View+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEim-cojmmshk9knUKW0BDj38ibyroDcUMIXIA_wJKI9F09kppmxevE41U_tkg7VL2wKlmIUoHOA96XSsgFaSBLr92WA1S5BbWwSfNrz-K7ZNn47dW12_m6Eh95J366FKeHAzDrZuWfhT5jf/s1600/Baltimore+View+2.jpg" height="360" width="640" /></a></div>
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Park Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@39.299425,-76.618518,3a,75y,178.24h,95.54t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1s6wKoerB0cNcTLWqL3_L5Aw!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>12. Melbourne, Victoria, Australia</b></span></div>
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<b>Melbourne's Founding:</b> 1835<br />
<b>Year of Incorporation as a City:</b> 1847<br />
<b>1900</b><b> Population</b><b> Rank in the World:</b> #42<br />
<b>Notes</b><b> and Observations</b><b>:</b> It's interesting that Melbourne and Sydney are the only two municipalities listed in this article that experience consistent positive acceleration curve. New York City's chart which goes above the maximum y-value actually largely plateaus around 7.5 million inhabitants.<br />
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Despite Melbourne being founded in 1835, forty-seven years after Sydney, by the 1861 census the Melbourne area had overtaken Sydney's as the most populated in Australia. A title it held until the 1911 census when Sydney resumed the title of the most populated.<br />
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When it comes to Melbourne and Sydney the urban population is used instead of that for the city-proper since municipalities in Australia appeared to grow without changes to municipal boundaries. Instead, each new suburb formed its own municipal corporation and subsequently municipal office. In the Introduction section of this article one of the buildings highlighted was the South Melbourne town hall. A grand Second Empire styled Victorian era building.<br />
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=1819268531&format=interactive" width="674"></iframe>
<iframe frameborder="0" height="506" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=102863476&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1cloh4AlpL00bqtAlWuXQleWHZbRQ_zW9ZPCaKc3yG5vamUsFPId5BxdShJzgYtF_JGIFscXuzPnFtKN3L0q3nvIitMGNT86Tf8wthcEuWcOE9CwFuYLK8xtgnN39rQai-a1m4g1Q2Caq/s1600/Melbourne+View.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1cloh4AlpL00bqtAlWuXQleWHZbRQ_zW9ZPCaKc3yG5vamUsFPId5BxdShJzgYtF_JGIFscXuzPnFtKN3L0q3nvIitMGNT86Tf8wthcEuWcOE9CwFuYLK8xtgnN39rQai-a1m4g1Q2Caq/s1600/Melbourne+View.jpg" height="362" width="640" /></a></div>
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Collins Street is considered to be Melbourne's traditional main street. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@-37.817996,144.957665,3a,75y,126.54h,106.5t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sncvphBe6ucu7pSXmTsVuHQ!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA57f__xNaZc4ro9pQOhdG-gnSRbS3TN69y7ppWY2l_HUJ6e4CbzMfKzb9zSWjrSp5USq9KmBg4w1iY0PjqVJIgv8CB2RhfJc7jtsG0mgcUAvMHY1hU378lWeGpeo_1esa7cck9cIXHnlN/s1600/Melbourne+View+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA57f__xNaZc4ro9pQOhdG-gnSRbS3TN69y7ppWY2l_HUJ6e4CbzMfKzb9zSWjrSp5USq9KmBg4w1iY0PjqVJIgv8CB2RhfJc7jtsG0mgcUAvMHY1hU378lWeGpeo_1esa7cck9cIXHnlN/s1600/Melbourne+View+2.jpg" height="358" width="640" /></a></div>
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The Grand Hotel (Hotel Windsor), Melbourne, Australia. The first part was built in 1884 and it was extended in 1888. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@-37.812232,144.973533,3a,75y,277.59h,118.27t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1ssV7AKLOMm4oeKGjbbUB58A!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>13. Sydney, New South Wales, Australia</b></span></div>
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<b>Sydney's Founding:</b> 1788<br />
<b>Year of Incorporation as a City:</b> 1842<br />
<b>1900</b><b> Population</b><b> Rank in the World:</b> #45<br />
<b>Notes</b><b> and Observations</b><b>:</b> Other than New York City, Sydney possesses the chart that comes closest to reaching the population of London in 1901. In the case of NYC it surpasses it. It also shares one of the only two charts which display a consistent positive acceleration curve.<br />
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For municipalities in Australia the population of the entire area is used opposed to the city-proper due to how the municipal boundaries didn't appear to grow as the urban area did. Instead suburbs incorporated as towns. Today, the city of Sydney proper is home to only 169,505 inhabitants.<br />
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=934223150&format=interactive" width="674"></iframe>
<iframe frameborder="0" height="505" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=1196062399&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEierORc88bjiLyCK2wKAelOFtzoUlQ9dMrARUZawXGt00IH7j-V7ijULh1QfdDAX7kx8zQDHqCOv7cN9WD2chB2J864LXvkd4VoMCdexj3u_NQA72G83OLBFnG5YXPdoE5qf8fSeTz9ize7/s1600/Sydney+View+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEierORc88bjiLyCK2wKAelOFtzoUlQ9dMrARUZawXGt00IH7j-V7ijULh1QfdDAX7kx8zQDHqCOv7cN9WD2chB2J864LXvkd4VoMCdexj3u_NQA72G83OLBFnG5YXPdoE5qf8fSeTz9ize7/s1600/Sydney+View+2.jpg" height="358" width="640" /></a></div>
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To the right is the Burns, Philps, and Co, Limited's building which was built in 1901. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@-33.863695,151.207693,3a,75y,103.34h,102.16t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sXOLiv3KAIbqFCFT_9v9N4g!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJH4wrfn9026GH8TmAXCrhD6gQXgJHPtH_iDeYHS-ZjZVKik0gTSZqX5-YicgiryyZvOSH12jxg4ysPKeldiP2pIxZFYt35nBcAxmCPCj7uHT6v-yL7HElv2aCIB3ycjN-FahFHQnBuqC8/s1600/Sydney+View.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJH4wrfn9026GH8TmAXCrhD6gQXgJHPtH_iDeYHS-ZjZVKik0gTSZqX5-YicgiryyZvOSH12jxg4ysPKeldiP2pIxZFYt35nBcAxmCPCj7uHT6v-yL7HElv2aCIB3ycjN-FahFHQnBuqC8/s1600/Sydney+View.jpg" height="362" width="640" /></a></div>
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To the right is the Queen Victoria Building which was built 1893-1898. It was designed as a market place. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@-33.872753,151.206489,3a,75y,17.59h,104.95t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sxZ8hm4Sv5nCf-w1gEbvmKQ!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>14. Leeds, England, United Kingdom</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<b>Leeds' Founding:</b><br />
<b>Year of Incorporation as a City:</b> 1893<br />
<b>1900</b><b> Population</b><b> Rank in the World:</b> #52<br />
<b>Notes</b><b> and Observations</b><b>:</b> The city of Leeds is home to a number of Victorian shopping arcades, markets, and other Victorian era commercial structures. The city's economy has transitioned since the decline of manufacturing leading to a more stable and eventually increasing population trend by modern day.<br />
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=317105361&format=interactive" width="674"></iframe>
<iframe frameborder="0" height="506" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=2020047440&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikWoXiUvxPyjs4tOv23Fo84lGtIP1Lgca0SW8DXgnn4x_Ro6yi1kfW94E-aOWCKmYFZ7ASzPQul5BuJMAsAjOcicWqq5G4uFUDPCF_oLmHc2QI_2iUmF6GztlBj8AF5OGrCBfq2O36wNs1/s1600/Map+of+Bradford+and+Leeds.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikWoXiUvxPyjs4tOv23Fo84lGtIP1Lgca0SW8DXgnn4x_Ro6yi1kfW94E-aOWCKmYFZ7ASzPQul5BuJMAsAjOcicWqq5G4uFUDPCF_oLmHc2QI_2iUmF6GztlBj8AF5OGrCBfq2O36wNs1/s1600/Map+of+Bradford+and+Leeds.jpg" height="640" width="462" /></a></div>
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A map of Leeds (large centre on the right, Bradford (large centre on the left, also analyzed in this article), and vicinity. Sheets from an early ordnance survey of Britain, 1885-1900 [15].</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjxFNSX-a9LKWlqWPS-MK5rU2N4NxkanNCdrpbFI4y8SJPd0oQq_W6FRoEVPwKyvD-l_crYdR-uXZFelmKCH7MuI7lhDGmIgNhUfLVUAoY7xRDYNN4rAuc6w3ouZc4KqAOYtmfWzKeDXH6/s1600/Leeds+View+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjxFNSX-a9LKWlqWPS-MK5rU2N4NxkanNCdrpbFI4y8SJPd0oQq_W6FRoEVPwKyvD-l_crYdR-uXZFelmKCH7MuI7lhDGmIgNhUfLVUAoY7xRDYNN4rAuc6w3ouZc4KqAOYtmfWzKeDXH6/s1600/Leeds+View+2.jpg" height="360" width="640" /></a></div>
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Nineteenth century buildings in Leeds. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@53.79637,-1.551826,3a,75y,75.44h,98.31t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sKtoMceJRFFlQExPB73iQdA!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeY051XrLdkBGTFCfbcHUHpTSryv6Gh6W2NYEXa_5ure-e22FO9RRUrnrnLO_Bco8NFJb1xSj1GBLXyZo4ojSOOnZSFtRknCRD_DhGl861dg7zXPpTaIczuDp-S7uNfk2NQUIavaQskafo/s1600/Leeds+View+v2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeY051XrLdkBGTFCfbcHUHpTSryv6Gh6W2NYEXa_5ure-e22FO9RRUrnrnLO_Bco8NFJb1xSj1GBLXyZo4ojSOOnZSFtRknCRD_DhGl861dg7zXPpTaIczuDp-S7uNfk2NQUIavaQskafo/s1600/Leeds+View+v2.jpg" height="362" width="640" /></a></div>
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A Victorian shopping district in Leeds. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@53.797537,-1.540243,3a,75y,3.68h,96.7t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sE8y0TO45qv-GEut2eqwY5A!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>15. Cleveland, Ohio, United States</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<b>Cleveland's Founding:</b> 1796<br />
<b>Year of Incorporation as a City:</b> 1836<br />
<b>1900</b><b> Population</b><b> Rank in the World:</b> #56<br />
<b>Notes</b><b> and Observations</b><b>:</b> Like Philadelphia, Boston, Newark, and St. Louis, Cleveland also experiences a brief decline in population during the 1930's. Like Buffalo, Cleveland also presents a remarkable hump in its population curve.<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=749626872&format=interactive" width="672"></iframe>
<iframe frameborder="0" height="505" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=1409685651&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPXVysbiG9tBzIwLF7flMjzlYMPDAa0BREMO466lBoDZFlRcRBjrWxt6DLGdQWfHbGW3OIDhevmyQBbLY5XsHXGcAwONHNJThfg7El3dj4uoPmFyXFPBTKepNeccuXab2nyTzsbDQYYJ53/s1600/Map+of+Cleveland+Low+Res.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPXVysbiG9tBzIwLF7flMjzlYMPDAa0BREMO466lBoDZFlRcRBjrWxt6DLGdQWfHbGW3OIDhevmyQBbLY5XsHXGcAwONHNJThfg7El3dj4uoPmFyXFPBTKepNeccuXab2nyTzsbDQYYJ53/s1600/Map+of+Cleveland+Low+Res.jpg" height="640" width="490" /></a></div>
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A topographic map of Cleveland and vicinity stitched together from sheets dating from 1901-1902 [51].</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPuiaA0WvNsYIz-hFtGSP4l8TrXo0jWf2BCQkGqXKqMj15DidgFBUjD_RWes77t2sJgvp-bdKq9tgN5IPecD5tBD7SFImN2MuR3xA8smiB8uxELO8OtC7JoyqpUmttMLXG1DHd-jfGDgng/s1600/Cleveland+View.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPuiaA0WvNsYIz-hFtGSP4l8TrXo0jWf2BCQkGqXKqMj15DidgFBUjD_RWes77t2sJgvp-bdKq9tgN5IPecD5tBD7SFImN2MuR3xA8smiB8uxELO8OtC7JoyqpUmttMLXG1DHd-jfGDgng/s1600/Cleveland+View.jpg" height="362" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Cleveland still has at least a handful of Victorian vintage structures still standing. Among them include Victorian arcades (early shopping malls) and Victorian skyscrapers. Pictured above is a section of Cleveland near the waterfront that still has a number of Victorian buildings in tact. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@41.500497,-81.699419,3a,48.9y,320.85h,95.08t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sWVYzflfA19t8L6hJdKYv6A!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoKN4uE7fXumZxoWL3p2MoxO8sSAqUBkSTvbGhusfIQdJXt47zj6gAC077uNd1lXBHIeWj0PYUX4L9kLTV0oDEulENObUVkE-ZhvufvzECbfOAaoKI3UOs2smYsad0i5Iqpm3PcZk-G0WU/s1600/Cleveland+View+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoKN4uE7fXumZxoWL3p2MoxO8sSAqUBkSTvbGhusfIQdJXt47zj6gAC077uNd1lXBHIeWj0PYUX4L9kLTV0oDEulENObUVkE-ZhvufvzECbfOAaoKI3UOs2smYsad0i5Iqpm3PcZk-G0WU/s1600/Cleveland+View+2.jpg" height="360" width="640" /></a></div>
To the right is the Society for Savings Building which was built in 1889 and stood as the tallest building in the city until 1896. The building is considered to be the first modern skyscraper in the state of Ohio. The church to the left is the Old Stone Church which was built in 1855. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@41.500044,-81.694028,3a,75y,322.01h,102.08t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sonMFw2YtkgV_2DyCDCUxPQ!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>16. Sheffield, England, United Kingdom</b></span></div>
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<b>Sheffield's Founding:</b> c. 700's<br />
<b>Year of Incorporation as a City:</b> 1893<br />
<b>1900</b><b> Population</b><b> Rank in the World:</b> #57<br />
<b>Notes</b><b> and Observations</b><b>:</b> Sheffield's population has been relatively consistent within the twentieth century.<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=1145234936&format=interactive" width="703"></iframe>
<iframe frameborder="0" height="505" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=250558695&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvO1pOO_g0U_dMJRnlgdaxNTMVoTg7K2HxJRuWrQllM1x2W4ugsiPTZPq7ZIuUBJy631fhgwotraBVJuYxYQ9QaLJxYkxT2cFbpoZaAloHawHQ8mqf5G1bB-H6HFMFNA6uqJlnyIykIdgd/s1600/Map+of+Sheffield.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvO1pOO_g0U_dMJRnlgdaxNTMVoTg7K2HxJRuWrQllM1x2W4ugsiPTZPq7ZIuUBJy631fhgwotraBVJuYxYQ9QaLJxYkxT2cFbpoZaAloHawHQ8mqf5G1bB-H6HFMFNA6uqJlnyIykIdgd/s1600/Map+of+Sheffield.jpg" height="640" width="454" /></a></div>
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A map of Sheffield, England and vicinity. Sheets from an early ordnance survey of Britain, 1885-1900 [15].</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGDEnsT4PjJgHF-OoBCp4y1WNvN0m1_F3GZmDBDAQT-_0gzcgUie49X2M1-cNCr3ZyyGP5AOX0rKlviH8zn7lYcMwYo5BYIO-oxaRWw-vIxrcCp0cULdSQxfmG4AldM4_8O7ensgD9eSo0/s1600/Sheffield+View.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGDEnsT4PjJgHF-OoBCp4y1WNvN0m1_F3GZmDBDAQT-_0gzcgUie49X2M1-cNCr3ZyyGP5AOX0rKlviH8zn7lYcMwYo5BYIO-oxaRWw-vIxrcCp0cULdSQxfmG4AldM4_8O7ensgD9eSo0/s1600/Sheffield+View.jpg" height="362" width="640" /></a></div>
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Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@53.382511,-1.468836,3a,73y,61.94h,94.02t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1snPBB9n1wXTHOtnE3ghxT2A!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg9eVhGiZMKHwVkL8PlLyBRbZm8eyv74gEEWNqsCN9SNFI2jDEypd95o41bJ1t2rEnV2VRROFl58rr50Q-Bw13uVAR1M3iCle_vtuJFMBRi0NOJfQhRN2XB7qxld4E8g-HnvxSCeC5-VoN/s1600/Sheffield+View+22.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgg9eVhGiZMKHwVkL8PlLyBRbZm8eyv74gEEWNqsCN9SNFI2jDEypd95o41bJ1t2rEnV2VRROFl58rr50Q-Bw13uVAR1M3iCle_vtuJFMBRi0NOJfQhRN2XB7qxld4E8g-HnvxSCeC5-VoN/s1600/Sheffield+View+22.jpg" height="360" width="640" /></a></div>
Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@53.379187,-1.470674,3a,49y,41.21h,95.9t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1syR5d0md0zEKgYKZX0hyTiQ!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>17. Buffalo, New York, United States</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<b>Buffalo's Founding:</b> 1789<br />
<b>Year of Incorporation as a City:</b> 1832<br />
<b>1900</b><b> Population</b><b> Rank in the World:</b> #62<br />
<b>Notes</b><b> and Observations</b><b>:</b> Buffalo's population trend is quite archetypal of what I'd expect for a postindustrial municipality. Its rate of decrease is roughly that of what its increase was creating a nice hump in the graph reminiscent of Cleveland's trend.<br />
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=59844631&format=interactive" width="672"></iframe>
<iframe frameborder="0" height="505" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=749633427&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguPp0uM_SoWRvE4B2gXL3_M5tTTkm3GIdZsiJOViVblspuhpsBAGLm8JGgNfEggJxLmwSzqQB_dyZFO_C0HpnK7Jz2CD6Sy8dCABBv9EnssRPiTwWTG7wAsqi7RJtTTtjJjPv5Zh_YLNmq/s1600/Map+of+Buffalo+Low+Res.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEguPp0uM_SoWRvE4B2gXL3_M5tTTkm3GIdZsiJOViVblspuhpsBAGLm8JGgNfEggJxLmwSzqQB_dyZFO_C0HpnK7Jz2CD6Sy8dCABBv9EnssRPiTwWTG7wAsqi7RJtTTtjJjPv5Zh_YLNmq/s1600/Map+of+Buffalo+Low+Res.jpg" height="640" width="474" /></a></div>
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A topographic map of Buffalo and vicinity stitched together from sheets dating from 1893-1904 [51].</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6U006g0JW2ZCx7_rwZfBOfvkuX027xYgptvtXzcd8AaLxm5yXodeG_Qa8y0cOSHklN85vJeebwhipNcgMPILasIwO9rRwGW1HeVUsa0J0r2UKqCIc3CbHjwoVBrl3XdqP9FjDbklYSNPd/s1600/Buffalo+View.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6U006g0JW2ZCx7_rwZfBOfvkuX027xYgptvtXzcd8AaLxm5yXodeG_Qa8y0cOSHklN85vJeebwhipNcgMPILasIwO9rRwGW1HeVUsa0J0r2UKqCIc3CbHjwoVBrl3XdqP9FjDbklYSNPd/s1600/Buffalo+View.jpg" height="362" width="640" /></a></div>
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The Ellicott Square Building (left) was built in Buffalo in 1896 and upon completion it was the largest office building in the world. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@42.882944,-78.875333,3a,75y,168.41h,98.36t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sBLa8-85x4mwdCVh7sXZ5Ug!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP0_YmUby3hMlw5LHLbVEtbJ8ZIOBLCxVkOvMeBwATPCDeUymsAe1o-Z6MhIVQuEX4lJv-SKlUx9KwPEB89cCnZbDwCmEKUqL893s2WXdosREyy6G45eCyF_3mIDTc_Pn04sEDojAN_KrJ/s1600/Buffalo+View+2+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhP0_YmUby3hMlw5LHLbVEtbJ8ZIOBLCxVkOvMeBwATPCDeUymsAe1o-Z6MhIVQuEX4lJv-SKlUx9KwPEB89cCnZbDwCmEKUqL893s2WXdosREyy6G45eCyF_3mIDTc_Pn04sEDojAN_KrJ/s1600/Buffalo+View+2+2.jpg" height="358" width="640" /></a></div>
To the right is the Guaranty Building which was designed by Louis Sullivan and Dankmar Adler. It was built in 1894 and is an example of a Victorian skyscraper. To the left is St. Paul's Cathedral. It was largely built in 1851. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@42.883167,-78.876004,3a,75y,212.22h,123.86t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sCEM04oinYft8wFqDs8z3AA!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>18. Belfast, Ireland, United Kingdom</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<b>Belfast's Founding:</b><br />
<b>Year of Incorporation as a City:</b> 1888<br />
<b>1900</b><b> Population</b><b> Rank in the World:</b> #64<br />
<b>Notes</b><b> and Observations</b><b>:</b> From the 1891 to the 1921 census Belfast was the most populated municipality on all of Ireland surpassing Dublin. Belfast's population trend is fairly reminiscent of Cleveland's and Buffalo's in that it depicts a "hump" due to population decline.<br />
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=2121738313&format=interactive" width="678"></iframe>
<iframe frameborder="0" height="505" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=375684004&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLlfxmfOzR7lX5mlhn3oyRP3bSSnoDGBA22YmJUDs4iHMoORSLKCcPJYxFLzBMYY3yByrlrUOQUUTnnjSWQm4d3R2Ohah7y4MXwt9bjPy7YU3texEJOpYaNhAO6BCZvzT8mdszJXdVFd5r/s1600/Belfast+View.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLlfxmfOzR7lX5mlhn3oyRP3bSSnoDGBA22YmJUDs4iHMoORSLKCcPJYxFLzBMYY3yByrlrUOQUUTnnjSWQm4d3R2Ohah7y4MXwt9bjPy7YU3texEJOpYaNhAO6BCZvzT8mdszJXdVFd5r/s1600/Belfast+View.jpg" height="362" width="640" /></a></div>
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Victorian buildings surrounding Donegall Square in Belfast, Northern Ireland. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@54.597376,-5.928686,3a,75y,289.68h,101.3t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sfcNi0rbJZGdPz-E3o1h-RQ!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjt_iquL2tpM0-aWjyrzP-Z7sleLOhKPNkg5TT7JFPFdTsP47qoBcUrYfWZ9E70PFEvCY7jUmovvzv3uKhqXt3AX2HmeRV-MyfYBwHlDEJd1OZzb6qQ4_LbuzJIs-llW0AIxllFIla8Iub/s1600/Belfast+View+2+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjt_iquL2tpM0-aWjyrzP-Z7sleLOhKPNkg5TT7JFPFdTsP47qoBcUrYfWZ9E70PFEvCY7jUmovvzv3uKhqXt3AX2HmeRV-MyfYBwHlDEJd1OZzb6qQ4_LbuzJIs-llW0AIxllFIla8Iub/s1600/Belfast+View+2+2.jpg" height="358" width="640" /></a></div>
Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@54.59918,-5.930387,3a,75y,262.92h,116.39t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1ssw5AK_PckGS40pxbhJj4Rw!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>19. San Francisco, California, United States</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<b>San Francisco's Founding:</b> 1776<br />
<b>Year of Incorporation as a City:</b> 1856<br />
<b>1900</b><b> Population</b><b> Rank in the World:</b> #66<br />
<b>Notes</b><b> and Observations</b><b>:</b> Although San Francisco was founded in the eighteenth century, it didn't experience much of a population until the gold rush around 1850. Unlike the typical trend shown for a postindustrial American municipality, San Francisco's population trend does not depict much of a "hump". Due to San Francisco's location on the west coast of North America many people might be surprised as to how prominent the centre was during the Victorian days.<br />
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=1745997916&format=interactive" width="672"></iframe>
<iframe frameborder="0" height="505" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=990426382&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPRe_s5NjuI1ExO60d5XOHuTP9mSlDYKFT_L5Sw5kcdgpGtr1m6s3x6RAfLabFP6bz72Rz_ae0Ir5KUjpeyosDQlp7cpypwsAfNdPYGkWhEbaYfM-xI9vsmIKZ2QpxU5XPC90p9kDww1EX/s1600/Map+of+San+Francisco+Low+Res.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPRe_s5NjuI1ExO60d5XOHuTP9mSlDYKFT_L5Sw5kcdgpGtr1m6s3x6RAfLabFP6bz72Rz_ae0Ir5KUjpeyosDQlp7cpypwsAfNdPYGkWhEbaYfM-xI9vsmIKZ2QpxU5XPC90p9kDww1EX/s1600/Map+of+San+Francisco+Low+Res.jpg" height="640" width="492" /></a></div>
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A topographic map of San Francisco and vicinity (San Francisco is on the west side of the bay and Oakland on the opposite) stitched together from sheets dating from 1892-1896 [51] Scale: 1:62,500.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLjq4pElY4Cu5JMhbG3WOpXBGzHh5cMR-b9LVNpo_DMq3LPlYuNexs1EWLhsS-pOxRHC0RL8cTs6gG5-65etBNH9qHRSPELE4D80DqjH_NYuk083CL9C8H_89oVPBV9yxbYmEht2W2-qlc/s1600/San+Francisco+View.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLjq4pElY4Cu5JMhbG3WOpXBGzHh5cMR-b9LVNpo_DMq3LPlYuNexs1EWLhsS-pOxRHC0RL8cTs6gG5-65etBNH9qHRSPELE4D80DqjH_NYuk083CL9C8H_89oVPBV9yxbYmEht2W2-qlc/s1600/San+Francisco+View.jpg" height="362" width="640" /></a></div>
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Due to the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and subsequent fire nearly all of the Victorian city centre was destroyed (80% of the entire city at the time). There were at least a few exceptions though. A handful were built to be fireproof including the brick-faced Victorian skyscraper in the left of this image. It was built in 1889 as the Chronicle Building. Victorian neighbourhoods at the periphery of the city also survived since the fires didn't extend all the way to them. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@37.787666,-122.40346,3a,75y,28.36h,102.91t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sikp6Ebf9U-WiiNof9XBCjA!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD5hEzoNL7MZwCbF2Kab28qiqb-LvYEnTriDqdI4g1y_Jbk_FzIMZ3FA8dJdQeEvtDYDlPWI2U2b3nWxYyX4oshn0hkwNQ2pgCoOAdM1kjVKXRs0extMV0_57B9FC3YigMcKWC9krOv2mA/s1600/San+Francisco+View+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD5hEzoNL7MZwCbF2Kab28qiqb-LvYEnTriDqdI4g1y_Jbk_FzIMZ3FA8dJdQeEvtDYDlPWI2U2b3nWxYyX4oshn0hkwNQ2pgCoOAdM1kjVKXRs0extMV0_57B9FC3YigMcKWC9krOv2mA/s1600/San+Francisco+View+2.jpg" height="358" width="640" /></a></div>
To the left is the A.P. Hotaling & Co.'s Jackson Street whisky warehouse which was built in 1866 and amazingly survived the 1906 earthquake and fire due to a mile long fire hose laid down by the U.S. Navy. To the right is another Victorian building. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@37.796506,-122.402902,3a,90y,172.07h,109.18t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sODKk7tWoZ-CEwmzWqkv0lA!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>. </div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>20. Bristol, England, United Kingdom</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<b>Bristol's Founding:</b><br />
<b>Year of Incorporation as a City:</b> 1542<br />
<b>1900</b><b> Population</b><b> Rank in the World:</b> #68<br />
<b>Notes</b><b> and Observations</b><b>:</b> Bristol's population trend has fairly constant within the twentieth century.<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=5077940&format=interactive" width="672"></iframe>
<iframe frameborder="0" height="505" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=462322567&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil2CP6EkU_xFRLnYyD6QuE08VHQgM-kS6gqIfgbMrUfTJ6JxTDvfYhHPe_ULz0kQ7A0-kb4Fy7UOrdfjnPJU0tYJ5rHCgEF6I8rMKrXLOJEDF-PffFZBPlwReiEOucrSqmseYEbki3QyMs/s1600/Map+of+Bristol.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil2CP6EkU_xFRLnYyD6QuE08VHQgM-kS6gqIfgbMrUfTJ6JxTDvfYhHPe_ULz0kQ7A0-kb4Fy7UOrdfjnPJU0tYJ5rHCgEF6I8rMKrXLOJEDF-PffFZBPlwReiEOucrSqmseYEbki3QyMs/s1600/Map+of+Bristol.jpg" height="640" width="462" /></a></div>
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A map of Bristol, England and vicinity. Sheets from an early ordnance survey of Britain, 1885-1900 [15].</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8tyoV48ovE9Cy2lCc3oaqPymXl5wiQPGRB1FL-lu6GdwX4UNU7hBpvivfper1J0eFXvFdWf6dDSBvN4McQOWbkRrRbGRnuRK6KGM7jvGKn3_XFK82lBh_-restZfkSnEvOul3vJBjrkTs/s1600/Bristol+View.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8tyoV48ovE9Cy2lCc3oaqPymXl5wiQPGRB1FL-lu6GdwX4UNU7hBpvivfper1J0eFXvFdWf6dDSBvN4McQOWbkRrRbGRnuRK6KGM7jvGKn3_XFK82lBh_-restZfkSnEvOul3vJBjrkTs/s1600/Bristol+View.jpg" height="362" width="640" /></a></div>
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A mixture of Georgian and Victorian era buildings along Corn Street in Bristol. Many of these were used as banks and exchanges. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@51.45441,-2.594327,3a,75y,53.84h,97.08t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sUxM9Syjang3l3sPHLvWkig!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-mtOVAebSPA2se3wVWpiJ57q92HpzBReM10DM0mqpDWOGJCb3EYZCxbM63uAwjARGBc6gy8EuTcnf9Cjbmp6T8sX6gjgVXS2OZDwhVKDy9Sw95Ty4hdhdf5wAqlwXeMYACjlPoHac4YrN/s1600/Bristol+View+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-mtOVAebSPA2se3wVWpiJ57q92HpzBReM10DM0mqpDWOGJCb3EYZCxbM63uAwjARGBc6gy8EuTcnf9Cjbmp6T8sX6gjgVXS2OZDwhVKDy9Sw95Ty4hdhdf5wAqlwXeMYACjlPoHac4YrN/s1600/Bristol+View+2.jpg" height="358" width="640" /></a></div>
Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@51.45532,-2.59372,3a,75y,114.23h,101.39t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1s-kWX3xQGoV4RLFvxBPrYlg!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>21, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<b>Cincinnati's Founding:</b> 1788<br />
<b>Year of Incorporation as a City:</b> 1819<br />
<b>1900</b><b> Population</b><b> Rank in the World:</b> #69<br />
<b>Notes</b><b> and Observations</b><b>:</b> The city is considered the first boom town west of the Alleghenies. It quickly rose up to the eighth most populated municipality in the United States by the 1830 census.<br />
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Its population trend depicts a fairly smooth growth and subsequent decrease in population. It's a gentle "hump" that doesn't express any periods of accelerated growth or decline.<br />
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=1521184707&format=interactive" width="670"></iframe>
<iframe frameborder="0" height="505" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=1028111319&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6m8coJ87Ziv66aPGFo1Mh6hypjSBpIX2NAdeOAVwYqbNCZNkPC_BOAciXCkGAFkDBaxpEJRBVcGWzEqIJq4C-yo5zLa3MRExLHNOQvK5SMXrUNVKF9gJR5QTZor7mPw7cNme4gYXUTY-l/s1600/Map+of+Cincinnati+Low+Res.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6m8coJ87Ziv66aPGFo1Mh6hypjSBpIX2NAdeOAVwYqbNCZNkPC_BOAciXCkGAFkDBaxpEJRBVcGWzEqIJq4C-yo5zLa3MRExLHNOQvK5SMXrUNVKF9gJR5QTZor7mPw7cNme4gYXUTY-l/s1600/Map+of+Cincinnati+Low+Res.jpg" height="640" width="510" /></a></div>
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A topographic map of Cincinnati and vicinity stitched together from sheets dating from 1903-1912 [51].</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmmJnyzVLlpGEUERMhVzD-SL7KizquWigIWreMZGJBYvgCuWPUebLt7u9yCcjtw88HJnfxPfBWcRGNhCpuZxanHYtycsFnswtd7FhPMdYQqCholzi9STBJsNdQ98ZKgBCtKKyuznBtD5nK/s1600/Cincinnati+View.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmmJnyzVLlpGEUERMhVzD-SL7KizquWigIWreMZGJBYvgCuWPUebLt7u9yCcjtw88HJnfxPfBWcRGNhCpuZxanHYtycsFnswtd7FhPMdYQqCholzi9STBJsNdQ98ZKgBCtKKyuznBtD5nK/s1600/Cincinnati+View.jpg" height="360" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Along Main Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. The city is considered to contain the largest amount of Victorian Italianate architecture in all of the United States. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@39.111431,-84.512221,3a,75y,353.73h,87.74t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sc3J-KTRaWDlRdP7sukdYYw!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmulyvbpbBIsUXVcyd9zvGMvnINPKu1oVeVOV7ola1CdDT5aT3ni-gtCyjXQkJwF0yz1lLaD1np_Oifqk2XMviZQ2h1Z1b5r2ZnAwTKyEP565p4wlRJcm6_Zv9A2t6H9EYmtWXQxPAZDjh/s1600/Cincinnati+View+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmulyvbpbBIsUXVcyd9zvGMvnINPKu1oVeVOV7ola1CdDT5aT3ni-gtCyjXQkJwF0yz1lLaD1np_Oifqk2XMviZQ2h1Z1b5r2ZnAwTKyEP565p4wlRJcm6_Zv9A2t6H9EYmtWXQxPAZDjh/s1600/Cincinnati+View+2.jpg" height="358" width="640" /></a></div>
To the left is Saint Peter in Chains Cathedral, built 1841-1845; middle is the Cincinnati city hall, built c. 1888; right is the Isaac M. Wise Temple, the synagogue was built in 1865. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@39.103449,-84.518562,3a,75y,333.67h,117.91t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sLEQkGTRpLXpPkCv6BCUdFA!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>22. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States</b></span></div>
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<b>Pittsburgh's Founding:</b> 1758<br />
<b>Year of Incorporation as a City:</b> 1816<br />
<b>1900</b><b> Population</b><b> Rank in the World:</b> #70<br />
<b>Notes</b><b> and Observations</b><b>:</b> The greatest increase Pittsburgh ever experienced was between the 1900 and 1910 censuses. During this time it annexed the nearby city of Allegheny which itself in 1900 was the twenty-seventh most populated municipality in the USA with a population of 129,896 inhabitants.<br />
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=860675912&format=interactive" width="676"></iframe>
<iframe frameborder="0" height="505" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=1449464788&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwpjoK-FrbXK-8waoC-vC_3pl0R7e8xZWDEjCvq_v9gNWxJxaJlGZcU-SrZjvYrnb3zdTiv-D1JtKg9YCETDpRUPc0BWfTungySpMKb3Xi7A46gjJ0XiXrSVua_TqFsASQUWsMQH2fnYkT/s1600/Map+of+Pittsburgh+Low+Res.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwpjoK-FrbXK-8waoC-vC_3pl0R7e8xZWDEjCvq_v9gNWxJxaJlGZcU-SrZjvYrnb3zdTiv-D1JtKg9YCETDpRUPc0BWfTungySpMKb3Xi7A46gjJ0XiXrSVua_TqFsASQUWsMQH2fnYkT/s1600/Map+of+Pittsburgh+Low+Res.jpg" height="640" width="478" /></a></div>
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A topographic map of Pittsburgh and vicinity stitched together from sheets dating from 1904-1908 [51].</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwsgdCUQQe9trmaVWx3EfOLvWMzSOF2q6nMxxsz9FoROZmLNCTLakG0elXmL7xTisEctsww4OUAzPixjtPgQbA-u7zO7sCd2Lw1q1gepFzDwqFGH1r19PP2OmnPnHInQ-vrvwAcsDrpGCd/s1600/Pittsburgh+View.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwsgdCUQQe9trmaVWx3EfOLvWMzSOF2q6nMxxsz9FoROZmLNCTLakG0elXmL7xTisEctsww4OUAzPixjtPgQbA-u7zO7sCd2Lw1q1gepFzDwqFGH1r19PP2OmnPnHInQ-vrvwAcsDrpGCd/s1600/Pittsburgh+View.jpg" height="360" width="640" /></a></div>
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To the left is the Allegheny County Courthouse and to the right is the Allegheny County Jail in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. They were completed in 1888 and are examples of the Richardsonion Romanesque style that was quite popular at the time for public buildings. The style was also seen earlier in this article with Toronto's old city hall. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@40.43821,-79.996045,3a,75y,32.38h,98.2t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1skMw77jWeUxrwyRNpT7sh9A!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyJtJLu7wd5fHKgOyIwwMPbA77EiPgaqICP0jIRBp36TUpr4jEDyfB5eAxt96OK2KhxwXrjM14Sopv_RvJ6rj41d9v6frvZCyXCL8DbvHklKmAm4UEgGfxvfJi1Iq5MJ3hpVO8qi9w3i7-/s1600/Pittsburgh+View+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyJtJLu7wd5fHKgOyIwwMPbA77EiPgaqICP0jIRBp36TUpr4jEDyfB5eAxt96OK2KhxwXrjM14Sopv_RvJ6rj41d9v6frvZCyXCL8DbvHklKmAm4UEgGfxvfJi1Iq5MJ3hpVO8qi9w3i7-/s1600/Pittsburgh+View+2.jpg" height="358" width="640" /></a></div>
To the left is the Granite Building, built 1890. To the left and further down the street is Duquesne Club, built 1887. The church to the right is the First Presbyterian Church, built 1903. Further down the street is the Trinity Cathedral, built 1872 and upon completion was the tallest structure in Pittsburgh until the Allegheny Courthouse was completed in 1888. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@40.441983,-79.999139,3a,75y,120.02h,119.37t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1s8xj3aGohvoXtCeQnuxHaQg!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>23. Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom</b></span></div>
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<b>Edinburgh's Founding:</b> before the 600's<br />
<b>Year of Incorporation as a City:</b> 1889<br />
<b>1900</b><b> Population</b><b> Rank in the World:</b> #71<br />
<b>Notes</b><b> and Observations</b><b>:</b> In my opinion Edinburgh is one of the most visually pleasing of the municipalities listed in this article. Since 1921 the population has been fairly consistent, not dropping below 400,000.<br />
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=393829584&format=interactive" width="671"></iframe>
<iframe frameborder="0" height="505" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=312169917&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiELf39UFKPFKtMcRhQeMmJHWjWVIWeVlLXcwOGetJmDMpyHFkciz5nWCZc62cHLLMYeiAFKjSeHb6_CtfoMF4jt3wfB9uwUSry4P69YKBciBPWbewuES0V4hqlrIx9RjK8qTnsbsl_tQph/s1600/Map+of+Edinburgh.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiELf39UFKPFKtMcRhQeMmJHWjWVIWeVlLXcwOGetJmDMpyHFkciz5nWCZc62cHLLMYeiAFKjSeHb6_CtfoMF4jt3wfB9uwUSry4P69YKBciBPWbewuES0V4hqlrIx9RjK8qTnsbsl_tQph/s1600/Map+of+Edinburgh.jpg" height="640" width="468" /></a></div>
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A map of Edinburgh, Scotland and vicinity. Sheets from an early ordnance survey of Britain, 1885-1900 [15].</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaa1pNBABtNkAjHwT0manWFi1oLYJEDHh51etFrdCHN37UOPebb3MK9z0VGVSSoQxIJWs32Svosvnq7chIeBUda3ZO42VYzj5u_l954z76W2TqUhBTlHykv7FIZ-fDHSeSkgLn5RYHiepU/s1600/Edinburgh+View.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaa1pNBABtNkAjHwT0manWFi1oLYJEDHh51etFrdCHN37UOPebb3MK9z0VGVSSoQxIJWs32Svosvnq7chIeBUda3ZO42VYzj5u_l954z76W2TqUhBTlHykv7FIZ-fDHSeSkgLn5RYHiepU/s1600/Edinburgh+View.jpg" height="362" width="640" /></a></div>
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Cockburn Street, Edinburgh, Scotland. It was laid out in 1856. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@55.950561,-3.188811,3a,75y,105.85h,98.62t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sPGF9l3mW88VfGXOKRFZKdQ!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>24. Dublin, Ireland, United Kingdom</b></span></div>
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<b>Dublin's Founding:</b><br />
<b>Year of Incorporation as a City:</b> 1172<br />
<b>1900</b><b> Population</b><b> Rank in the World:</b> #79<br />
<b>Notes</b><b> and Observations</b><b>:</b> 1921 and prior, Dublin is included in the rankings of the municipalities of the United Kingdom. By the next census though it would no longer be part of the Kingdom and since then ranks as #1 in all of the Republic of Ireland.<br />
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For a brief period after the Act of Union 1800 when Ireland entered the United Kingdom, it enjoyed the title of being the second most populated city in the Kingdom.<br />
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From the 1891 to 1921 censuses, Dublin was only the second most populated municipality on the Island of Ireland behind that of Belfast.<br />
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=14302809&format=interactive" width="671"></iframe>
<iframe frameborder="0" height="505" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=1610355328&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE8Jc6N1P6Qtw7P2fVbBtMJEqFnn8uXUgRcvXreKdYHVRlgsiO3iGnHkGARMVtkN8ZHtINf5QGA9aNSp9KGrnL2mfadHfcDWppnwfl1l_kOsBkFHJBXMAZjb2s7ODuxUFLcuJv47ZIV_vC/s1600/Dublin+View.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgE8Jc6N1P6Qtw7P2fVbBtMJEqFnn8uXUgRcvXreKdYHVRlgsiO3iGnHkGARMVtkN8ZHtINf5QGA9aNSp9KGrnL2mfadHfcDWppnwfl1l_kOsBkFHJBXMAZjb2s7ODuxUFLcuJv47ZIV_vC/s1600/Dublin+View.jpg" height="360" width="640" /></a></div>
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The corner of Grafton and Nassau Streets in Dublin Ireland. Dublin didn't grow as much during the Victorian era as it did before and after it. Georgian architecture which Dublin is better known for is much more abundant. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@53.343237,-6.259344,3a,75y,190.35h,96.89t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sJg8MVkufStuHe2kfohDf0g!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>25. New Orleans, Louisiana, United States</b></span></div>
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<b>New Orleans' Founding:</b> 1718<br />
<b>Year of Incorporation as a City:</b> 1805<br />
<b>1900</b><b> Population</b><b> Rank in the World:</b> #81<br />
<b>Notes</b><b> and Observations</b><b>:</b> There's a noticeable drop in population following the decade that Hurricane Katrina occurred. It's an oddity that the population peaked in 1960 opposed to the more common 1950 found for most American municipalities.<br />
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=1613021637&format=interactive" width="673"></iframe>
<iframe frameborder="0" height="505" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=632576506&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQ11fKoEiruNq5xd7wOr38hDVrLkUjtTdQK-06f9cDBCp2ZkCxXE54tj8zohHLQ7ICq91Q_9oGnvSx37XBUmdrzBaRMM8Ege4qqNmDYjklKaBUFD1OcJdmexjmq7M2C7ZoRvMl_9Nwh16Y/s1600/Map+of+New+Orleans+Low+Res.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQ11fKoEiruNq5xd7wOr38hDVrLkUjtTdQK-06f9cDBCp2ZkCxXE54tj8zohHLQ7ICq91Q_9oGnvSx37XBUmdrzBaRMM8Ege4qqNmDYjklKaBUFD1OcJdmexjmq7M2C7ZoRvMl_9Nwh16Y/s1600/Map+of+New+Orleans+Low+Res.jpg" height="640" width="556" /></a></div>
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A topographic map of New Orleans and vicinity stitched together from sheets dating from 1890 [51].</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglMeePA5Tj3mUkpq7I0S70uXuKwC-QrYEuYu-0X2hnGypNimQgfoWwfltAbl9Udw1ZlpCC3GAx35jdbRCpP1qmQBN1uyFxIoUNYesXbfDUcxXtiPoQF-CDTrka7JqnVQVz0Szb3UOQ2vXU/s1600/New+Orleans+View.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglMeePA5Tj3mUkpq7I0S70uXuKwC-QrYEuYu-0X2hnGypNimQgfoWwfltAbl9Udw1ZlpCC3GAx35jdbRCpP1qmQBN1uyFxIoUNYesXbfDUcxXtiPoQF-CDTrka7JqnVQVz0Szb3UOQ2vXU/s1600/New+Orleans+View.jpg" height="362" width="640" /></a></div>
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The American District of New Orleans at one point contained many Victorian buildings, many of them being Italianate in design. Pictured here is a rusticated first storey of a Victorian building to the right and an eclectic cast iron fronted Victorian to the left further down the street on the left. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@29.951702,-90.068694,3a,75.8y,229.53h,86.49t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1s4ZKlbtFurXYAnvPY3rDXRQ!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View.</a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>26. Detroit, Michigan, United States</b></span></div>
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<b>Detroit's Founding:</b> 1701<br />
<b>Year of Incorporation as a City:</b> 1815<br />
<b>1900</b><b> Population</b><b> Rank in the World:</b> #82<br />
<b>Notes</b><b> and Observations</b><b>:</b> Detroit's population trend is quite remarkable. It conforms to the trend of American municipalities peaking in population at the 1950 census. The rise of automobile production in the twentieth century saw the most dramatic and aggressive increases to Detroit's population and the subsequent suburbanization and deindustrialization after 1950 contributed to the population dropping off at a pretty constant rate.<br />
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During the eighteenth century Detroit was the most populated municipality in New France between Montreal and New Orleans. In the late eighteenth century after Quebec was ceded to Great Britain, Detroit was the third most populated municipality in the Province of Quebec with only Montreal and Quebec City ranking higher.<br />
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=280147695&format=interactive" width="674"></iframe>
<iframe frameborder="0" height="505" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=1525265722&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMwnqMMC5iN1h02nPY-lDTgqCPVy0Ozm3KjTL2_7MRRF9xWvNNhDUiHREITHuSmwK2WoFbzKGN__fcg5FWVQZDjWskzM2Y0728ewnuX5DR-6QzDab8nfyLN1fvzGvv4z10I5_m-ZGysI8i/s1600/Map+of+Detroit+Low+Res.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMwnqMMC5iN1h02nPY-lDTgqCPVy0Ozm3KjTL2_7MRRF9xWvNNhDUiHREITHuSmwK2WoFbzKGN__fcg5FWVQZDjWskzM2Y0728ewnuX5DR-6QzDab8nfyLN1fvzGvv4z10I5_m-ZGysI8i/s1600/Map+of+Detroit+Low+Res.jpg" height="640" width="486" /></a></div>
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A topographic map of Detroit and vicinity stitched together from sheets dating from 1904 [51].</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBsmz1-tA7D3KoH-iNvHD2ZwIMmopZFXNmc2Ci7JDKOO4flAP_ilOx_DtiCG4OkTPncTrX8iEBHkNfkPqWB-w2XkANXBCmB5usVJmqZrXa1QxkdagvAK6dTMMyPPDumVCsrQTI_eFe2NyT/s1600/Detroit+View.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBsmz1-tA7D3KoH-iNvHD2ZwIMmopZFXNmc2Ci7JDKOO4flAP_ilOx_DtiCG4OkTPncTrX8iEBHkNfkPqWB-w2XkANXBCmB5usVJmqZrXa1QxkdagvAK6dTMMyPPDumVCsrQTI_eFe2NyT/s1600/Detroit+View.jpg" height="362" width="640" /></a></div>
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The St. Mary Roman Catholic Church and rectory are located in historic Greektown in Detroit. Built 1876. Victorian buildings are difficult to come by in Detroit's city centre. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@42.33599,-83.040024,3a,75y,196.17h,95.73t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sfdMORWAAUczgIbem0m-KYQ!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>27. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States</b></span></div>
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<b>Milwaukee's Founding:</b><br />
<b>Year of Incorporation as a City:</b> 1846<br />
<b>1900</b><b> Population</b><b> Rank in the World:</b> #83<br />
<b>Notes</b><b> and Observations</b><b>:</b> Like New Orleans, Milwaukee is an exception in that the year it experienced its peak population was 1960 opposed to the more common 1950 seen for many American municipalities.<br />
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=2040752839&format=interactive" width="678"></iframe>
<iframe frameborder="0" height="505" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=688297242&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzFoXwnWVn9FYAcXVuBlEiGawBEBj7IA8P72Wu_wd1Pe99nxeJCnVx2rMUW2RvouIA6HhbN0Gp9OI-xcngt3fwN9jiPJmM4sGDhOMewh9r6qn-WNGTkv1w61tU7jwVE7RAawJfh7IvXEEf/s1600/Map+of+Milwaukee+Low+Res.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzFoXwnWVn9FYAcXVuBlEiGawBEBj7IA8P72Wu_wd1Pe99nxeJCnVx2rMUW2RvouIA6HhbN0Gp9OI-xcngt3fwN9jiPJmM4sGDhOMewh9r6qn-WNGTkv1w61tU7jwVE7RAawJfh7IvXEEf/s1600/Map+of+Milwaukee+Low+Res.jpg" height="640" width="470" /></a></div>
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A topographic map of Milwaukee and vicinity stitched together from sheets dating from 1899 [51].</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc5wPKP6NzQ4BY-NPSqLEbqzo_EKp4RUcqwskvsAFJxrMO1W1652SJ6GGA3IVq2I0Y9aMNb_lLJpdUUmSGm5pqEIZE7DPZemUjN4cvBokDt-gKefoLJatOAYp6Fodi-3wraixByoQGPC0r/s1600/Milwaukee+View.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgc5wPKP6NzQ4BY-NPSqLEbqzo_EKp4RUcqwskvsAFJxrMO1W1652SJ6GGA3IVq2I0Y9aMNb_lLJpdUUmSGm5pqEIZE7DPZemUjN4cvBokDt-gKefoLJatOAYp6Fodi-3wraixByoQGPC0r/s1600/Milwaukee+View.jpg" height="362" width="640" /></a></div>
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Corner of Michigan and Broadway in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. To the left is the grain exchange, built 1880. In the middle and in the background is the Mitchell Building, built 1876. To the right is the Loyalty Building, built 1886. Explore of <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@43.037628,-87.907693,3a,75y,248.04h,111.01t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1s4y_KdHRvwpW7V85dM8pOkw!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>28. Bradford, England, United Kingdom</b></span></div>
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<b>Bradford's Founding:</b><br />
<b>Year of Incorporation as a City:</b> 1897<br />
<b>1900</b><b> Population</b><b> Rank in the World:</b> #86<br />
<b>Notes</b><b> and Observations</b><b>:</b> Bradford is a little overshadowed by its neighbour Leeds but it certainly has a lot to offer architecturally. The centre starts its trend of losing population only by the 1960's which is a little later than usual. The overall average date for the centres in this article being 1950 and for the British Isles; 1940.<br />
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=581325114&format=interactive" width="674"></iframe>
<iframe frameborder="0" height="505" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=815246245&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0QV0XviwaDEwr82OnOzLJyOCiGWP3pW75KDRQjUf-suZK0okXXB11MQq6nqboeAF0iFrmAuOvUvvsGiL_I6JfzAAhrw9AptTLO-s2KoDkwbDVM2qecWgAfbKgV8goqBVEEnfgBrY6_2Iq/s1600/Map+of+Bradford+and+Leeds.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0QV0XviwaDEwr82OnOzLJyOCiGWP3pW75KDRQjUf-suZK0okXXB11MQq6nqboeAF0iFrmAuOvUvvsGiL_I6JfzAAhrw9AptTLO-s2KoDkwbDVM2qecWgAfbKgV8goqBVEEnfgBrY6_2Iq/s1600/Map+of+Bradford+and+Leeds.jpg" height="640" width="462" /></a></div>
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A map of Bradford (large centre on the left), Leeds (large centre on the right, also analyzed in this article), and vicinity. Sheets from an early ordnance survey of Britain, 1885-1900 [15].</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0rGUEuiwJEwGO2teh1JkhGYgzC7YWl-DZNp7gDAHTNDBfONqh0lkhyphenhyphenZnQUz7SUr89DoPcWlrhBio995wRRca463cw6ohJlYMOJ5AM3-lhhSXhOcQfqInYOXX4DvwbaZzPeuW4ER7lHF92/s1600/Bradford+View+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0rGUEuiwJEwGO2teh1JkhGYgzC7YWl-DZNp7gDAHTNDBfONqh0lkhyphenhyphenZnQUz7SUr89DoPcWlrhBio995wRRca463cw6ohJlYMOJ5AM3-lhhSXhOcQfqInYOXX4DvwbaZzPeuW4ER7lHF92/s1600/Bradford+View+2.jpg" height="360" width="640" /></a></div>
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The Victorian merchant warehouses of Little Germany, Bradford, United Kingdom. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@53.794307,-1.748197,3a,75y,50.78h,96.97t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sg_m__Up4lU80Heh25tZ5rA!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgq6cOF0yn5fwxANspuF-C2vwztm1DAhp0_nZqJXlXQYPlNgNLTOIGiElf5sho-VxtTDGw0nJKXmjjA5mElm3zzQuIU_eON1W6dvtpsdBM2ogrgaz_awZ2IjoxDVAN_ZjWbowmGzcKeCr0i/s1600/Bradford+View+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgq6cOF0yn5fwxANspuF-C2vwztm1DAhp0_nZqJXlXQYPlNgNLTOIGiElf5sho-VxtTDGw0nJKXmjjA5mElm3zzQuIU_eON1W6dvtpsdBM2ogrgaz_awZ2IjoxDVAN_ZjWbowmGzcKeCr0i/s1600/Bradford+View+1.jpg" height="360" width="640" /></a></div>
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The Victorian merchant warehouses of Little Germany, Bradford, United Kingdom. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@53.794002,-1.747181,3a,75y,69.06h,95.51t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sHRpSawl1-yJmn4pAH7hQzQ!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>29. Washington, D.C., United States</b></span></div>
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<b>Washington's Founding:</b> 1790<br />
<b>Year of Incorporation as a City:</b> 1801<br />
<b>1900</b><b> Population</b><b> Rank in the World:</b> #87<br />
<b>Notes</b><b> and Observations</b><b>:</b> The city was founded in response to political issues experienced by the current federal capital of the newly formed republic, Philadelphia. The idea of creating the District of Columbia was to have a capital that was independent of the state for its own security. Since then, other countries like Australia and Brazil have created similar capital districts and cities.<br />
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Its population trend expresses some stability beginning at the 1980 census onward and most recently beginning to increase in population.<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=405282647&format=interactive" width="675"></iframe>
<iframe frameborder="0" height="505" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=386380588&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrrjJu0QeDn0TD-9TliATTvNh8qkcXRuzZqG3ek-TEtwxVArHwroQZIpVTUv4r0EjiZqqXN6PN_WXV_sPbbBUcfz26HPTJ5t_VleP2ZPP0oJhDF7MDJI7Yd2IgpbJllFLJz1PBv1B342dj/s1600/Washington+View.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrrjJu0QeDn0TD-9TliATTvNh8qkcXRuzZqG3ek-TEtwxVArHwroQZIpVTUv4r0EjiZqqXN6PN_WXV_sPbbBUcfz26HPTJ5t_VleP2ZPP0oJhDF7MDJI7Yd2IgpbJllFLJz1PBv1B342dj/s1600/Washington+View.jpg" height="362" width="640" /></a></div>
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Similar in style to the municipal buildings featured earlier in this article is Washington, D.C.'s old post office. Built 1892-1899. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@38.894926,-77.028121,3a,75y,150.68h,105.68t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1s7W9i5c89ivPHHhAEm_zkhg!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>30. Montreal, Quebec, Canada</b></span></div>
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<b>Montreal's Founding:</b> 1642<br />
<b>Year of Incorporation as a City:</b> 1832<br />
<b>1900</b><b> Population</b><b> Rank in the World:</b> #91<br />
<b>Notes</b><b> and Observations</b><b>:</b> Both Montreal and Toronto differ from the trends of the American of the American municipalities in that they both have a peak in population in 1971 opposed to the more common 1950 for the American counterparts. They also amalgamate the areas around them around the turn of the twenty-first century causing an immense spike in population.<br />
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It's interesting how well ingrained Toronto is in people's minds as the most populated city of Canada when Montreal had this title for so many years prior.<br />
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=558377597&format=interactive" width="677"></iframe>
<iframe frameborder="0" height="505" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=570062747&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi92UgaPdOQeA3M389VIrJFYssqLG1DPEwx14tTnDMlyE8AhDKPlJAoFtR-HzX5WLaQL-t30aBh-NUj_I0_H33Ivs1OjVN5x-Ql8GB2tHV2WewiiKNn-XaiE1WaSSqYWyblq7U2nIyX-udx/s1600/Montreal+View+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi92UgaPdOQeA3M389VIrJFYssqLG1DPEwx14tTnDMlyE8AhDKPlJAoFtR-HzX5WLaQL-t30aBh-NUj_I0_H33Ivs1OjVN5x-Ql8GB2tHV2WewiiKNn-XaiE1WaSSqYWyblq7U2nIyX-udx/s1600/Montreal+View+2.jpg" height="362" width="640" /></a></div>
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Victorian Warehouses in Vieux-Montréal. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@45.501287,-73.558615,3a,75y,34.16h,97.61t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sOhzfu5cOek5v-4otdDOQ_w!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>31. West Ham, England, United Kingdom</b></span></div>
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<b>West Ham's Founding:</b><br />
<b>Year of Incorporation as a City:</b> Never occurred<br />
<b>1900</b><b> Population</b><b> Rank in the World:</b> #92<br />
<b>Notes</b><b> and Observations</b><b>:</b> West Ham was a county borough immediately east of London that was eventually united with East Ham to form the London borough of Newham. At the peak of its population it was a working class area.<br />
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=305822870&format=interactive" width="675"></iframe>
<iframe frameborder="0" height="505" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=551606490&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6EvMJYXY36dAfvu0NLWZd5dxY2Evn2w8SMC3aYcphscynGgb9x_uSoIuS4UL3MKDGeEWtVIguwHUnf9AE5t05uunN81a-5Lh32DgDzvW-I59erbznnmc6s8QEW6s8AjQomsko7MgXkM59/s1600/Map+of+London.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6EvMJYXY36dAfvu0NLWZd5dxY2Evn2w8SMC3aYcphscynGgb9x_uSoIuS4UL3MKDGeEWtVIguwHUnf9AE5t05uunN81a-5Lh32DgDzvW-I59erbznnmc6s8QEW6s8AjQomsko7MgXkM59/s1600/Map+of+London.jpg" height="640" width="480" /></a></div>
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A map of London, England and vicinity including the county borough of West Ham which is located to the upper right of Inner London (River Lea forms a visual distinction between the two. Sheets from an early ordnance survey of Britain, 1885-1900 [15].</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3khxLYl5XYd2BJ5bM5aSmJ-Lg3Gpcgh7z9XXZh3wm3XFkW1o3CcHzFEohwlOTG0M1kWar9RDV6JXO2jNPjGgr5f2zMxFtNPo2CbZGzL1ETdVpXBXJn_6jhcOxSUs4Ia0exsHqYQ4eiC-G/s1600/West+Ham+View.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3khxLYl5XYd2BJ5bM5aSmJ-Lg3Gpcgh7z9XXZh3wm3XFkW1o3CcHzFEohwlOTG0M1kWar9RDV6JXO2jNPjGgr5f2zMxFtNPo2CbZGzL1ETdVpXBXJn_6jhcOxSUs4Ia0exsHqYQ4eiC-G/s1600/West+Ham+View.jpg" height="362" width="640" /></a></div>
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The Grove in Stratford, West Ham. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@51.545178,0.004461,3a,75y,359.6h,94.54t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1s0PYcqXz9OnKXgrCXzfVgFA!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>32. Newark, New Jersey, United States</b></span></div>
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<b>Newark's Founding:</b> 1666<br />
<b>Year of Incorporation as a City:</b> 1836<br />
<b>1900</b><b> Population</b><b> Rank in the World:</b> #99<br />
<b>Notes</b><b> and Observations</b><b>:</b> Like Philadelphia, Boston, St. Louis, and Cleveland, Newark also experiences a brief decline in population during the 1930's. Its population trend is fairly gentle for an American municipality.<br />
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=805241957&format=interactive" width="675"></iframe>
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A topographic map of New York City and vicinity (Newark is the built up area on the left halfway between the top and bottom) stitched together from sheets dating from 1889-1897 [51].</div>
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To the right is St. Michael's Medical Centre and to the left are terraced houses in Newark. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@40.743823,-74.175714,3a,75y,20.8h,94.8t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sIqWkP6KpyDuB9tnut2clmw!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>33. Kingston-upon-Hull, England, United Kingdom</b></span></div>
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<b>Kingston-upon-Hull's Founding:</b> 1100's<br />
<b>Year of Incorporation as a City:</b> 1897<br />
<b>1900</b><b> Population</b><b> Rank in the World:</b> #101<br />
<b>Notes</b><b> and Observations</b><b>:</b> Hull's population trend during the twentieth century has been surprisingly uniform.<br />
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=376838079&format=interactive" width="675"></iframe>
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A map of Kingston-upon-Hull, England and vicinity. Sheets from an early ordnance survey of Britain, 1885-1900 [15].</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijhBQJwUMK7EwaD1hFpuuXocOjUetFGLQP-et77VEwXTjMV-hNMfTnUZbYqAuyr4R0-9dvbnb0rzsK6-JfOsXyMUio1iTrOO9VfFmkE5JSA-gGtb7TZuN3yg98KaFtGNN3Yt_aBQpXkmy-/s1600/Hull+View.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijhBQJwUMK7EwaD1hFpuuXocOjUetFGLQP-et77VEwXTjMV-hNMfTnUZbYqAuyr4R0-9dvbnb0rzsK6-JfOsXyMUio1iTrOO9VfFmkE5JSA-gGtb7TZuN3yg98KaFtGNN3Yt_aBQpXkmy-/s1600/Hull+View.jpg" height="362" width="640" /></a></div>
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Kingston-upon-Hull. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@53.742829,-0.333027,3a,75y,269.51h,96.83t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sE26fbNKOD0qI7zusLTY9uQ!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>34. Nottingham, England, United Kingdom</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<b>Nottingham's Founding:</b> 600<br />
<b>Year of Incorporation as a City:</b> 1897<br />
<b>1900</b><b> Population</b><b> Rank in the World:</b> #103<br />
<b>Notes</b><b> and Observations</b><b>:</b> Nottingham's population trend has been fairly consistent throughout the twentieth century.<br />
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=1806575756&format=interactive" width="676"></iframe>
<iframe frameborder="0" height="505" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=1184191574&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe>
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A map of Nottingham (upper right), Leicester (lower right, also analyzed in this article), Derby (upper left, not analyzed in this article, would have ranked at #73), and vicinity. Sheets from an early ordnance survey of Britain, 1885-1900 [15].</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYnZ6s-9qVIDeqDvwDaWe9Qez48rGquDph77YNIvN1hk7j2xBfUweVIyl-iWLinnuTbPYz6wxcp3Pl_2FbSw8QC36tdoEo3ohT3b9Wm1IaApoba9Z9h9uA9OC6QiyJa3CwNrdIyxQIFL9A/s1600/Nottingham+View.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYnZ6s-9qVIDeqDvwDaWe9Qez48rGquDph77YNIvN1hk7j2xBfUweVIyl-iWLinnuTbPYz6wxcp3Pl_2FbSw8QC36tdoEo3ohT3b9Wm1IaApoba9Z9h9uA9OC6QiyJa3CwNrdIyxQIFL9A/s1600/Nottingham+View.jpg" height="362" width="640" /></a></div>
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Nottingham. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@52.953244,-1.146477,3a,75y,72.01h,94.51t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sZKqnD9WttZPsHZQdK2XfFQ!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4VA5XvOZk4JNnTTNTL7y4DW4m1_QHj942XCGHdoFWCn-XK0O9HlVRB6xf4Nx7vjAzm5QPYLUIJSsl9elneoU-Qm9hGdOjFlU2giP9cKUxqZttJTXehtlmD7xsdt9qpk8y4u_vc8ZWDa2_/s1600/Nottingham+View+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4VA5XvOZk4JNnTTNTL7y4DW4m1_QHj942XCGHdoFWCn-XK0O9HlVRB6xf4Nx7vjAzm5QPYLUIJSsl9elneoU-Qm9hGdOjFlU2giP9cKUxqZttJTXehtlmD7xsdt9qpk8y4u_vc8ZWDa2_/s1600/Nottingham+View+2.jpg" height="360" width="640" /></a></div>
Nottingham. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@52.95138,-1.142456,3a,75y,359.18h,105.76t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sg5Byio2pJCJAgf0KF1r82g!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>35. Salford, England, United Kingdom</b></span></div>
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<b>Salford's Founding:</b> 1230<br />
<b>Year of Incorporation as a City:</b> 1926<br />
<b>1900</b><b> Population</b><b> Rank in the World:</b> #111<br />
<b>Notes</b><b> and Observations</b><b>:</b> Salford is situated in a meander of the River Irwell within the metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester. Out of all of the municipalities listed in this article, Salford experiences one of the most noticeable drops in relative population going from a peak of 234,045 to a low of 72,750. My hypothesis is that due to its proximity to the more significant municipality of Manchester and the fact that Salford was a highly industrialized centre with a large working class population, deindustrialization has impacted it more severely than average. It is likely that other services and industries would be more likely to experience a renaissance in Manchester proper while Salford is more likely to be seen as a component of the greater whole that is the Greater Manchester area.<br />
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Much of Salford is redeveloped with many parts having been identified as "Victorian slums" and subsequently demolished and replaced by tower blocks and other types of modern housing. It is because of this that impressive examples of Victorian architecture are difficult to come by in the city.<br />
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=1112971353&format=interactive" width="676"></iframe>
<iframe frameborder="0" height="505" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=680192019&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSGDP2qja9EHaTJC9FunBq0QaozTecuRxcjgHI4jlhpWoJ-4nOYvd5wFFwuFt-hqud4-9jxUa3PQmRWACE9sAsDg9V9bOObYvMBfBzBy5ktgY2sGzG-R9m4XvzOyBUkuM6V5kjrmcxBMxY/s1600/Map+of+Manchester.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSGDP2qja9EHaTJC9FunBq0QaozTecuRxcjgHI4jlhpWoJ-4nOYvd5wFFwuFt-hqud4-9jxUa3PQmRWACE9sAsDg9V9bOObYvMBfBzBy5ktgY2sGzG-R9m4XvzOyBUkuM6V5kjrmcxBMxY/s1600/Map+of+Manchester.jpg" height="640" width="464" /></a></div>
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A map of Manchester, England and vicinity. Salford is located within the morphological urban area of Manchester and comprises a good bit of the western part. The two are separated by the River Irwell. Sheets from an early ordnance survey of Britain, 1885-1900 [15].</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZgIZUB4wrdoima63k2ScEEnZEQ8FL-CmlLLiAHnSLAK4BnRjrdEYmUHphxSeKOG2eAiSuxFHwJ_6S_VUGanrWxN5WMAS85dtyMvqGsu2NGD6hoSesNgAtihvcq1BPYD10y-yr8rcq7ouN/s1600/Salford+View.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZgIZUB4wrdoima63k2ScEEnZEQ8FL-CmlLLiAHnSLAK4BnRjrdEYmUHphxSeKOG2eAiSuxFHwJ_6S_VUGanrWxN5WMAS85dtyMvqGsu2NGD6hoSesNgAtihvcq1BPYD10y-yr8rcq7ouN/s1600/Salford+View.jpg" height="362" width="640" /></a></div>
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Peel Building, University of Salford, England. Built 1896. Not too much Victorian architecture is still present in central Salford although there still are some working class terraces. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@53.484761,-2.273769,3a,75y,56.39h,95.38t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sXqUMsd8wzbm3_uJnLWOAWQ!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>36. Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England, United Kingdom</b></span></div>
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<b>Newcastle-upon-Tyne's Founding:</b> 100's<br />
<b>Year of Incorporation as a City:</b> 1882<br />
<b>1900</b><b> Population</b><b> Rank in the World:</b> #113<br />
<b>Notes</b><b> and Observations</b><b>:</b> Despite Newcastle having had some fluctuations in population during the twentieth century, the city has maintained a fair amount of pre-1900 architecture in its city centre.<br />
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=1760048381&format=interactive" width="676"></iframe><span style="text-align: center;">
</span><iframe frameborder="0" height="505" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=370037898&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe>
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A map of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England and vicinity. Sheets from an early ordnance survey of Britain, 1885-1900 [15].</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhERTrBoNDxDb9DQ86gY-ZFCIB55tyMgTDyPdSY4VZRZKcI2x89T0YkLXiq9p-ZwQWdaue7c7NRDlIu0uwwdgI5Gi-wa0wF2_Ygc3he8y6wSjt0MulKMmEWooZimaSDvNyw0Iik3zMsBdU/s1600/Newcastle+View.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhERTrBoNDxDb9DQ86gY-ZFCIB55tyMgTDyPdSY4VZRZKcI2x89T0YkLXiq9p-ZwQWdaue7c7NRDlIu0uwwdgI5Gi-wa0wF2_Ygc3he8y6wSjt0MulKMmEWooZimaSDvNyw0Iik3zMsBdU/s1600/Newcastle+View.jpg" height="362" width="640" /></a></div>
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Grainger Town, built 1824-1841, in stone. These buildings are considered some of the finest in the entire city. They were built during a transitional period between what defines the Georgian and Victorian styles. The porticoed building to the right is the Theatre Royal, built in 1837. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@54.972227,-1.612126,3a,75y,336.49h,95.02t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sLHAc68SqQv-UO_r5V-gV7Q!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>37. Leicester, England, United Kingdom</b></span></div>
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<b>Leicester's Founding:</b> 50<br />
<b>Year of Incorporation as a City:</b> 1919<br />
<b>1900</b><b> Population</b><b> Rank in the World:</b> #115<br />
<b>Notes</b><b> and Observations</b><b>:</b> Leicester's population during the twentieth century has been surprisingly stable relative to the other municipalities analyzed in this article.<br />
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=1933643231&format=interactive" width="675"></iframe>
<iframe frameborder="0" height="505" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=377695584&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzPrNqIETIS1j3rXjW_mhh9Fc7djzXvDuUTArpdAdIACNcETSnJTotMe96EJXy8-TForFQtjUtSaS0EQht2rPMwQgjthqO_UbFljVLuVnBUTn09-RkkQetcY1Y2ludTBDimckzN83_QwRc/s1600/Map+of+Nottingham+Leicester+and+Derby.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzPrNqIETIS1j3rXjW_mhh9Fc7djzXvDuUTArpdAdIACNcETSnJTotMe96EJXy8-TForFQtjUtSaS0EQht2rPMwQgjthqO_UbFljVLuVnBUTn09-RkkQetcY1Y2ludTBDimckzN83_QwRc/s1600/Map+of+Nottingham+Leicester+and+Derby.jpg" height="640" width="480" /></a></div>
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A map of Nottingham (upper right, also analyzed in this article), Leicester (lower right), Derby (upper left, not analyzed in this article, would have ranked at #73), and vicinity. Sheets from an early ordnance survey of Britain, 1885-1900 [15].</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin0lW8wGwXh_LeOng9DzOljlwJ6heKse-S1yhf4-zJ3kt4V-0g8emg60_aCm7gxWQv8gFXfJ_f5e-3r5dXFg3FJLfWidooZPhSmxHzPvH8jMGI-KOYSTuL3gn-XFmYpy1tflmJz_dUBnCp/s1600/Leicester+View.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin0lW8wGwXh_LeOng9DzOljlwJ6heKse-S1yhf4-zJ3kt4V-0g8emg60_aCm7gxWQv8gFXfJ_f5e-3r5dXFg3FJLfWidooZPhSmxHzPvH8jMGI-KOYSTuL3gn-XFmYpy1tflmJz_dUBnCp/s1600/Leicester+View.jpg" height="362" width="640" /></a></div>
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The Grand Hotel, the towered building on the right down the street, was built 1897-1898. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@52.633694,-1.130531,3a,75y,120.93h,99.65t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1spoPSrzEiIODYE6SCmpqxUQ!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>38. Toronto, Ontario, Canada</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<b>Toronto's Founding:</b> 1793 (as York)<br />
<b>Year of Incorporation as a City:</b> 1834 (simultaneously renamed "Toronto")<br />
<b>1900</b><b> Population</b><b> Rank in the World:</b> #119<br />
<b>Notes</b><b> and Observations</b><b>:</b> Both Montreal and Toronto differ from the trends of the American of the American municipalities in that they both have a peak in population in 1970 opposed to the more common 1950 for the American counterparts. They also amalgamate the areas around them around the turn of the twenty-first century causing an immense spike in population. In Toronto's case, its population gain during the 1990's is the second greatest gain made during a decade of any municipality in this article (NYC's gain in the 1890's during which it amalgamated with Brooklyn was greater).<br />
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=498129309&format=interactive" width="675"></iframe>
<iframe frameborder="0" height="505" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=573893771&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrffyALdP3Q9lavaZ4cV3J1gq6BppM5GQEhlW-LZctnnaeHUtYzwPT-rc2S-NZmMS36R-8MXShiGpblFOHdJUx7YF8K-u4SuacZnCCBnkDUuXikH5LgHvCpq_RBAY0IPAEFiwC19Gt3h3c/s1600/Toronto+View.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrffyALdP3Q9lavaZ4cV3J1gq6BppM5GQEhlW-LZctnnaeHUtYzwPT-rc2S-NZmMS36R-8MXShiGpblFOHdJUx7YF8K-u4SuacZnCCBnkDUuXikH5LgHvCpq_RBAY0IPAEFiwC19Gt3h3c/s1600/Toronto+View.jpg" height="362" width="640" /></a></div>
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To the right is the Beardmore Building, built 1872. Further down the street is a section of building with multiple dormers visible, this is the Griffiths Building which was built 1872-1873 and is one of the few remaining examples of cast-iron fronted Victorian architecture in Canada. Across the street to the left is the Gooderham Building, built 1891, takes up a wedge-shaped lot and in doing so is often referred to as a "Flatiron-type" of building. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@43.647808,-79.375045,3a,75y,97.25h,100.2t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sqSwLXt4VfGv3KSJY59JXOA!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>39. Jersey City, New Jersey, United States</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<b>Jersey City's Founding:</b> 1638<br />
<b>Year of Incorporation as a City:</b> 1820<br />
<b>1900</b><b> Population</b><b> Rank in the World:</b> #122<br />
<b>Notes</b><b> and Observations</b><b>:</b> Interestingly, like Philadelphia, St. Louis, Boston, Cleveland, and Newark, Jersey City also experienced a decline in population during the 1930's. What's different is that it didn't experience a comeback in population during the 1940's like the aforementioned municipalities and instead continued to decrease in population.<br />
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=1658076785&format=interactive" width="678"></iframe>
<iframe frameborder="0" height="505" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=865466269&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx6oSMDlFrf1juCKbahCxS5VFq6K0NRwz963k0azgfLhIzASTZQuIei-GMSZ8kJ11RBQ4SAqwL3OPmme96GIO1O16gxXcwClt_UJXbAmHmfOOM5kNaRARkX4KBMwYScTIwMlHu1gIidgDj/s1600/Map+of+New+York+City+Low+Res.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjx6oSMDlFrf1juCKbahCxS5VFq6K0NRwz963k0azgfLhIzASTZQuIei-GMSZ8kJ11RBQ4SAqwL3OPmme96GIO1O16gxXcwClt_UJXbAmHmfOOM5kNaRARkX4KBMwYScTIwMlHu1gIidgDj/s1600/Map+of+New+York+City+Low+Res.jpg" height="640" width="488" /></a></div>
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A topographic map of New York City and vicinity (Jersey City is on the west side of the Hudson River from lower Manhattan) stitched together from sheets dating from 1889-1897 [51].</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhtFMFBZsalLZ3TJOAatBrysp51TsOte3NE7yRCp29bXe-0b5d4jyE3rxX2y8K1hsN1_MITiKDHQWaeMn6oVi2kJevoTSkm55hk0f1g4iMKcJInE6pnMF-VFzg-69kly3rYhwKMJnBicIX/s1600/Jersey+City+View.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhtFMFBZsalLZ3TJOAatBrysp51TsOte3NE7yRCp29bXe-0b5d4jyE3rxX2y8K1hsN1_MITiKDHQWaeMn6oVi2kJevoTSkm55hk0f1g4iMKcJInE6pnMF-VFzg-69kly3rYhwKMJnBicIX/s1600/Jersey+City+View.jpg" height="362" width="640" /></a></div>
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Victorian commercial buildings in downtown Jersey City. The city is better explored through its impressive stock of Victorian brick and stone residential architecture. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@40.720237,-74.043473,3a,75y,20.92h,112.71t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sff53BlGz96myv8IaSa0-XA!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>40. Louisville, Kentucky, United States</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<b>Louisville's Founding:</b> 1778<br />
<b>Year of Incorporation as a City:</b> 1828<br />
<b>1900</b><b> Population</b><b> Rank in the World:</b> #125<br />
<b>Notes</b><b> and Observations</b><b>:</b> Like New Orleans and Milwaukee, Louisville is an exception for American municipalities in that it didn't begin to decline in population until the 1960's opposed to more commonly the 1950's for other American centres.<br />
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=2010806953&format=interactive" width="675"></iframe>
<iframe frameborder="0" height="505" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=1463808932&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQsOtHhxMHo3219e4U-rc0njH1r435gCMpkgZJ-vmHfr50mMZB-AoFdmdB6olXPqYwO2UiUdSha1rWnp1cWcDNngSAqr-joeTFJogzRm9bB18FajCKHHWn6Ka3bxoyENvLLAZysrE5d6lX/s1600/Map+of+Louisville+Low+Res.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQsOtHhxMHo3219e4U-rc0njH1r435gCMpkgZJ-vmHfr50mMZB-AoFdmdB6olXPqYwO2UiUdSha1rWnp1cWcDNngSAqr-joeTFJogzRm9bB18FajCKHHWn6Ka3bxoyENvLLAZysrE5d6lX/s1600/Map+of+Louisville+Low+Res.jpg" height="640" width="500" /></a></div>
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A topographic map of Louisville and vicinity stitched together from sheets dating from 1905-1910 [51].</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfKSqNRDnoeuK-6aBKXSRUvlztyofbFCyVOzsQEDVHwH-CQ9XHH3V9-7fxRaO-wAJuE6RCC2h0izygv2NvpskLfwOYF6o8Kg6vwk6j1ct6X9Pid7GqMdKZ_Z0f6k-QARPloKbyKMbmTzpY/s1600/Louisville+View.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfKSqNRDnoeuK-6aBKXSRUvlztyofbFCyVOzsQEDVHwH-CQ9XHH3V9-7fxRaO-wAJuE6RCC2h0izygv2NvpskLfwOYF6o8Kg6vwk6j1ct6X9Pid7GqMdKZ_Z0f6k-QARPloKbyKMbmTzpY/s1600/Louisville+View.jpg" height="362" width="640" /></a></div>
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The historic Victorian commercial core of the city features a number of Façades finished in different materials: cast-iron, stone, and brick. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@38.257334,-85.763124,3a,75y,96.14h,92.39t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sCUGhGSFqh_uTt8CwK8qxFw!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>125. Quebec City, Quebec, Canada</b></span></div>
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<b>Quebec City's Founding:</b> 1608<br />
<b>Year of Incorporation as a City:</b> 1832<br />
<b>1900</b><b> Population</b><b> Rank in the World:</b> Much lower than #300<br />
<b>Notes</b><b> and Observations</b><b>:</b> Quebec City's growth has been noticeably stagnant until 2011 where it amalgamated the surrounding metropolitan area subsequently increasing its population in an unprecedented quantity not observed before in its data.<br />
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One of the main reasons why I wanted to included Quebec City in this article for reference is because of how many people tend to regard it as the most "European" or "historic" city (its a walled city on top of a cliff overlooking the mouth of the St. Lawrence River) in North America or north of Mexico. It causes me to question how reliable particular metrics of measurement are on their own in determining whether or not a municipality will contain many examples of Georgian or Victorian architecture. Quebec City is relatively old for North America, it had a sizable population relative to other municipalities in the DESW in North America during the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. It was also lucky in that it didn't end up being redeveloped too much during the modern declining period.<br />
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="505" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=72634238&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyUiAFZRoW_VKQuG-wUoNoVlXu5_5J7K455-KSrFFaEyBcmDH4G_LByE3jB-8hm5sqnWskpzt-28zp06si0KxWcHwcfuHt1wKd0eaWw8CFIMkXlZRBAFoHwcmN0Y7LBp3IZB1lUcJf6S2E/s1600/Quebec+City+View.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyUiAFZRoW_VKQuG-wUoNoVlXu5_5J7K455-KSrFFaEyBcmDH4G_LByE3jB-8hm5sqnWskpzt-28zp06si0KxWcHwcfuHt1wKd0eaWw8CFIMkXlZRBAFoHwcmN0Y7LBp3IZB1lUcJf6S2E/s1600/Quebec+City+View.jpg" height="362" width="640" /></a></div>
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Rue Saint-Pierre in Quebec City was considered to be the "Wall Street" of Canada (Rue Saint-Jacques in Montreal also held the title) around the turn of the twentieth century due to its high concentration of banks. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@46.813759,-71.202582,3a,75y,333.9h,100.16t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sEXDRWKCs-zl4cYISJ_UJGg!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large; line-height: 14.9499998092651px; white-space: pre-wrap;">5 Observations</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;">5.1 Overview of the Population in 1901 Relative to London's</span></h3>
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Below is a chart comparing the populations of each municipality analyzed in this article relative to London's population. Quebec City's population is also included. </div>
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/pubchart?oid=144046491&format=interactive" width="703"></iframe>
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5.2 The Average Onset of Decrease</span></h3>
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The table below shows the which year a municipality peaked in populated before subsequently declining. The small decreases before the onset of steady decline are not taken into consideration. Philadelphia, St. Louis, Boston, Cleveland, and Newark all experienced a brief decline in the 1930's likely as a result of the Great Depression. Jersey City's onset of decrease begun in the 1930's and didn't make a comeback in the 1940's like the aforementioned municipalities.<br />
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="//docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1C4qR_gd-gNUlbywprKuVBdNw9Ap6zLsFNYsHSH87K-o/gviz/chartiframe?oid=568240899" width="600"></iframe>
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The average onset year for all of the municipalities that have experienced a decrease trend in population is 1950/1951 (mathematically 1948.868421, but rounded to an actual census date here). For Canada it is 1971, for the British Isles it is 1940.<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">
5.3 Factors Affecting the Presence of Pre-1900 Architecture Today</span></h3>
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Overall, it would appear important to look at as many factors as possible in order to accurately predict where it is likely that Georgian and Victorian architecture and other artifacts might be found. Humans being present is obviously a necessary condition but it is obviously not in of itself sufficient (e.g. Detroit having many people but subsequent decay). Even if buildings and artifacts are still present there are a number of other factors that influence them.<br />
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<li>How long it has been continuously inhabited. This likely contributes to why older municipalities on the east coast of North America and those among the British Isles tend to have more substantial collections of Georgian, Victorian, and in the case of Britain, even older architecture. Examples: Boston, New York City, Montreal, Quebec City, Edinburgh, Leeds, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, and Bristol. </li>
<li>It didn't go through a "boom and bust" cycle. municipalities that exhibited a more consistent and gradual increase in population and avoided dramatic losses in population tend to have more intact historic inner urban landscapes. Examples: San Francisco, Washington, Toronto, Melbourne, and Sydney. It's interesting to think about how San Francisco and Melbourne are mining boom towns in some sense, but they didn't experience a "bust" and reestablished their economies in other things. In some sense, you could look at Detroit as a boom town with its "boom" occurring over an extended amount of time (i.e., not a simple two year boom most commonly thought of when thinking of a "boom town").</li>
<li>A bourgeoisie was present opposed to only a working class. In cases where the wealthy owners of production live far away (i.e. most commonly London) and invest money into an underdeveloped region (e.g. Uganda) there isn't much gain for the people in the underdeveloped region compared to that of the region that controls it. </li>
<li>It didn't experience disasters. e.g Volcano, fire, war, firestorm, etc. For example, due to the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and subsequent fire, there are very few examples of Victorian architecture remaining within the centre of San Francisco although many examples still exist in the city's Victorian suburbs. </li>
<li>It didn't undergo dramatic urban renewal projects. During the 1960's many Victorian areas that were considered "slums" were razed and modern tower blocks and housing estates were built to replace them. They're still not a favourable place to live. Also, during the second half of the twentieth century may of the central areas of the British municipalities were redeveloped with modern shopping centres. </li>
<li>It possessed prominent institutions and subsequent prestige drawing in more wealth. For instance, being designated as a capital of a region would automatically raise the image of a municipality in people's minds. It would attract more companies and politicians. </li>
<li>The municipality was not part of the greater conurbation of another municipality. For example Salford and West Ham have experienced substantial decline and since they can be easily thought of as components of the more significant municipalities they are near (West Ham was actually absorbed by Greater London) they may not experience rejuvenation. </li>
</ul>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large; line-height: 14.9499998092651px; white-space: pre-wrap;">6 An Interactive Map of the Municipalities</span></h3>
<br />
In this section is an interactive map of all forty-one municipalities analyzed in this article. Each centre is denoted by a red circle with Quebec City being differentiated by a yellow circle. When you click on an icon it will display a box with extra information which includes: the municipality's population in the year 1900/1901 and its rank among municipalities in the world for that year.<br />
<br />
Here's a link to a version of the map where Google Street View is enabled: <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@28.7387089,-62.5865477,9520668m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!6m1!1sz54SYH0JArBA.kKMXMF6rphD0" target="_blank">Map</a>. The overlay on this version is a bit unstable meaning that you may have to reload the page now and then.<br />
<br />
Directly below, there's a full screen option on the upper right corner of the embedded map interface. The full screen version has a search bar that you can use to search for any of the municipalities.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<iframe height="480" src="https://mapsengine.google.com/map/embed?mid=z54SYH0JArBA.kKMXMF6rphD0" width="640"></iframe>
</div>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><br /></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">7 Further Reading and Related Articles</span></h3>
<br />
For links to all of my related writings you can visit my <a href="http://www.thebillywilson.com/p/population-data-articles.html" target="_blank">Population Data and Architecture Articles</a> page.<br />
<br />
Over on Pinterest I frequently pin to architecture boards. Some that are related to this article that I regularly pin to:<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.pinterest.com/billywilson/victorian-skyscrapers/" target="_blank">Victorian Skyscrapers</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.pinterest.com/billywilson/victorian-mansions/" target="_blank">Victorian Mansions</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.pinterest.com/billywilson/victorian-houses/" target="_blank">Victorian Houses</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.pinterest.com/billywilson/georgian-mansions/" target="_blank">Georgian Mansions</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.pinterest.com/billywilson/georgian-buildings/" target="_blank">Georgian Buildings</a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.pinterest.com/billywilson/pre-1900-public-buildings/" target="_blank">Pre-1900 Public Buildings</a></li>
</ul>
<div>
You can help support me and my work by becoming a patron: <a href="http://www.patreon.com/billywilson" target="_blank">http://www.patreon.com/billywilson</a></div>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">8 Glossary</span></h3>
<br />
<ul>
<li><b>Amalgamation:</b> The process of combining or uniting multiple entities into one form.</li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Incorporated:</b> Refers to a "municipal corporation" which is a political subdivision composed of citizens and a geographic area. In this article's case it may be a village, town, or city. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Urban Designation:</b> The official title of "unincorporated", "village", "town", or "city".</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Time Immemorial:</b> Means that something occurred so long ago that no one can really remember or find any records regarding its </span>occurrence.</li>
<li><b>Eclectic:</b> Derived from a broad and diverse range of sources. </li>
<li><b>DESW:</b> "Developed English Speaking World". A term that I came up with to describe the collective of the United States, United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada. </li>
<li><b>City Proper:</b> Meaning contained within the officially recognized boundaries of a city. </li>
<li><b>Rustication:</b> A decorative type of masonry where the stone is cut in such a way that leaves the surface rough or projecting markedly. </li>
<li><b>Conurbation:</b> An urban region comprised of a number of other incorporated municipalities such as towns and cities that all share an interconnection and common identity among each other.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">9 References</span></h3>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
To keep things neat and manageable, I utilize one universal reference list for all of my population and architecture related articles: <a href="http://www.thebillywilson.com/p/to-simplify-things-i-use-this-one.html" target="_blank">Reference List for Population Data and Architecture Articles</a>.<br />
<ol>
</ol>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Billy Wilsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00650540049798713387noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7158284719665231341.post-27049101486573538532014-06-25T19:53:00.000-07:002014-11-14T19:18:32.893-08:00An Interactive Map of the American Urban Centres that Ranked in the Top 100 Most Populated 1790-1900<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large; white-space: pre-wrap;">Contents</span></h3>
<br /><br />1 Introduction <br />2 Legend <br />3 Map <br />4 Observations <br /><ul>
<li>4.1 Urban Centres by Division </li>
<li>4.2 Urban Centres by Cluster </li>
</ul>
5 My Other Population Data Releases <br />6 References: <a href="http://www.thebillywilson.com/p/to-simplify-things-i-use-this-one.html">Complete External List</a><h3 style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><br /></span></b></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">1 Introduction</span></b></h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Plotted in this article are the top 100 most populated American urban centres for each decade since the 1790 census (first year it was taken). Also included are the Canadian centres that would have ranked among the top 100 American centres. The data for the Canadian centres is less reliable though. When including the Canadian centres I didn't exclude any American ones in their place. This means that the totals for each census add up to more than 100.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">One thing to note about the 1790 and 1800 censuses is that at the time in the USA an urban centre was defined as an incorporated community with more than 2,500 inhabitants. Due to this, only 24 places ranked in the 1790 census and 33 for the 1800 census (Hence, the corresponding Canadian data follows the same rules). Another thing to note is that I denote New Orleans as ranking in the top 100 beginning with the 1790 census despite the Louisiana Purchase not occurring until 1803 which means that New Orleans wouldn't have ranked in the top 100 until the 1810 census. In 1750 New Orleans already had around 3,000 inhabitants and by the 1810 census it had 17,242. Therefore it likely would have ranked in the top 100 if it had been part of the USA at the time and that's why I included it.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">By clicking on one of the icons on the map a box will load. If you clicked on an icon for a centre that was no longer present in the top 100 by the 1900 census I include which years the centre did rank within the top 100 including the corresponding ranks and populations (sometimes included is the 1900 population without a rank-I may add more data in time). If you click on one of the icons that was present in the 1900 census I include what census the centre first ranked within the top 100.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">2 Legend</span></b></h3>
<div>
<b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Icon Shapes:</span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Star: Urban centre was present in the top 100 at the 1790 census. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Diamond: Urban centre was present in the top 100 for the first time in the 1800 census. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Square: Urban centre was present in the top 100 for the first time between the 1810 and 1860 censuses. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Circle: Urban centre was present in the top 100 for the first time between the 1870 and 1900 censuses. </span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Icon Colours:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Red: Urban centre was no longer present in the top 100 at the 1900 census. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Yellow: Urban centre was present in the top 100 at the 1900 census. </span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">3 Map</span></b></h3>
<div>
<b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">There's a full screen option on the upper right corner of the map interface, clicking on it will give you a search bar to search places on the map.</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> Here's a version of the map with Google Street View enabled. It tends to be less stable and you might have to reload since the layer crashes now and then. </span><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@40.2068201,-92.1636622,5648472m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!6m1!1sz54SYH0JArBA.k9kLIE_ieVpE" style="font-family: inherit;" target="_blank">Map</a><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<iframe height="480" src="https://mapsengine.google.com/map/embed?mid=z54SYH0JArBA.k9kLIE_ieVpE" style="font-family: inherit;" width="640"></iframe></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">4 Observations</span></b></h3>
<div>
<b><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">
4.1 Urban Centres by Division</span></h3>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Below is a table showing urban centres by province/state/territory/district according to how divisions were in the year 1900. The first number following the name represents the number of urban centres in the top 100 present in 1900. The second number represents how many have ranked in the top 100 between 1790-1900. The percentage of how many existed in 1900 out of the total number urban centres since 1790 is included following the two numbers. Also included is the 1900 population. Canada is in red.</span><br />
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div>
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>Massachusetts, USA:</u> 12/30 | 40% | 2,805,346</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>Pennsylvania, USA:</u> 10/21 | 48% | 6,302,115</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>New York, USA:</u> 9/21 | 43% | 7,268,894</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>Ohio, USA:</u> 7/11 | 64% | 4,157,545</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>New Jersey, USA:</u> 7/8 | 88% | 1,883,669</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>Connecticut, USA:</u> 4/7 | 57% | 908,420</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>Indiana, USA:</u> 3/6 | 50% | 2,516,462</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>Rhode Island, USA:</u> 2/6 | 33% | 428,556</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>Virginia, USA:</u> 2/6 | 33% | 1,854,184</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: inherit;"><u>Ontario, CA:</u> 3/5 | 60% | 2,182,947</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>Iowa, USA:</u> 2/5 | 40% | 2,231,853</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>Maine, USA:</u> 1/5 | 20% | 694,466</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>California, USA:</u> 3/4 | 75% | 1,485,053</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>Michigan, USA:</u> 3/4 | 75% | 2,420,982</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>Texas, USA:</u> 3/4 | 75% | 3,048,710</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>Kentucky, USA:</u> 2/4 | 50% | 2,147,174</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>Illinois, USA:</u> 2/4 | 50% | 4,821,550</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>Maryland, USA:</u> 1/4 | 25% | 1,188,044</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>New Hampshire, USA:</u> 1/4 | 25% | 411,588</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>North Carolina, USA:</u> 0/4 | 0% | 1,893,810</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>Missouri, USA:</u> 3/3 | 100% | 3,106,665</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>Minnesota, USA:</u> 3/3 | 100% | 1,751,394</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>Georgia, USA:</u> 3/3 | 100% | 2,216,331</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>Alabama, USA:</u> 2/3 | 67% | 1,828,697</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>Kansas, USA:</u> 1/3 | 33% | 1,470,495</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>Tennessee, USA:</u> 2/2 | 100% | 2,020,616</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: inherit;"><u>Quebec, CA:</u> 2/2 | 100% | 1,648,898</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>Nebraska, USA:</u> 2/2 | 100% | 1,066,300</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>Washington, USA:</u> 1/2 | 50% | 518,103</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>District of Columbia:</u> 1/2 | 50% | 278,718</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: inherit;"><u>Nova Scotia, CA:</u> 1/2 | 50% | 459,574</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>South Carolina, USA:</u> 1/2 | 50% | 1,340,316</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>Louisiana, USA:</u> 1/2 | 50% | 1,381,625</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>Newfoundland:</u> 0/2 | 0% | 220,984</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>Wisconsin, USA:</u> 1/1 | 100% | 2,069,042</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: inherit;"><u>Manitoba, CA:</u> 1/1 | 100% | 255,211</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>Arkansas, USA:</u> 1/1 | 100% | 1,311,564</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: inherit;"><u>New Brunswick, CA:</u> 1/1 | 100% | 331,120</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>Delaware, USA:</u> 1/1 | 100% | 184,735</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>Oregon, USA:</u> 1/1 | 100% | 413,536</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>West Virginia, USA:</u> 1/1 | 100% | 958,800</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>Colorado, USA:</u> 1/1 | 100% | 539,700</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>Hawaii Territory, USA:</u> 1/1* | 100% | 154,001</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>Utah, USA:</u> 1/1 | 100% | 276,749</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>Mississippi, USA:</u> 0/1 | 0% | 1,551,270</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>Vermont, USA:</u> 0 | 343,641</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>Florida, USA:</u> 0 | 528,542</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>Indian Territory (Oklahoma), USA:</u> 0 | 790,391</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>South Dakota, USA:</u> 0 | 401,570</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>North Dakota, USA:</u> 0 | 319,146</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>Montana, USA:</u> 0 | 243,329</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>Wyoming, USA:</u> 0 | 92,531</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>Idaho, USA:</u> 0 | 161,772</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>Arizona Territory, USA:</u> 0 | 122,931</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>New Mexico Territory, USA:</u> 0 | 195,310</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>Alaska Territory, USA:</u> 0 | 63,592</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>Nevada, USA:</u> 0 | 42,335</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: inherit;"><u>Prince Edward Island, CA:</u> 0 | 103,259</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: inherit;"><u>British Columbia, CA:</u> 0 | 178,657</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: inherit;"><u>Northwest Territories (includes Saskatchewan, Alberta, Yukon Territory, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut), CA:</u> 0 | 211,649</span></li>
</ol>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">*Honolulu, not included on map.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">It's interesting that by the 1900 census North Carolina didn't contain any urban centres within the top 100. What's even more interesting is that it didn't even rank within the top 200 either (U.S. Bureau of the Census (1900)). Despite this, during previous censuses it had a number of urban centres which did rank within the top 100. These included Raleigh, Fayetteville, New Bern, and Wilmington. North Carolina is the only state that was part of the original 13 colonies that didn't have an urban centre rank in the 1900 census.</span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">A pie chart showing the distribution of urban centres per state/province/territory/district that ranked in the top 100 most populated at some point between the 1790-1900 censuses. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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</script>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">A pie chart showing the distribution of urban centres by state/province/territory/district that ranked in the top 100 most populated at the 1900 census. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">In order for an urban centre to continually rank in the top 100, each decade it would have to have a net increase large enough to keep up with the rate of increase other urban centres are experiencing at the same time. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">
4.2 Urban Centres by Cluster</span></h3>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">When one looks very closely at the map you can spot a number of areas where urban centres appear to cluster. Typically when there's a city drawing in a number of people the towns immediately surrounding it also experience a growth in population. In the chart below I highlight the clusters you can find on the map. The primary urban centre is named first followed by the urban centres surrounding it.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>New York City, New York (10):</b> Brooklyn, New York; Williamsburg, New York; Yonkers, New York; Hoboken, New Jersey; Jersey City, New Jersey; Elizabeth, New Jersey; New Brunswick, New Jersey; Newark, New Jersey; Paterson, New Jersey;</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (7):</b> Northern Liberties Township, Pennsylvania; Southwark District, Pennsylvania; Kensington District, Pennsylvania; Spring Garden District, Pennsylvania; Moyamensing Township, Pennsylvania; Camden, New Jersey; </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Boston, Massachusetts (7):</b> Charlestown, Massachusetts; Cambridge, Massachusetts; Somerville, Massachusetts; Chelsea, Massachusetts; Roxbury, Massachusetts; Dorchester, Massachusetts; </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Providence, Rhode Island (5):</b> Pawtucket, Rhode Island; Cumberland, Rhode Island; North Providence, Rhode Island; Warwick, Rhode Island; </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Albany, New York (5):</b> Troy, New York; West Troy (Watervliet), New York; Cohoes, New York; Schenectady, New York; </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Salem, Massachusetts (4):</b> Marblehead, Massachusetts; Beverly, Massachusetts; Danvers, Massachusetts; </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Washington, DC (3):</b> Georgetown, DC; Alexandria, Virginia; </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Cincinnati, Ohio (3):</b> Covington, Kentucky; Newport, Kentucky; </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Springfield, Massachusetts (3):</b> Chicoppe, Massachusetts; Holyoke, Massachusetts; </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>San Francisco, California (2):</b> Oakland, California; </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>New Orleans, Louisiana (2):</b> Lafayette, Louisiana; </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (2):</b> Allegheny, Pennsylvania; </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Kansas City, Missouri (2):</b> Kansas City, Kansas; </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Louisville, Kentucky (2):</b> New Albany, Indiana; </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Minneapolis, Minnesota (2):</b> St. Paul, Minnesota; </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Seattle, Washington (2):</b> Tacoma, Washington; </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Scranton, Pennsylvania (2):</b> Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania; </span></li>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Many times the centres which grow around larger urban centres aren't even in the same state. Over time many of these surrounding urban centres are absorbed by the growing primary urban centre. The introduction of new technologies like the electric streetcar and subsequently the automobile accelerated this process. All of this later led to suburbanization. For more information on that topic you can read one of my other articles: <a href="http://www.thebillywilson.com/2013/02/using-population-data-google-street.html">Using Population Data & Google Street View to Illustrate how Many of North America's Beautiful Buildings were Destroyed and What we can do Now </a></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">In the peculiar case of Philadelphia, its city boundaries stayed the same for a very long time and the way the city grew (north and south) didn't correspond to its boundaries which stretched east from the Delaware River west towards the Schuylkill River.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Colton, G. W. (1856) <i>The United States of America.</i> Retrieved from the <a href="http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~1659~130018:The-United-States-Of-America--Publi#" target="_blank">David Rumsey Collection</a>.</span></div>
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<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">
5 My Other Population Data Releases</span></h3>
<br /> For links to all of my related writings you can visit my <a href="http://www.thebillywilson.com/p/population-data-articles.html">Population Data and Architecture Articles</a> page.<br /><ul>
<li><a href="http://www.thebillywilson.com/2014/04/every-city-in-world-with-more-than.html">The Population of Every Urban Centre in the World with More than 100,000 Inhabitants in the Year 1900</a>. </li>
<li><a href="http://www.thebillywilson.com/2014/04/every-urban-centre-in-north-america.html">The Population of Every Urban Centre in North America with more than 5,000 inhabitants in the year 1900</a>. </li>
<li><a href="http://www.thebillywilson.com/2012/12/the-population-of-every-city-in-canada.html">The Population of Every Urban Centre in Canada and the USA with more than 5,000 Inhabitants in 1900</a>. </li>
<li><a href="http://www.thebillywilson.com/2014/05/the-population-of-every-incorporated.html">The Population of Every Incorporated Urban Centre in Canada & Newfoundland in the Year 1901</a>.</li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">You can help support me and my work by becoming a patron: </span><a href="http://www.patreon.com/billywilson" style="font-size: medium; font-weight: normal;" target="_blank">http://www.patreon.com/billywilson</a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">6 References</span></b></h3>
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<br />
To keep things neat and manageable, I utilize one universal reference list for all of my population and architecture related articles: <a href="http://www.thebillywilson.com/p/to-simplify-things-i-use-this-one.html" target="_blank">Reference List for Population Data and Architecture Articles</a>. </div>
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</ul>
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Billy Wilsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00650540049798713387noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7158284719665231341.post-79952250785628486022014-05-05T23:24:00.001-07:002015-01-11T11:22:37.642-08:00The Population of Every Municipality in Canada & Newfoundland with more than 500 Inhabitants in the Year 1901<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">
Contents</span></h3>
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<h4 style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: auto; word-spacing: 0px;">
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">1 Introduction</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">2 Methods of Collection</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">3 Legend</span><br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">3.1 Column Headers</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">3.2 Abbreviations</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">3.3 Railway Lines</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">4 The Population Data and Interactive Map</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">5 Observations</span><br />
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<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">5.1 Overview</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">5.2 The Most Populated Municipalities in the Year 1901 by Provinces and Territories</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">5.3 Municipalities by Urban Designation</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">6 Further Reading and Related Articles</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">7 Glossary</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">8 References</span>: <a href="http://www.thebillywilson.com/p/to-simplify-things-i-use-this-one.html">Complete External List</a><br />
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<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">
1 Introduction</span></h3>
<br />
I have an obsession with collecting population data for the year 1900/1901 & I've been collecting data since around 2011. It gives you a lot of insight into how the world was at the time. The further back in time you go the more difficult it is to find reliable comprehensive sources of populations data.<br />
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<img border="0" height="501" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-qAjpmRWtcQ2vLORNKhEw2-8COIJXJjjcnvulgyGEVb_RZzTFMng9yznYPtpmLEoXMHHAgG0cC7NlRN0T_55aFFW7PtQMVFcOKiEnNdtDQDFQggrnhMEU6bgQJIdphjQLqU-0r03Ofhvz/s1600/2844084.jpg" width="640" /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Rand McNally and Company. (1903). <i>British America.</i> Retrieved from the <a href="http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~37926~1210774:British-America-?sort=Pub_List_No_InitialSort%2CPub_Date%2CPub_List_No%2CSeries_No#">David Rumsey Collection</a>. [9] </div>
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The map above shows the territorial divisions of the Dominion of Canada and the Colony of Newfoundland around the turn of the twentieth century.<br />
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My main interest in historic population data stems from the fact that you can use it to infer where infrastructure would have been built at a particular time in history. Buildings are created by humans, so where there are humans, there ought to have been buildings of some type (even is it's a tent, tipi, or a hut) built by them.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVqc3Ca97tSlrZcjsDexehM-5Quk6BX8peuQxt4Ub30Dui42EK326h6e6pp9es-XWHskr43LjcQ6Ht55wfCbAM6hLIp4XGiEGIuPWA8qiIZEyglDrJEgAK3CC5K3aSCfzhGlwE8Ih_f-J2/s1600/22222+Blog+Canada.jpg"><img border="0" height="364" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVqc3Ca97tSlrZcjsDexehM-5Quk6BX8peuQxt4Ub30Dui42EK326h6e6pp9es-XWHskr43LjcQ6Ht55wfCbAM6hLIp4XGiEGIuPWA8qiIZEyglDrJEgAK3CC5K3aSCfzhGlwE8Ih_f-J2/s1600/22222+Blog+Canada.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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In 1901, Montreal was the most populated municipality in Canada. It isn't a surprise that it's also one of the most renowned cities in Canada for historic pre-1900 architecture. Image via: <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@45.501288,-73.558614,3a,75y,30.73h,99.71t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sOhzfu5cOek5v-4otdDOQ_w!2e0">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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To me, the years 1900/1901 were a pivotal time in history. It was when Queen Victoria died and King Edward VII ascended to the throne formally closing the Victorian era. It was when new technologies were coming out. Steel was being used to construct buildings of a height greater than six stories. Horseless carriages were beginning to be seen. Even technology for motion pictures was being developed.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnhnmIWqru5-eZMxqiyNenDo-mPIRFrgBahxWFT4hYJkV98j1jfq58lAzL1s1UETpwLaOQTapnMrAV-cbNUx3pydK_CUH0nHg55jfw6aKwCyMn3lxtQdYveoWsCO9UR08W-Z-EugxFUKb1/s1600/22222+Blog+Canada1.jpg"><img border="0" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnhnmIWqru5-eZMxqiyNenDo-mPIRFrgBahxWFT4hYJkV98j1jfq58lAzL1s1UETpwLaOQTapnMrAV-cbNUx3pydK_CUH0nHg55jfw6aKwCyMn3lxtQdYveoWsCO9UR08W-Z-EugxFUKb1/s1600/22222+Blog+Canada1.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Place d'Armes, Montreal, Quebec. Image via: <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@45.505,-73.557542,3a,75y,80.24h,106.64t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sj_IuA0B62fUtAD-0tiAhrw!2e0">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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In the image above, the tall red stone building with a clock tower on the left is the New York Life Insurance Building in Montreal, Quebec. Erected between 1887-1889, it is considered to be Canada's first skyscraper. It incorporated new technologies using iron and steel to help support the structure. <br />
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Industry was also exploding. Things were becoming more and more massed produced. Soon assembly lines and systems of interchangeable parts would come into existence. Automobiles would become more common than horses on the streets. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF1bnZhmhcGT5k9KxSsFzcLbj3_thQ4DOxJC-4Grwiqy0kjyrsR2QB_bLzvcQ72ESHTomE4wCF2Rk40t6wSRWpIY_4MF7vHPdxtjYP_9lmerT8Nc_J3Yh2DtQa1SOtFx6fZt7t3NEG35XJ/s1600/Marysville.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiF1bnZhmhcGT5k9KxSsFzcLbj3_thQ4DOxJC-4Grwiqy0kjyrsR2QB_bLzvcQ72ESHTomE4wCF2Rk40t6wSRWpIY_4MF7vHPdxtjYP_9lmerT8Nc_J3Yh2DtQa1SOtFx6fZt7t3NEG35XJ/s1600/Marysville.jpg" height="364" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
A cotton mill in Marysville, New Brunswick. Image via: <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@45.978913,-66.589483,3a,75y,117.07h,94.97t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1srJwzzFcjqYXFT3apCTNcVA!2e0">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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Marysville, which is now a part of Fredericton, is considered to be the best preserved 19th century mill town in Canada. It comes complete with still intact 19th century duplexes that are still used as residences. In the year 1901 the <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> was the 182nd most populated in all of Canada and the 27th in New Brunswick containing 1,892 inhabitants. <br />
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Through all of these technological innovations, by 1900/1901 Victorian society still had a delicate taste in architecture that would gradually be lost over subsequent years following the Victorian era. It's my desire to find and admire Victorian and Georgian era architecture of all types (as well as equivalent architecture in other parts of the world) and it is this that drives me to collect so much data regarding this time in history.<br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8D1jsPvhERKZLiDkAf1KsIRMnoafACDXes4pG6qZ-LMxg3h_POqDzYuHspYCsgudQmeraZKYDiGCjPee7TpxxoV1DSt0xKFaC2VI8USuBixEgk097jIJ93CTKt_Q0YftAfkbU_Si8Ql2r/s1600/22222+Blog+Canada3.jpg"><img border="0" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8D1jsPvhERKZLiDkAf1KsIRMnoafACDXes4pG6qZ-LMxg3h_POqDzYuHspYCsgudQmeraZKYDiGCjPee7TpxxoV1DSt0xKFaC2VI8USuBixEgk097jIJ93CTKt_Q0YftAfkbU_Si8Ql2r/s1600/22222+Blog+Canada3.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Lower-Town, Quebec City. Image via <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@46.813224,-71.202412,3a,75y,160.92h,93.61t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sBW3G8tNM_j1iXsQiD16x-w!2e0">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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Quebec City is well known for its old architecture, dramatic location, fortifications, château, citadelle, French culture, and relatively long European history for North America, being founded in 1608 by Samuel de Champlain. It was the third most populated <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> in Canada and the second most in Quebec in the year 1901. <br />
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Even some of the least populated communities listed in this article can boast interesting pre-1901 architecture. Below are a couple of examples. <br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxV5yf2efWPu1LOzEtWIug5Mfi2LGammmgWhfRyXa0kiuj9pvgqg1u-oLcJUK-_lYNX1HDuoqAccoLbN4sGT5URT9oStwOxQMlgclWf6SMmMgSyeRXTbNibwMkfkBddd5zDpRm1tG1YvvJ/s1600/22222+Blog+Canada4.jpg"><img border="0" height="361" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxV5yf2efWPu1LOzEtWIug5Mfi2LGammmgWhfRyXa0kiuj9pvgqg1u-oLcJUK-_lYNX1HDuoqAccoLbN4sGT5URT9oStwOxQMlgclWf6SMmMgSyeRXTbNibwMkfkBddd5zDpRm1tG1YvvJ/s1600/22222+Blog+Canada4.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Above is the community of Yamachiche, Quebec. A village known for its Picturesque 19th century brick houses. It was the 337th most populated municipality in Canada and 94th in Quebec being the home of 1,100 inhabitants in the year 1901. Image via: <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@46.282564,-72.830426,3a,49.9y,7.57h,91.91t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sOLFf044Re5qyHkb9gQ_4jA!2e0">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhArBLlbTzZh-JRH2sIQe3P4s2DHUOutgitj4MdQP2KpORGCO4m3xjAtRbm8O-dVVyxg9wCv3gxMIeRVndyLb3q4wU2K1psNfe-Lc2dO5uyClW6Bm6k59sATef-pvLisFwxfS8zfRg-5NsR/s1600/Millbrook+Ontario.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhArBLlbTzZh-JRH2sIQe3P4s2DHUOutgitj4MdQP2KpORGCO4m3xjAtRbm8O-dVVyxg9wCv3gxMIeRVndyLb3q4wU2K1psNfe-Lc2dO5uyClW6Bm6k59sATef-pvLisFwxfS8zfRg-5NsR/s1600/Millbrook+Ontario.jpg" height="500" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Above is Millbrook, Ontario. A village that only had 917 inhabitants in 1901 making it the 402nd most populated municipality in Canada. Image via: <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@44.15082,-78.447486,3a,75y,155.48h,111.71t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1s3M2vEw8cwYNn-mevDUjdXg!2e0">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">
2 Methods of Collection</span></h3>
<br />
Initially when collecting the data for this article I used data from Library and Archives Canada. (1901). <i style="font-family: inherit;">1901 Census.</i> [10] through a website that summarized each census area by the number of lines per page. I was able to estimate (with great accuracy) the population of a <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> to the nearest 50. Since then I've revised and corroborated my data with <i>Rand McNally & Co.'s Enlarged Business Atlas and Shippers' Guide.</i> (1903). [9] where in their indices they indicated the populations of all of the <span style="text-align: center;">municipalities </span>in their atlas.<br />
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Rand McNally is an American company centred in Chicago and many of their place names for Quebec and New Brunswick were Anglicized making place identification difficult (since the names are typically in French by convention). This difficulty was compounded since many communities in Quebec have amalgamated or changed their names numerous times since 1901. I had to do a lot of research to track down the current names and locations of these <span style="text-align: center;">municipalities</span>. In section 4.5 I have an interactive Google map displaying every <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> found in this article.<br />
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I also referred to <span style="text-align: center;">Dept. of the Interior, Canada. (1911). </span><i style="font-family: inherit; text-align: center;">Population, 1911: Cities and towns with population upwards of 7,000.</i> [8] published by the Canadian Department of the Interior which highlighted the population trends of <span style="text-align: center;">municipalities</span> that had more than 7,000 inhabitants in 1911 all the way back to the first census in 1871.<br />
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A number of <span style="text-align: center;">municipalities</span> especially in the Maritimes are more like "rural municipalities" that are highly decentralized. Many of them have also declined in population as well since fishing and farming have decreased. Many other communities all over Canada especially in British Columbia, the Maritimes, and Quebec were once mining centres that have nearly become ghost-towns. A number of rail-towns and ports have also declined.<br />
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The rate of incorporation for <span style="text-align: center;">municipalities</span> with populations lower than 2,000 appears to vary from region to region. For instance, in the Maritimes <span style="text-align: center;">municipalities</span> don't appear to have been formally incorporated unless they had a couple thousand inhabitants opposed to the threshold being around 1,000 for much of Ontario and Quebec. When it comes to Western Canada the threshold appears to be much lower though. All of this is what I've observed and I haven't found an official statement to confirm my observations. <br />
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Newfoundland's data is the hardest to come by since Newfoundland at the time wasn't part of the Canadian Confederation and didn't take censuses during the same years. It is likely largely underrepresented in this article especially for communities with less than 2,000 inhabitants. With many of my figures I've had to estimate the populations using data that was collected by businesses and churches around 1901. It's because of this that I exclude Newfoundland from the main population data and give it a subsection of its own.<br />
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Many of the <span style="text-align: center;">municipalities</span> listed do not exist anymore since they've become amalgamated with nearby <span style="text-align: center;">municipalities</span> as they grew (see section 5.1). The rise of the automobile & public transportation also allowed for the development of commuter neighbourhoods (see section 5.2). <br />
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Many of the county seats were identified by using maps published by Rand McNally, Cram, and the Dominion Publishing Company. For Quebec, the seats were identified by <span style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: start;">Appleton, D. & Co. (1891). </span><i style="text-align: start;">Map of Quebec 50.</i> [30]. Ontario's and some of Quebec's were also verified by the <span style="text-align: start;">Dominion Publishing Company. (1899). </span><i style="text-align: start;">The Canadian Dominion Survey, With Distances, A New Railway, Post-Office,Township and Precinct Map Of Ontario and Quebec.</i> [31]. Manitoba's and British Columbia's</span> were identified by using Cram, G. F. (1901). <i style="font-family: inherit;">Cram's Standard American Railway System Atlas of the World.</i> [5].<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">
3 Legend</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: white;">In this section I outline what each column header and abbreviation means in section 4.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">3.1 Column Headers</span></h3>
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In section 4 are two tables. The first one displays every <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> in the Dominion of Canada with more than 500 inhabitants in the year 1901. The second one displays what data has been collected for the Colony of Newfoundland. The tables include the following headings which can be clicked on to sort ascending or descending:</div>
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<ul><span style="font-size: small;">
<li style="font-family: inherit;"><b><i>Untitled</i>:</b> This number column is permanent in its order and doesn't change as you sort by different columns. This can be used for reference as you're comparing data (particularly amalgamation and agglomeration populations). </li>
<li style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b># (Number):</b> This column indicates the population rank of the <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> within the Dominion of Canada in the year 1901. </span></li>
<li style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Municipality:</b> The name of the <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> is given. Alternative spellings are separated by "/" and if the <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> has been renamed (but not absorbed, amalgamated, or reincorporated as massive area [i.e., Mississauga]) the new name will be in (parentheses). </span></li>
<li><b style="font-family: inherit;">County:</b><span style="font-family: inherit;"> The name of the county the <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> is located in. If it is located in a district and not a county the name is followed by "Dist.". If the county has changed name, amalgamated, </span>dissolved<span style="font-family: inherit;">, or reincorporated as a different entity, that is stated in (parentheses) unless it has formed a regional municipality which in that case the name will be under "Amalgamation".</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b># in Co. (Number in County):</b> This is the <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span>'s 1901 population rank relative to the other <span style="text-align: center;">municipalities</span> in its county.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Total in Co. (Total in County):</b> This is the total number of <span style="text-align: center;">municipalities</span> with more than 500 inhabitants in the year 1901 present in the county the <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> is found in. This is given for reference since it can give you insight as to how the <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> compares to its neighbours. </span></li>
<li style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Seat:</b> If the <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> is the seat of its county a "Yes" is displayed.</span></li>
<li style="font-family: inherit;"><b><b>Prov. (</b>Province):</b> The province the <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> is found in. If it was located in a territory in 1901 the name of the modern province it is currently located in is located at the end in (parentheses).</li>
<li style="font-family: inherit;"><b># in Prov. (Number in Province):</b> This is the <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span>'s 1901 population rank relative to other <span style="text-align: center;">municipalities</span> in its province. </li>
<li style="font-family: inherit;"><b><b>Cap. (</b>Capital):</b> If the <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> is a capital, whether it is the provincial capital (Prov.) or the federal capital (Fed.) is stated in this column.</li>
<li style="font-family: inherit;"><b><b>Pop. (</b>Population):</b> The 1901 population of the <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span>.</li>
<li style="font-family: inherit;"><b><b>U.D. (</b>Urban Designation):</b> The formal designation of either City, Town, Village, or Unincorporated (Uninc.).</li>
<li style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Amalg.? (Amalgamation?):</b> If the <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> no longer exists because it has been part of an amalgamation, a "Yes" is displayed in this column. </li>
<li style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Amalg. (Amalgamation):</b> If the <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> has been part of an amalgamation the primary predecessor <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> (most populated or namesake) is stated in this column. When sorting by this column the primary predecessor <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> will rank first. </li>
<li style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Amalg. Pop. (Amalgamation Population):</b> <span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; white-space: pre-wrap;">The sum of all of the <span style="line-height: normal; text-align: center; white-space: normal;">municipalities</span> that existed in 1901 that contained more than 500 inhabitants that have amalgamated with the primary predecessor <span style="line-height: normal; text-align: center; white-space: normal;">municipality</span>. This includes the primary predecessor <span style="line-height: normal; text-align: center; white-space: normal;">municipality</span>'s population (e.g., the population of Montreal proper (primary predecessor <span style="line-height: normal; text-align: center; white-space: normal;">municipality</span>) in 1901 was 267,730 inhabitants and when you add the 1901 population of all of the <span style="line-height: normal; text-align: center; white-space: normal;">municipalities</span> that currently make up Montreal's present day incorporation it adds up to 334,193 inhabitants). This column also contains the population of all of the <span style="line-height: normal; text-align: center; white-space: normal;">municipalities</span> which didn't amalgamate to allow for a population comparison. </span></li>
<li style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Diff. (Difference):</b> The amalgamation population minus the population proper of the primary predecessor <span style="line-height: normal; text-align: center; white-space: normal;">municipality</span>. </span></li>
<li style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><b>Agglom.? (Agglomeration?):</b> If the <span style="line-height: normal; text-align: center; white-space: normal;">municipality</span> is currently situated within the commuter area of a much larger present day <span style="line-height: normal; text-align: center; white-space: normal;">municipality</span> a "Yes" is displayed.</span></li>
<li style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Agglom. (Agglomeration):</b> If the <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> is currently situated within the commuter area of a much larger present day <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> the abbreviated name of the larger <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> is given in this column.</li>
<li style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Agglom. Pop. (Agglomeration Population):</b> <span style="line-height: 18.399999618530273px; white-space: pre-wrap;">The sum of all of the <span style="line-height: normal; text-align: center; white-space: normal;">municipalities</span> that existed in 1901 that contained more than 500 inhabitants that are within an <span style="line-height: normal; text-align: center; white-space: normal;">municipality</span>'s modern commuter area. This includes the population of the of the primary urban predecessor <span style="line-height: normal; text-align: center; white-space: normal;">municipality</span> (or <span style="line-height: normal; text-align: center; white-space: normal;">municipality</span>) proper and all of the <span style="line-height: normal; text-align: center; white-space: normal;">municipalities</span> that have been annexed by it. This column also contains the population of all of the <span style="line-height: normal; text-align: center; white-space: normal;">municipalities</span> which didn't amalgamate or happen to be within the commuter area of a more influential modern <span style="line-height: normal; text-align: center; white-space: normal;">municipality</span> to allow for population comparison. </span></li>
<li><b>Δ <span style="font-family: inherit;">Diff. (Total Change in Difference):</span></b><span style="font-family: inherit;"> The agglomeration population minus the population proper of the primary predecessor <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span>.</span></li>
<li style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Rail Companies:</b> Which rail companies provided service in the area [7] [5]. </li>
<li style="font-family: inherit;"><b># of Rail Lines:</b> An enumeration of the number of lines radiating from each <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> (node) [7] [5]. </li>
<li style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Navigable Waterbody:</b> The name of the navigable waterbody the <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> is on [7] [5]. </li>
<li style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Great Lakes Waterway:</b> If the <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> is in some way connected to the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence River by a navigable route, a "Yes" is displayed in this column [7] [5]. </li>
<li style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Ocean:</b> If the <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> is on or is in some way connected to an ocean by a navigable waterway (naturally, by canal, or other engineering projects), the name of that ocean is displayed in this column. If the <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> is on a landlocked navigable waterbody "Inland" is displayed [7] [5]. </li>
<li style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Electric Streetcars:</b> If the <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> possessed an electric streetcar system in the year 1901, the year it first opened as an electric route is stated along with when it was discontinued. If the <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> was a commuter suburb of a larger one with a streetcar system, many times it was also serviced by it. In these cases if they were serviced by it before or by 1901 the same dates stated for the primary <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> will also be stated for them. </li>
<li style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Banks:</b> A "Yes" is displayed if the <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> had banking services in 1901 [5]. </li>
<li style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Sources:</b> The sources for the population figure. Each number corresponds to the numbers used in the reference section at the end of this article. </li>
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<span style="font-size: large;">3.2 Abbreviations</span></h3>
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="615" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1O4s6UxIP3qZhRU7Tb1x103OMKaKz6dNsqYhL3KRXjo8/pubchart?oid=2040869833&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b></b><b>3.3 Railway Lines</b></span></div>
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="650" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1O4s6UxIP3qZhRU7Tb1x103OMKaKz6dNsqYhL3KRXjo8/pubchart?oid=370808042&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe><br /></div>
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It is important to note though, that the amalgamation and agglomeration populations do <i>not</i> reflect the total population that would have resided within those areas in 1901 since we are only using urban populations (threshold of 500 inhabitants) and discarding the rural population that would of also occupied the area.</div>
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Also, concerning the counties column there are two special cases. When it comes to the District of Algoma, since 1901 parts of it have broken off and formed the Districts of both Sudbury and Manitoulin. Due to this the numerical ordering is inconsistent for Algoma when sorting by counties. When it comes to the <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> of Bear River, it's split between the counties of Annapolis and Digby. Since each <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> is only listed once in the data, I've chosen to list it as being present under Annapolis' count of four <span style="text-align: center;">municipalities</span> and leave Digby as missing one of its four <span style="text-align: center;">municipalities</span>. </div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">
4 The Population Data and Interactive Map</span></h3>
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In this section are two interactive tables and an interactive Google map. One table is for the Dominion of Canada and the other is for the Colony of Newfoundland. The tables have their own independent scroll bars on the bottom and on the right of their interface. You can use them to navigate from column to column and row to row.<br />
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The data for Canada and Newfoundland are displayed separately because Newfoundland's data is incomplete since the colony didn't take censuses during the same years as the Dominion of Canada and data is scarce.<br />
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Beneath the tables is the interactive Google map, close by to allow one to go back and forth easily. A gold star icon represents 100,000+ inhabitants, red star 10,000-100,000, diamond 5,000-10,000, square 2,500-5,000, circle 1,000-2,500, and pink circle 500-1,000. When you click on an icon it will display the <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span>'s population and rank for the year 1901. Since I've updated the data on this article since making the map the rank in the description of each icon is slightly inaccurate. So it's best to refer to the data in the article. Nevertheless, the rank still gives you a very good ballpark measurement. There's a full screen option on the map in the upper right of its interface, that version has a search bar that you can use to search for any of the <span style="text-align: center;">municipalities</span>.<br />
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- <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@54.3846255,-112.3800045,3429295m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!6m1!1sz54SYH0JArBA.kmbZTv6pPvZg" target="_blank">Interactive Map with Street View enabled (Unstable)</a><br />
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- Information last updated 02/09/2014<br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<iframe frameborder="0" height="649" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1O4s6UxIP3qZhRU7Tb1x103OMKaKz6dNsqYhL3KRXjo8/pubchart?oid=1860551329&format=interactive" width="880"></iframe></span></span><br />
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="281" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1O4s6UxIP3qZhRU7Tb1x103OMKaKz6dNsqYhL3KRXjo8/pubchart?oid=1369679318&format=interactive" width="880"></iframe></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><iframe height="480" src="https://mapsengine.google.com/map/embed?mid=z54SYH0JArBA.kmbZTv6pPvZg" width="640"></iframe>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">5 Observations</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;">5.1 Overview</span></h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br />In the year 1901 the population of the Dominion of Canada was 5,371,315 inhabitants & the population of the Colony of Newfoundland was 220,984. At the time only 38% of the dominion was urbanized. Today, 80.7% of Canada's population is urbanized. Below is a provincial-territorial-colonial breakdown of the population followed by percent urbanization [1] which everything is sorted by. Beneath them are figures that have been derived from this article specifically:</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">British Columbia: 178,657 | 50%: </span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: normal;"><br /><span style="text-align: center;">Municipalities</span>: 27</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ontario: 2,182,947 | 43%: </span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: normal;"><br /><span style="text-align: center;">Municipalities</span>: 292</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Quebec: 1,648,898 | 40%:<span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: normal;"><br /><span style="text-align: center;">Municipalities</span>: 237</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Nova Scotia: 459,574 | 28%:<span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: normal;"><br /><span style="text-align: center;">Municipalities</span>: 72</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Manitoba: 255,211 | 28%:<span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"><br /><span style="text-align: center;">Municipalities</span>: 23</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Northwest Territories (at the time included a large portion of Manitoba & what would become both Alberta & Saskatchewan): 211,649 | 24%:<span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: normal;"><br /><span style="text-align: center;">Municipalities</span>: 20</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">New Brunswick: 331,120 | 23%:<span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: normal;"><br /><span style="text-align: center;">Municipalities</span>: 37</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Prince Edward Island: 103,259 | 14%:<span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: normal;"><br /><span style="text-align: center;">Municipalities</span>: 6</span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Newfoundland: 220,984 | ?%:<span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: normal;"><br /><span style="text-align: center;">Municipalities</span>: 10</span></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="//docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1ADD8xSVZnRe5SOUzugQFIGg0I0tZtTFhkXFwkMmmK90/gviz/chartiframe?oid=1621382120" width="600"></iframe><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">A pie</span> chart showing the distribution of population in what would become Canada today.</div>
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1ADD8xSVZnRe5SOUzugQFIGg0I0tZtTFhkXFwkMmmK90/pubchart?oid=1248118458&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe>
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A pie chart showing the distribution of the municipalities listed in this article by province/territory.</div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Below is a series of maps illustrating the population density present in Canada in 1901 (published in 1906). The maps shown from top to bottom are as follows: The Maritime Provinces, Quebec & Ontario, Manitoba & Saskatchewan, and Alberta & British Columbia. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYirwB_zSQse1NM5PhQ6LVNAzSXNvkDxYevNjsFcewgRkRAkjSwW0Vjbdp-EEVmOMvfk9DO3sl8lSjMrInPk_At571FT3FvUVr6dyv6J-cFkoKZT4nAvZlIgvZSkSQLsHCgBhihvCw8oW6/s1600/1906+pop+density.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYirwB_zSQse1NM5PhQ6LVNAzSXNvkDxYevNjsFcewgRkRAkjSwW0Vjbdp-EEVmOMvfk9DO3sl8lSjMrInPk_At571FT3FvUVr6dyv6J-cFkoKZT4nAvZlIgvZSkSQLsHCgBhihvCw8oW6/s1600/1906+pop+density.jpg" height="640" width="452" /></span></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Dept. of the Interior (1906). <i>Density of Population Maritime Provinces, Quebec, Ontario.</i> Retrieved from <a href="http://geogratis.gc.ca/api/en/nrcan-rncan/ess-sst/bca201b7-9ed3-5e9a-a99e-6db10de1e140.html">Natural Resources Canada</a> [7].</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgingbxLt9E-5CNVJREXeaRx_JbhTKgdANh8cLBfAsMCqcSOFAbdGKnwbFq67Wm5eJGBAoE3tZ2nGuhNq_gWvGc9QEYowTZiqcRULH6pAT7nNw5ZtvmZqcyy2xCpChsP4NEz-GE8YP1k3ht/s1600/1906+pop+density+west.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgingbxLt9E-5CNVJREXeaRx_JbhTKgdANh8cLBfAsMCqcSOFAbdGKnwbFq67Wm5eJGBAoE3tZ2nGuhNq_gWvGc9QEYowTZiqcRULH6pAT7nNw5ZtvmZqcyy2xCpChsP4NEz-GE8YP1k3ht/s1600/1906+pop+density+west.jpg" height="640" width="452" /></span></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Dept. of the Interior (1906). <i>Density of Population British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba.</i> Retrieved from <a href="http://geogratis.gc.ca/api/en/nrcan-rncan/ess-sst/971aad23-81a8-5ad9-b330-9857a43729fe.html">Natural Resources Canada</a> [7].</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">It's interesting to note the correlation between the maps above and the interactive Google map of the </span><span style="text-align: center;">municipalities</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> listed in this article in a section further down. This helps confirm the validity of the data collected in this article. </span></div>
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<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">5.2 Population Distribution Among Municipalities</span></h3>
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The chart below show the distribution of the <span style="text-align: center;">municipalities</span> by population. It only includes around the 187 most populated (1,827 and up) due to practical limitations.<br />
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="397" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1O4s6UxIP3qZhRU7Tb1x103OMKaKz6dNsqYhL3KRXjo8/pubchart?oid=1960978932&format=interactive" width="800"></iframe>
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The immense magnitude of the cities of Montreal and Toronto in relation to the other <span style="text-align: center;">municipalities</span> in the chart above is astonishing.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGiNpErI2MOl2Lht3VzUuT0BqA7FGqwvuXzmKe8Z9Z8tLNbKJdq7-LZbASSDMnzaRRYxZv5suInerhqLyb0Horb0JuN8FKlgDrrIw9IZk9Z8kWIRXurPgr-nclkJW9t5XBeYz75hx2kvtb/s1600/Kitchener+Ontario.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGiNpErI2MOl2Lht3VzUuT0BqA7FGqwvuXzmKe8Z9Z8tLNbKJdq7-LZbASSDMnzaRRYxZv5suInerhqLyb0Horb0JuN8FKlgDrrIw9IZk9Z8kWIRXurPgr-nclkJW9t5XBeYz75hx2kvtb/s1600/Kitchener+Ontario.jpg" height="362" width="640" /></a></div>
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Berlin (Kitchener), Ontario, the 29th most populated in the Dominion of Canada in 1901 with 9,747 inhabitants can boast some pretty substantial Victorian constructions. To the right is the Walper Terrace Hotel, built in 1893. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@43.4497822,-80.4890682,3a,75y,212.03h,97.63t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sWlAbEUNV-DYehI3K8SND8g!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<img border="0" height="437" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnJtnC6LaRhfT7o14BKx52pycUEeM_NQG9iUN4tzeR21q79vIQt2TDNeZjWzFqx-1GU2WcAIXHsZiAuTsTdlp8twnQxhsrh9aTb8OGfhW1XsfNt6OiHVdsZ5P_wdZUsAySA1iNktXxeZGv/s1600/2844092.jpg" width="640" /></div>
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Rand McNally and Company. (1903). <i>Montreal.</i> Retrieved from the <a href="http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~37934~1210782:Montreal-?sort=Pub_List_No_InitialSort%2CPub_Date%2CPub_List_No%2CSeries_No#">David Rumsey Collection</a>. [9] </div>
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The map above shows the wards and communities that surrounded the city of Montreal around the turn of the twentieth century. The communities visible here that are listed in this article include: Côte-des-Neiges, Côte-Saint-Paul, Outremont, Maisonneuve, Sainte-Cunégonde, Saint-Henri, Saint-Louis-du-Mile-End, Verdun, and Westmount. Interestingly, Saint-Henri happened to be the twelfth most populated <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> in Canada in 1901.</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">5.3 Municipalities by Urban Designation</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 14.949999809265137px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 14.949999809265137px; white-space: pre-wrap;">The only rule that I know of is that to qualify as a city in British North America in the 1800's you had to have a population of at least 10,000 inhabitants. </span><span style="line-height: 14.949999809265137px; white-space: pre-wrap;"> </span></span></span></span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 14.949999809265137px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Unincorporated: 199</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 14.949999809265137px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Villages: 266</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 14.949999809265137px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Towns: 206</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 14.949999809265137px; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cities: 46</span></li>
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="//docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1ADD8xSVZnRe5SOUzugQFIGg0I0tZtTFhkXFwkMmmK90/gviz/chartiframe?oid=1203013650" style="font-family: inherit;" width="600"></iframe></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">A pie chart showing the distribution of the urban designations of "unincorporated', "village", "town", & "city".</span></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDfrQpsl9U4vpTsbTF2RgCNepvzHI5ckhNdgoGnb4EskzFdi0gItrgJvDpV6186rRFyaZAANQZJQJtPUgb5d5t_zi7xP9JgbJERpJUMJtPdBT96tyYwZXSsDw-ZX3jRAm0eK5lGmOpYcjN/s1600/St+Marys+Ontario.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDfrQpsl9U4vpTsbTF2RgCNepvzHI5ckhNdgoGnb4EskzFdi0gItrgJvDpV6186rRFyaZAANQZJQJtPUgb5d5t_zi7xP9JgbJERpJUMJtPdBT96tyYwZXSsDw-ZX3jRAm0eK5lGmOpYcjN/s1600/St+Marys+Ontario.jpg" height="362" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">St. Marys, Ontario, the 97th most populated in Canada in 1901 with 3,384 inhabitants. It was incorporated as a town. It is also known as the "Stone Town". Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@43.2585346,-81.1433133,3a,75y,346.85h,105.27t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sOLh6Ndp-RSmKvEVxxEZE9Q!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">6 Further Reading and Related Articles</span></h3>
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For links to all of my related writings you can visit my <a href="http://www.thebillywilson.com/p/population-data-articles.html" target="_blank">Population Data and Architecture Articles</a> page.</span></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.pinterest.com/billywilson/historic-canadian-architecture/" style="font-family: inherit;" target="_blank">Historic Canadian Architecture Pinterest Board</a><span style="font-family: inherit;">. </span></div>
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<li style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://www.pinterest.com/billywilson/victorian-skyscrapers/" target="_blank">Victorian Skyscrapers Pinterest Board</a>.</span></li>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">7 Glossary</span></h3>
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<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Amalgamation:</b> The process of combining or uniting multiple entities into one form. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>British North America:</b> A term to refer to the colonies and territories of the British Empire in continental North America. Largely used in the 19th century. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Commuter City:</b> A smaller city that is found on the periphery of a much larger city. Commuter cities are also commonly referred to as a "bedroom community" since many of the inhabitants may live in them but travel to the primary city for their occupation. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Incorporated:</b> Refers to a "municipal corporation" which is a political subdivision composed of citizens and a geographic area. In this article's case it may be a village, town, or city. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Urban Designation:</b> The official title of "unincorporated", "village", "town", or "city".</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Primary Predecessor Municipality:</b> The dominant <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> that is usually thought of as absorbing other <span style="text-align: center;">municipalities</span> through the process of amalgamation. Typically the name of the dominant <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> is retained. </span></li>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">8 References</span></h3>
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To keep things neat and manageable, I utilize one universal reference list for all of my population and architecture related articles: <a href="http://www.thebillywilson.com/p/to-simplify-things-i-use-this-one.html" target="_blank">Reference List for Population Data and Architecture Articles</a>. </div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">Contents</span></h3>
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1 Introduction<br />
2 Methods of Collection<br />
3 Legend<br />
<ul>
<li>3.1 Column Headers</li>
<li>3.2 Abbreviations</li>
</ul>
4 The Population Data and Interactive Map<br />
5 Observations<br />
<ul>
<li>5.1 Population and Number of Municipalities per Colony/Dominion/Country</li>
</ul>
6 Further Reading and Related Articles<br />
7 Glossary<br />
8 References: <a href="http://www.thebillywilson.com/p/to-simplify-things-i-use-this-one.html" target="_blank">Complete External List</a><br />
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<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">1 Introduction</span></h3>
<h3>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">I have an obsession with collecting population data for the year 1900/1901 & I've been collecting data since around 2011. It gives you a lot of insight into how the world was at the time. The further back in time you go the more difficult it is to find reliable comprehensive sources of populations data.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">My main interest in historic population data stems from the fact that you can use it to infer where infrastructure would have been built at a particular time in history. Buildings are created by humans, so where there are humans, there ought to have been buildings of some type (even is it's a tent, tipi, or a hut) built by them.</span><br /><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pre-1900 buildings, particularly those built between 1700-1900, to me comprise some of the most aesthetically pleasing architecture ever built. All of the images below showcase European derived architecture from around this time period in the Americas.</span></span><br /><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; text-align: start;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7cfhSo3CdCmsv1yL5qcPO3jh5sGHjX6pnKGOo81ZbR52Y1bbpB3_gKyXGk20LteCKW8lP4LKef6VrAxklJAG7ackvBOk9yCPYpd042a0RwHyIhWsnuLLTMqo14wMFN3DMQG5ZaHGA-ryA/s1600/more.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7cfhSo3CdCmsv1yL5qcPO3jh5sGHjX6pnKGOo81ZbR52Y1bbpB3_gKyXGk20LteCKW8lP4LKef6VrAxklJAG7ackvBOk9yCPYpd042a0RwHyIhWsnuLLTMqo14wMFN3DMQG5ZaHGA-ryA/s1600/more.jpg" height="362" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico was home to 33,890 inhabitants in the year 1895 making it around the 183rd most populated in the Americas. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@19.70319,-101.1923,3a,75y,178.68h,101.14t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sHp1LmfuaMTtHUZ_-on9pPA!2e0!5s2012-05" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Salvador, Bahia, Brazil</span></span><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">was</span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"> home to 174,412 inhabitants around the year 1900 making it the 29th most populated in the Americas. It was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985. Explore on</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"> <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@-12.9707746,-38.5081556,3a,75y,9.24h,87.97t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sP-LwjP0M2HOPyIJp3aklrg!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Québec City, Québec, Canada</span></span><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">was </span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">home to 68,840 inhabitants in the year 1901 making it around the 74th most populated in the Americas. </span></span><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">It is one of only four still largely intact walled cities in the Americas.</span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"> It was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985. Explore on </span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@46.8133354,-71.202985,3a,49.2y,151.91h,97.62t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1stYKyF9cinPXz4lyvQ4loQg!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, Mexico was home to 7,082 inhabitants in 1895 making it around the 1,101st most populated in the Americas. It is named as one of the 100 Historic World Treasure Cities by the United Nations. Explore on</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"> <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@19.5131651,-101.6097796,3a,75y,285.65h,95.3t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sj07vmJCThJD3VKGxlY9ipQ!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Cartagena, Bolívar, Colombia</span></span><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">was </span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">home to around 10,000 inhabitants around 1900 making it around the 716th most populated in the Americas. It is one of only four still largely intact walled cities in the Americas. It was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1984. Explore on</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"> <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@10.424098,-75.5504749,3a,75y,352.64h,96.8t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1szWBo61HlTcyiZRib6xDnqA!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States</span></span><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">was </span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">home to 1,239,697 inhabitants in the year 1900. This made it the 3rd most populated in the Americas and the 9th most populated in the world. Explore on</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"> <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@39.948981,-75.148714,3a,75y,58.29h,104.67t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sPb1pulm7C6PBCPXRAnOBaQ!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Zacatecas, </span></span><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Zacatecas, </span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Mexico</span></span><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">was </span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">home to around 39,912 inhabitants in the year 1895 making it around the 142nd most populated in the Americas. It was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1993. Explore on </span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@22.774881,-102.573099,3a,75y,37.98h,101.32t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sB2lIcqCCjNMQVxdXoPsVPg!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Cusco, Cusco, Peru was home to around 20,000 inhabitants around the year 1900 making it around the 334th most populated in the Americas. It was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983. It was also the historic capital of the Pre-Hispanic Inca Empire. Explore on</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"> <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@-13.5182526,-71.9753716,3a,75y,152.56h,96.96t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1suqKzTMoKzdO_prQox24O6A!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">The Park Slope neighbourhood, Brooklyn, New York City, New York, United States. In 1900 NYC was home to 3,437,202 inhabitants making it the most populated municipality in the Americas and the second most populated in the world. Explore on</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"> <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@40.6707381,-73.9737897,3a,75y,188.96h,103.69t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sy7z6fa9cCIEwu1oouM-bhQ!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Ciudad de Cuetzalan, Puebla, Mexico was home to 5,176 inhabitants in 1895 making it around the 1,566th most populated in the Americas. Explore on</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"> <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Ciudad+de+Cuetzalan,+PUE,+Mexico/@20.0181672,-97.5211348,3a,75y,187h,90.16t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sYEYfc39Xj3VG00Cw7pgI2Q!2e0!4m2!3m1!1s0x85da8e787fc55bbb:0xa563de5eecd87f26" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil was home to 111,556 inhabitants in the year 1900 making it around the 41st most populated in the Americas. Explore on</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"> <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@-8.0621127,-34.8713956,3a,75y,206.49h,99.28t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1s5ammHzaik1UAUmKYCoDURg!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Campeche, Campeche, Mexico was home to 16,647 inhabitants in the year 1895 making it around the 400th most populated in the Americas. </span></span><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">It is one of only four still largely intact walled cities in the </span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Americas. It was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1999. Explore on</span></span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@19.8449365,-90.5379354,3a,75y,330.88h,90.44t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1s7v3lQldJvQmfdL8WXaL1cg!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina</span></span><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">was</span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"> home to 663,854 inhabitants around 1900 making it the 4th most populated in the Americas and one of the most populated in the World. Explore on </span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Ciudad+de+Cuetzalan,+PUE,+Mexico/@-34.6161232,-58.3717117,3a,75y,171.33h,93.2t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sUmtoSJY47JAsFMFumwguvQ!2e0!4m2!3m1!1s0x85da8e787fc55bbb:0xa563de5eecd87f26" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Tlacotalpan, Veracruz, Mexico was home to 5,770 inhabitants in 1895 making it around the 1,407th most populated </span><span style="font-size: small;">municipality</span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"> in the Americas. It was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1998. Explore on</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"> <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@18.6129479,-95.6643687,3a,75y,110.9h,86.55t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1s9kQkmZbE3LXvXcL9i4aIww!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjagq-W8GSLf3TT7a93GL6hua2Rtchdwdqncb2XzQAPZsykhG0XV6tfs3BWEpQKm_V9vSJAWr20I0j4Pv7pCfrFl8qlOmxFq11XL-9WfEQUBx3Npfi5V57WUhLXn16xGd7L3eY20MDfd3Hz/s1600/Image+19.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjagq-W8GSLf3TT7a93GL6hua2Rtchdwdqncb2XzQAPZsykhG0XV6tfs3BWEpQKm_V9vSJAWr20I0j4Pv7pCfrFl8qlOmxFq11XL-9WfEQUBx3Npfi5V57WUhLXn16xGd7L3eY20MDfd3Hz/s1600/Image+19.jpg" height="362" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Staunton, Virginia, United States was home to 7,289 inhabitants in the year 1900 making it around the 1061st most populated in the Americas. Explore on</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"> <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/Staunton,+VA,+USA/@38.147514,-79.0728803,3a,75y,56.83h,92.22t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sEMlgGCT9sjPHfidVjspYug!2e0!4m2!3m1!1s0x89b4a08eb8621697:0xe5d6e4710a09b66e" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhF6eE_IFEMIU8ATLK8xSAcXRDzzBEeZtjNJ6L-e1eSET3tM4mikUqpSKHn_sduPIqec1USp5HpRAOS7q9Ib6Zc72JKw_OhUZFBYzxfx3WsfGGplTKf9zhwtHlJdIn0QscGHyx7drqh0A4m/s1600/Image+5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhF6eE_IFEMIU8ATLK8xSAcXRDzzBEeZtjNJ6L-e1eSET3tM4mikUqpSKHn_sduPIqec1USp5HpRAOS7q9Ib6Zc72JKw_OhUZFBYzxfx3WsfGGplTKf9zhwtHlJdIn0QscGHyx7drqh0A4m/s1600/Image+5.jpg" height="362" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Salamina, Caldas, Colombia</span><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">was </span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">home to around 8,000 inhabitants around the year 1900 making it around the 956th most populated in the Americas. Note the dramatic mountain landscape the town is build on. Explore on</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"> <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@5.4088645,-75.4877945,3a,75y,345.11h,88.92t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1si-EAejJUkKKSYPbrFXJbuw!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Seattle, Washington, United States was home to 80,671 inhabitants in 1900 making it around the 63rd most populated in the Americas. Explore on</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"> <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@47.6010144,-122.3342498,3a,75y,5.5h,93.74t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sMNM4uIxtcG9YI69Tqo6eAQ!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Just like the other population data I've released, this is a work in progress. I will be adding to & refining the data as I come across new information. I invite you to help me locate reliable sources of data to add to these collections. Below is a series of maps of the Americas for reference. Each has a description which contains a link back to the original high resolution map. </span></span></h3>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2EsHwMWpcz3O2V8rcYT7-BYUdqSqaZvrrpe0A6AT_LWdHu3Aw9ODA5McAncu3E3Mqp7DijUMcdxiPAJRYcpnug6B7_4SHn_iM0X6knIE61xhGKekbHyfZfId5ZDgT1EU5bEuokJOngOyP/s1600/RAND+1903+NORTH+AMERICA.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2EsHwMWpcz3O2V8rcYT7-BYUdqSqaZvrrpe0A6AT_LWdHu3Aw9ODA5McAncu3E3Mqp7DijUMcdxiPAJRYcpnug6B7_4SHn_iM0X6knIE61xhGKekbHyfZfId5ZDgT1EU5bEuokJOngOyP/s1600/RAND+1903+NORTH+AMERICA.jpg" height="640" width="470" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Rand McNally and Company. (1903). <i>North America, Rand McNally & Co.'s Enlarged Business Atlas and Shippers' Guide.</i> Retrieved from the <a href="http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~37844~1210692:North-America-" target="_blank">David Rumsey Collection</a>. [9]</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhixOmHmVBQODwG-Ft9pJMn9S-lnMUPEXg4sKpDq2NA3ntgR_76WPb6CbFo4vD7WXLaoMJyw91_Dkrh0vXMx5Ic-3KpTbwHJ79BtyFRLV4JM6MnThKRk0qGzyoobp0QytWjr532p9pDjvgc/s1600/RAND+1903+SOUTH+AMERICA.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhixOmHmVBQODwG-Ft9pJMn9S-lnMUPEXg4sKpDq2NA3ntgR_76WPb6CbFo4vD7WXLaoMJyw91_Dkrh0vXMx5Ic-3KpTbwHJ79BtyFRLV4JM6MnThKRk0qGzyoobp0QytWjr532p9pDjvgc/s1600/RAND+1903+SOUTH+AMERICA.jpg" height="640" width="440" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">Rand McNally and Company. (1903). <i>South America, Rand McNally & Co.'s Enlarged Business Atlas and Shippers' Guide.</i> Retrieved from</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"> the <a href="http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~37939~1210787:South-America-?sort=Pub_List_No_InitialSort%2CPub_Date%2CPub_List_No%2CSeries_No" target="_blank">David Rumsey Collection</a>. [9]</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvS54sXXUuRrJOzhyRGJBWd4_tSoVtPhMSZI50YBYoBWDAjLtPT8iXrcK3JHpN5DGAMsMEb-URbzUBGjdRjYs-wmwxVObMHDzDqvNAijG2wd8Z2XK4vIpyz142PHfSiDdl0wU9MDdVCU9K/s1600/RAND+1903+MEXICO.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvS54sXXUuRrJOzhyRGJBWd4_tSoVtPhMSZI50YBYoBWDAjLtPT8iXrcK3JHpN5DGAMsMEb-URbzUBGjdRjYs-wmwxVObMHDzDqvNAijG2wd8Z2XK4vIpyz142PHfSiDdl0wU9MDdVCU9K/s1600/RAND+1903+MEXICO.jpg" height="432" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Rand McNally and Company. (1903). <i>Mexico, Rand McNally & Co.'s Enlarged Business Atlas and Shippers' Guide.</i> Retrieved from the <a href="http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~37935~1210783:Mexico-?sort=Pub_List_No_InitialSort%2CPub_Date%2CPub_List_No%2CSeries_No" target="_blank">David Rumsey Collection</a>. [9]</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPClslojzblzxkHWQx1Cxtu-FB8WmLPyQUdMbO8ZTLu-CNRaUtnLqPwJO4mji6NzsEd4-JXdrPDf9wUjMblkCT3CfYAe-U1iFdFTBYjFs5IfZ4JjQnD8G4E3-7ilBYwWDoD6X2ZO0hxvJ1/s1600/2844096.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPClslojzblzxkHWQx1Cxtu-FB8WmLPyQUdMbO8ZTLu-CNRaUtnLqPwJO4mji6NzsEd4-JXdrPDf9wUjMblkCT3CfYAe-U1iFdFTBYjFs5IfZ4JjQnD8G4E3-7ilBYwWDoD6X2ZO0hxvJ1/s1600/2844096.jpg" height="436" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Rand McNally and Company. (1903). <i>Central America, Rand McNally & Co.'s Enlarged Business Atlas and Shippers' Guide.</i> Retrieved from the <a href="http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~37938~1210786:Central-America-?sort=Pub_List_No_InitialSort%2CPub_Date%2CPub_List_No%2CSeries_No#" target="_blank">David Rumsey Collection</a>. [9]</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR9wP8GIYnzm_yfXWHTb6sAjeGJzyx2qCixLKWd-x4xQfkby7zT_mqFrUYjxgX7a_doQBJSskuK6ZmpSj5HMnAIo52tfuq5d6JbXrm6gLUO-P3N4KNs-swn2w6wEJHBcaIz2aHcrTUfpqZ/s1600/2844094.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR9wP8GIYnzm_yfXWHTb6sAjeGJzyx2qCixLKWd-x4xQfkby7zT_mqFrUYjxgX7a_doQBJSskuK6ZmpSj5HMnAIo52tfuq5d6JbXrm6gLUO-P3N4KNs-swn2w6wEJHBcaIz2aHcrTUfpqZ/s1600/2844094.jpg" height="500" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Rand McNally and Company. (1903). <i>West Indies, Rand McNally & Co.'s Enlarged Business Atlas and Shippers' Guide.</i> Retrieved from the <a href="http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~37936~1210784:West-Indies-?qvq=q:1903%2Brand%2Bwest%2Bindies;sort:pub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_date%2Cpub_list_no%2Cseries_no;lc:RUMSEY~8~1&sort=pub_list_no_initialsort%2Cpub_date%2Cpub_list_no%2Cseries_no&mi=1&trs=2#" target="_blank">David Rumsey Collection</a>. [9]</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">2 Methods of Collection</span></h3>
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The data used for the American <span style="text-align: center;">municipalities</span> came from the U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1900). [2]. It appears to be a complete source of information for the majority of the American <span style="text-align: center;">municipalities</span>. A problem arose concerning New England's <span style="text-align: center;">municipalities</span> since many times what they define as a "town" is more like a township with a few village centres in it. It is because of this and the inability to discriminate between many actual <span style="text-align: center;">municipalities</span> and those that included a large rural population thereby inflating it, there may be an overrepresentation of <span style="text-align: center;">municipalities</span> especially in Massachusetts and Connecticut due to their high population counts.<br />
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One exception to note concerning the American population data is that although St. Joseph, Missouri's official population figure for 1900 was 102,979 inhabitants I have calculated a different figure of approximately 68,000 inhabitants. I did this because the official was questionable since the civic leaders at the time tried to artificially inflate St. Joseph's population count. When one looks at the trends for St. Joseph, the population in 1890 was 52,324 and in 1910 it was 77,403. There is no known explanation for why the population would have lost 25,576 inhabitants during the first decade of the twentieth century. This is a very significant decline especially at that time since many <span style="text-align: center;">municipalities</span> were still growing. <br />
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Although Hawaii isn't part of North America, I include it in the data since it is currently a constituent state of the U.S.<br />
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Since Britain and its dominions did censuses during the second year of each decade opposed to the USA which did them during the first year, the population data for Canada is for 1901 opposed to 1900 for the USA. Newfoundland's data is very difficult to come by since it was a colony not yet part of Canada at the time. Some fairly good figures have been made for the <span style="text-align: center;">municipalities</span> with more than 5,000 inhabitants from Darling & son Ltd. (1901). <i style="font-family: inherit;">Census of the British Empire.</i><span style="font-family: inherit;"> [1]</span> and I'm fairly sure that nearly all of them are listed in this article. Much of the data for Canada came from the Dept. of the Interior, Canada. (1906). <i>Atlas of Canada.</i> [7]. Which included the populations of urban areas in Canada for the year 1901.</div>
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The data for Mexico from <i>Rand McNally & Co.'s Enlarged Business Atlas and Shippers' Guide.</i> (1903). [9] is for 1895. Not many other sources were used since this one was the most comprehensive and accurate single source I could find. Other sources tend to round up the population figures. This source also correlates with Noriega, E. (1898). <i>Geografía de la República Mexicana.</i> [52] which also cites 1895 population figures for Mexican <span style="text-align: center;">municipalities</span>.<br />
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Rand McNally's business atlas also provided and supplemented much of the data for the Caribbean and Central America. For places like Costa Rica though, it appears that some of the figures might have been estimates since they tend to be rounded to the nearest thousand. Other sources found also rounded the figures to similar amounts. Overall, Rand NcNally's business atlas has been quite helpful in supplying a lot of data for many places in this article.<br />
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Data collected for many places in Haiti was rounded and in some cases it appears to be bit higher in population than expected. This observation was made when plotting the <span style="text-align: center;">municipalities</span> onto the interactive Google map. I speculate that some of the figures may have included large adjacent rural parish populations (i.e., some <span style="text-align: center;">municipalities</span> and parishes might have been consolidated). Although it is also possible that some <span style="text-align: center;">municipalities</span> have simply lost population and infrastructure.<br />
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Rand McNally's business atlas also provided much of the data for the South American population data. It was also supplemented with Cram, G. F. (1901). <i style="font-family: inherit;">Cram's Standard American Railway System Atlas of the World.</i> [5]. The population data from this atlas is rounded to the nearest thousand and it appears to be less accurate. Some figures appear to be a bit on the enthusiastic side. Due to this, <span style="text-align: center;">municipalities</span> that had a population figure of 5,000 were excluded. </div>
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When it comes to data from Lahmeyer, J. (2006). <i>Population statistics.</i> [6] it is also rounded. Many of the figures from Rand McNally's atlas tend to be quite close to the figures cited by Lahmeyer except Lahmeyer's is typically rounded to the nearest hundred or thousand keeping a minimum of three significant figures. Lahmeyer's data seemed a bit off from Rand's South American population data so I excluded it as a source for South America's data.<br />
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A couple of other sources were used for Latin America. The data for the Chilean <span style="text-align: center;">municipalities</span> was corroborated by the 1895 Chilean census [53]. The data for Paraguay was corroborated by a document published by the U.S. Government Printing Office in 1892 [54].<br />
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The administrative division between different places in Latin America varies (like the aforementioned New England example). There may be a number of urban areas that were not incorporated & were part of regional municipalities or departments (i.e., in Puerto Rico) so it's difficult to speculate their populations. Also, some incorporated <span style="text-align: center;">municipalities</span> might cover larger areas leading to a higher population count (i.e., in El Salvador).</div>
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">3 Legend</span></h3>
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<b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><br /></span></b></h3>
In this section I outline what each column header and abbreviation means in section the following section, 4.</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">3.1 Column Headers</span></h3>
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<li><b>Untitled:</b> This number column is permanent in its order and doesn't change as you sort by different columns. This can be used for reference as you're comparing data. </li>
<li><b># (Number):</b> This column indicates the population rank of the <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> within all of North America. </li>
<li><b><span style="text-align: center;">Municipality</span>:</b> The name of the <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> is given. Alternative spellings are separated by "/" and if the <span style="text-align: center;">municipality </span>has been renamed (but not absorbed, amalgamated, or reincorporated as massive area) the new name will be in (parentheses). </li>
<li><b>Admin. (Administrative Division):</b> The principle administrative division the <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> is found in (i.e., state, province, territory, department, etc.). </li>
<li><b>C/D/C (Country/Dominion/Country):</b> For a complete breakdown, see section 5.1 </li>
<li><b>Population:</b> The population of the <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> in c. 1900. 1900 (USA), 1901 (British Empire), 1895 (Mexico). </li>
<li><b># in Admin. (Number in Administrative Division):</b> This is the <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span>'s c. 1900 population rank relative to the other <span style="text-align: center;">municipalities</span> in its administrative division. </li>
<li><b>Total in Admin. (Total in Administrative Division):</b> This is the total number of <span style="text-align: center;">municipalities</span> with more than 5,000 inhabitants c. 1900 present in the administrative division the <span style="text-align: center;">municipalities </span>is found in. </li>
<li><b>Admin. Cap. (Administrative Division):</b> If the <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> is the capital of the administrative division that it is found in a "yes" is displayed. </li>
<li><b># in C/D/C (# in Country/Dominion/Colony):</b> The <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span>'s c. 1900 population rank relative to other <span style="text-align: center;">municipalities</span> present in the country, dominion, or colony it is found in. </li>
<li><b>Total in C/D/C (Total in Country/Dominion/Colony):</b> The total number of <span style="text-align: center;">municipalities</span> with more than 5,000 inhabitants c. 1900 present in the country, dominion, or colony that the <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> is found in. </li>
<li><b>Cap. (Capital):</b> If the <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> is the highest capital in the country, dominion, or colony c. 1900 a "yes" is displayed (London, Washington, Paris, Amsterdam/The Hague, and Copenhagen take precedent over their colonies though). </li>
<li><b>Continent:</b> North America (including the Caribbean) or South America. </li>
<li><b># by Continent:</b> The <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span>'s population rank within the continent it is found on. </li>
<li><b>Empire:</b> Which empire the <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> is found in. i.e., USA, British, French, Dutch, Danish, </li>
<li><b># in Empire:</b> If the <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> is part of an empire this column displays the <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span>'s population rank relative to the other <span style="text-align: center;">municipalities</span> in that empire with more than 5,000 inhabitants found within the Americas. </li>
<li><b>Total in Empire:</b> If the <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> is part of an empire this column displays the number of <span style="text-align: center;">municipalities</span> with more than 5,000 inhabitants found within that empire within the Americas. </li>
<li><b>Language:</b> The primary languages spoken in the country the <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> is found in. French and English speaking Canada is differentiated. </li>
<li><b># by Language:</b> The <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span>'s population rank by language predominantly spoken. </li>
<li><b>Navigable Waterbody:</b> The name of the navigable waterbody the <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> is on [5]. </li>
<li><b>Ocean:</b> If the <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> is on or is in some way connected to an ocean by a navigable waterway (naturally, by canal, or other engineering projects), the name of that ocean is displayed in this column. If the <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> is on a landlocked navigable waterbody "Inland" is displayed [5]. </li>
<li><b>Sources:</b> The sources for the population figure. Each number corresponds to the numbers used in the reference section at the end of this article.</li>
</ul>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">3.2 Abbreviations</span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; text-align: start;">
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<iframe frameborder="0" height="340" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1vI5nUmZZXuCEKl2jFd8E2_HpdIg8PtMuinnKidwGm2g/pubchart?oid=105730474&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe><br />
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</div>
</div>
</h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">4 The Population Data</span></h3>
<br />
In this section is one interactive table and an interactive Google Map. The table has its own independent scroll bars on the bottom and on the right of its interface. You can use them to navigate from column to column and row to row.<br />
<br />
Beneath the table is the interactive Google Map, close by to allow one to go back and forth easily. A star icon represents 100,000+ inhabitants, diamond 20,000-100,000, square 10,000-20,000, and circle 5,000-10,000. When you click on an icon it will display the corresponding <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span>'s population and rank. Since initially making the map I've updated the ranking so it might be a little bit off the further you go down. The table is the most reliable source. There's a full screen option on the map in the upper right of its interface, that version has a search bar that you can use to search for any of the <span style="text-align: center;">municipalities</span>.<br />
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">- <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@-5.0134619,-74.9963506,11473347m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!6m1!1sz54SYH0JArBA.k9a8F4-veDNM" target="_blank">Map of the Americas with Street View enabled</a> (Unstable, reverts to normal map frequently).</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br /></span><span style="font-weight: normal;">- Information last updated 10/11/2014.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><iframe frameborder="0" height="668" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1vI5nUmZZXuCEKl2jFd8E2_HpdIg8PtMuinnKidwGm2g/pubchart?oid=1826293896&format=interactive" width="880"></iframe></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<iframe height="480" src="https://mapsengine.google.com/map/embed?mid=z54SYH0JArBA.k9a8F4-veDNM" width="640"></iframe></div>
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</h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">5 Observations</span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; text-align: start;">
<br /></div>
</h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">5.1 Number of Municipalities per Colony/Dominion/Country</span></h3>
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<div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; text-align: start;">
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</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">The following table shows all of the colonies, dominions, countries in the Americas in the year 1900. They are ranked by their populations. The entire population of the Americas in the year 1900 was around 145,720,075 inhabitants. 140,250,475 lived in one of the countries or dominions and 5,469,600 lived in a territorial possession.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<iframe frameborder="0" height="667" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1vI5nUmZZXuCEKl2jFd8E2_HpdIg8PtMuinnKidwGm2g/pubchart?oid=645725285&format=interactive" width="880"></iframe><br />
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Below is a pie chart showing the distribution of population between the individual entities listed in the table above.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1vI5nUmZZXuCEKl2jFd8E2_HpdIg8PtMuinnKidwGm2g/pubchart?oid=685182507&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">Below is another pie chart, this one showing the distribution of </span><span style="font-size: small; text-align: center;">municipalities</span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"> in the Americas by the entities listed in the table at the beginning of this section.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1vI5nUmZZXuCEKl2jFd8E2_HpdIg8PtMuinnKidwGm2g/pubchart?oid=40986840&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe><br />
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</h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">6 Further Reading and Related Articles</span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; text-align: start;">
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">For links to all of my related writings you can visit my <a href="http://www.thebillywilson.com/p/population-data-articles.html" target="_blank">Population Data and Architecture Articles</a> page.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">You can help support me and my work by becoming a patron</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: small;">: <a href="http://www.patreon.com/billywilson">http://www.patreon.com/billywilson</a></span></span></div>
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</h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">7 Glossary</span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
</h3>
<b><br /></b>
<br />
<ul>
<li><b>Amalgamation:</b> The process of combining or uniting multiple entities into one form. </li>
<li><b>British North America:</b> A term to refer to the colonies and territories of the British Empire in continental North America. Largely used in the 19th century. </li>
<li><b>Commuter City:</b> A smaller city that is found on the periphery of a much larger city. Commuter cities are also commonly referred to as a "bedroom community" since many of the inhabitants may live in them but travel to the primary city for their occupation. </li>
<li><b>Incorporated:</b> Refers to a "municipal corporation" which is a political subdivision composed of citizens and a geographic area. In this article's case it may be a village, town, or city. </li>
<li><b>Urban Designation:</b> The official title of "unincorporated", "village", "town", or "city". </li>
<li><b>Primary Predecessor Municipality:</b> The dominant <span style="text-align: center;">municipality </span>that is usually thought of as absorbing other <span style="text-align: center;">municipalities</span> through the process of amalgamation. Typically the name of the dominant <span style="text-align: center;">municipality</span> is retained. </li>
</ul>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">8 References</span></b></h3>
<br />
To keep things neat and manageable, I utilize one universal reference list for all of my population and architecture related articles: <a href="http://www.thebillywilson.com/p/to-simplify-things-i-use-this-one.html">Reference List for Population Data and Architecture Articles</a>.<br />
<ol style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="text-align: center;">
</span></span></ol>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="text-align: center;">
</span></span></div>
Billy Wilsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00650540049798713387noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7158284719665231341.post-59476787924522510062014-04-03T19:08:00.000-07:002015-09-18T11:47:41.724-07:00The Population of Every Urban Centre in the World with more than 100,000 Inhabitants in the Year 1900<div style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">Contents</span></h3>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">1 Introduction</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">2 Methods of Collection</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">3 Legend</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">4 Population Data</span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">5 Observations</span></div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">5.1 Number of Urban Centres per Country</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">5.2 Number of Urban Centres by Modern Day Political Divisions</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">5.3 Number of Urban Centres per Continent</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">5.4 Compared to Today's Population Data (City Proper)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">5.5 Compared to Today's Urban Population Data (Urban Amalgamation)</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">5.6 An Interactive Map of the Urban Centres</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">6 Further Reading and Related Articles</span><br />
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">7 References</span></div>
<div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">1 Introduction</span></h3>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="#1 Introduction"><br /></a></span>
<b style="white-space: pre-wrap;">(Note: I'm currently in the process of updating and revising this article c. 18/07/2014</b><br />
<b style="white-space: pre-wrap;">Reference numbers being updated as of 14/10/2014)</b><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="#1 Introduction"><br /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The further back in time you go the more difficult it is to find reliable comprehensive sources of populations data. I've an interest in how the world was in the year 1900 & I've been collecting this data since around 2011. Every now & then I've been releasing some of the data I've collected to the public (<a href="http://www.thebillywilson.com/2012/12/the-population-of-every-city-in-canada.html">Canada + USA communities with more than 5,000 people in 1900</a>). Much of it I haven't released since it is not complete but I suppose it may never be. In the list included in this article I've attempted to display all the cities in the world that had a population of more than 100,000 inhabitants in the year 1900. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img border="0" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7YCbEm2ZQE74MtsXdCYvaKat6au21guESVUASIraKhTAzZgWPxY3ENqFRDxqcf_af6d0s8fpsUYPn7M4e43-RKkcd6CkgOdiPmmw2za7HidqX227iga_gF5GfPhe2SSn4KlxGrr-ES7Ko/s640/1900+LOW+RES.jpg" width="640" /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Stanford, E. (1900). <i>Stanford's Library Map of the World on Merctor's Projection.</i> Retrieved from the <a href="http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~201946~3000983:Stanford-s-Library-Map-Of-The-World?sort=Pub_List_No_InitialSort%2CPub_Date%2CPub_List_No%2CSeries_No">David Rumsey Collection</a>. </span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">2 Methods of Collection</span></h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Population data from different sources will vary due to different methods used to calculate the population. For instance, some may quote official figures from 1900, others may calculate how many people once lived within the contemporary boundaries of the city today. Others may estimate or try to overcome potential inaccuracies that might be present in what figures we have available today from the past. Some may include or exclude suburbs. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The bulk of the data in this article came from three sources. </span>Biguzzi, A. (2013) <i>World city pop.</i> [1], <span style="text-align: center;">Rand McNally and Company. (1903). </span><i style="text-align: center;">Rand McNally & Co.'s Enlarged Business Atlas and Shippers' Guide.</i><span style="text-align: center;">,</span><span style="text-align: center;"> [2] and </span>Lahmeyer, J. (2006). <i>Population statistics.</i> [3]. First I collected from sources 1 and 3, then I supplemented them with data from the indices of Rand McNally's 1903 atlas which cites population figures.<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;">The data used for the American urban centres came from the U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1900). [4]. It appears to be a complete source of information for the majority of the American urban centres. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;">The data collected for the British Empire came from </span>Darling & son Ltd (1901). <i><a href="http://ia700408.us.archive.org/22/items/cu31924030396067/cu31924030396067.pdf">Census of the British Empire</a>.</i> [5]. <span style="background-color: white;">Since Britain and its dominions did censuses during the second year of each decade opposed to the USA which did them during the first year, the population data for the British Empire is for 1901 opposed to 1900 for the USA and in many other places.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
If any of my population data isn't from 1900 or 1901 I indicate the closest year I could find in brackets beside the population figure. Sometimes I include an interesting population related note in the brackets as well. If you happen to know of any sources of data that would be great to add to my collection please let me know!<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br />
</span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">3 Legend</span></h3>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u>Underlined</u>: The city is still part of the same country today as it was in 1900. Therefore it likely was not part of a colony. If it is no longer part of the same country as 1900 I include in brackets the current name of the country it is presently found in. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Bold</b>: Capital City; I don't differentiate if it used to be a capital or has only become a capital in more recent history. </span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Top 9 countries with the most urban centres are colour coded as follows (included is the population in 1900 and the number of urban centres):<br /><br />- <span style="color: red;">British Empire</span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"> - 419,920,000 - </span><b style="color: black;">83</b></span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br />- </span><span style="color: #38761d; font-weight: normal;">United States</span></b><span style="color: #38761d;"><b style="color: black;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> - 76,212,168 - <b>40</b></span></b></span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br />- </span><span style="color: purple; font-weight: normal;">Germany</span></b><span style="color: purple;"><b style="color: black;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"> - 56,000,000 - </span>31</b></b></span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br />- <span style="color: orange;">Qing Dynasty (China)</span><span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: black;"> - 415,001,488 - <b>25</b></span></span><br />- </span><span style="background-color: white; color: magenta;">Russian Empire</span></span></b><span style="color: magenta;"><b style="color: black;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"> - 132,000,000 - </span>19</b></b></span><br />- <span style="color: blue;">French Empire</span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black;"> - 76,090,000 - </span><b style="color: black;">19</b></span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br />- </span><span style="color: #999999; font-weight: normal;">Italy</span></b><span style="color: #999999;"><b style="color: black;"><b><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"> - 32,000,000 - </span>11</b></b></b></b></b></span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br />- </span><span style="color: #bf9000; font-weight: normal;">Austria-Hungary</span></b><span style="color: #bf9000;"><b style="color: black;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"> - 51,356,465 - </span>9</b></b></b></b></span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><br />- <span style="color: lime;">Ottoman Empire</span> </span></b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"> - 30,860,000 - </span>9</b></span></li>
<li>At the end of each line I indicate [reference numbers] that correspond to the articles listed in the final "References" section.</li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br />
<span style="color: #bf9000;"></span></span><br />
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">4 Population Data</span></h3>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Again, this is a work in progress so from time to time I'll be updating the data as I find new information. Information last updated: 03/07/2014</span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<br />
<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline;">London, England, UK: 4,670,177</span> [<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_London">x</a>] 4,536,541</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5] 4,536,063</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span></li>
<li><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: inherit;"><u>New York City, New York, USA: 3,437,202</u></span></span></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><u>Paris, France: 2,714,068</u></span></b></i></b></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: purple; font-family: inherit;"><u>Berlin, Germany: 1,888,848</u></span></b></b></i></b></li>
<li><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u style="color: #bf9000; font-weight: bold;">Vienna, Austria-Hungary (Austria): 1,769,137</u> 1,635,647 [2]</span></span></i></li>
<li><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: inherit;"><u>Chicago, Illinois, USA: 1,698,575</u></span></span></b></b></b></span></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: inherit;">Edo/Yedo (Tokyo), Japan: 1,497,000</span></u></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: inherit;"><u>Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire (Russia): 1,439,400</u></span></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></li>
<li><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: inherit;"><u>Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA: 1,293,697</u></span></span></span></b></span></b></b></b></span></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: inherit;"><u>Moskow (Moscow), Russian Empire (Russia): 1,170,000</u></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Calcutta (Kolkata), India</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">:</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">1,026,900</span></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><span style="line-height: 18px;"> [1] 847,796</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: inherit;"><u>Peking (Beijing), China: 1,000,000</u></span></b></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><span style="line-height: 18px;"> [1]</span></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: normal;"><u>Oosaka (Osaka), Japan: 970,000</u></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></li>
<li><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u style="font-weight: bold;">Buenos Ayres (Buenos Aires), Argentina: 950,891</u> 663,854 [2]</span></span></i></span></i></span></i></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><span style="color: lime; font-family: inherit;"><u>Constantinople (Istanbul), Ottoman Empire (Turkey): 942,900</u></span></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></li>
<li><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><u style="font-weight: bold;">Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: 811,443</u> 522,651 [2]</span></span></i></span></i></span></i></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bombay (Mumbai), India</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">: 776,006</span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><u>Glasgow, Scotland, UK: 761,709</u></span></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5] [2]</span></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: magenta; font-family: inherit;">Warsaw, Russian Empire (Poland): 756,400</span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: inherit;"><u>Tien-Tsin (Tianjin), China: 750,000</u></span></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #bf9000; font-family: inherit;"><u>Budapest, Austria-Hungary (Hungary), 733,358</u></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><span style="line-height: 18px;"> 505,763</span><span style="line-height: 18px;"> [2]</span></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: purple; font-family: inherit;"><u>Hamburg, Germany: 705,738</u></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><u>Liverpool, England, UK: 684,958</u></span></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5] [2]</span></li>
<li><span style="color: orange;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><u>F<u>oochow (Fuzhou)</u>, China: 630,000</u></span></span></li>
<li><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><u style="font-weight: bold;">Brussels, Belgium: 626,000</u> 570,844 [2, excludes suburbs]</span></span></span></span></span></i></span></i></span></i></li>
<li><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: inherit;"><u>Chung-king (Chongqing), China: 620,000</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></i></span></i></span></i></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: inherit;"><u>Shanghae (Shanghai), China: 619,000</u></span></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></li>
<li><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><u style="font-weight: bold;">Copenhagen, Denmark: 600,000</u> 375,251 [2]</span></span></span></span></span></i></span></i></span></i></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="color: lime; font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Cairo, <b style="color: black;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="color: lime; font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Ottoman/</span></span><span style="color: red;">British Empires</span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></b></b></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></b></b></span></b></span><span style="color: lime; font-style: italic;"> </span><span style="color: lime;">(</span><b style="color: black;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="color: lime; font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Egypt</span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></b></b></span></b><span style="color: lime;">)</span><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: lime;">:</span><span style="color: red;"> 600,000</span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="color: orange; font-family: inherit;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Canton (Guangzhou), China: </span><span style="color: orange; font-weight: normal;">585,000</span></u></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><span style="line-height: 18px;"> [1]</span></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: inherit;"><u>St. Louis, Missouri, USA: 575,238</u></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: inherit;"><u>Naples, Italy: 563,500</u></span></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></li>
<li><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: inherit;"><u>Boston, Massachusetts, USA: 560,892</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i></span></i></span></i><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><u>Manchester, England, UK: 543,872</u></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><b><u>Madrid, Spain: 539,800</u></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: inherit; line-height: normal;"><u>Barcelona, Spain: 530,300</u></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><u>Birmingham, England, UK: 522,204</u></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><u>Amsterdam, The Netherlands: 510,000</u></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></li>
<li><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;">Madras (Chennai), India: 509,300</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i></span></i></span></i><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: inherit;"><u>Baltimore, Maryland, USA: 508,957</u></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: purple; font-family: inherit;"><u>Munich, Germany: 499,000</u></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></li>
<li><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Melbourne, Victoria, Australia</span><span style="font-style: normal;">: 496,079</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i></span></i></span></i><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><u>Marseille, France: 491,200</u></span></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: inherit;"><u>Milan, Italy: 491,500</u></span></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></li>
<li><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Sydney, New South Wales, Australia</span><span style="font-style: normal;">: 487,932</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i></span></i></span></i><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: inherit;"><u>Rome, Italy: 462,800</u></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: purple; font-family: inherit;"><u>Leipzig, Germany: 456,100</u></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></li>
<li><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: inherit; font-style: normal;"><u>Wuhan, China: 450,000</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i></span></i></span></i></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: inherit;">Odessa, Russian Empire (Ukraine): 449,000</span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;">Hyderabad, India: 448,500</span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><u>Lyon, France: 441,800</u></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><u>Leeds, England, UK: 428,968</u></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: purple;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Breslau (Wroclaw), Germany (Poland): 422,700</span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: blue; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-weight: normal;"><b><u>Mexico City, Mexico: 400,000</u></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: purple; font-family: inherit;"><u>Dresden, Germany: 396,100</u></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></li>
<li><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: inherit;"><u>Cleveland, Ohio, USA: 381,768</u></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></b></b></span></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-style: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><u>Sheffield, England, UK: 380,793</u></span></span></i></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: purple; font-family: inherit;"><u>Cologne, Germany: 372,500</u></span></span></span></i></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; color: magenta; font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: inherit; line-height: normal;"><u>Rotterdam, The Netherlands: 368,000</u></span></span></i></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; color: magenta; font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: normal;"><u>Kyoto, Japan: 362,000</u></span></b></span></span></i></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; color: magenta; font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: inherit; line-height: normal;"><b><u>Lisbon, Portugal: 356,000</u></b></span></span></i></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: inherit;"><u>Buffalo, New York, USA: 352,387</u></span></span></span></b></span></span></i></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: inherit;"><u>Hangchow (Hangzhou), China: 350,000</u></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></i></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><u>Belfast, Ireland (Northern Ireland), UK: 348,965</u></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></i></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2] [1.]</span></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: inherit;">Łódź, Russian Empire (Poland): 351,600</span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></i></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></li>
<li><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: inherit;"><u>San Francisco,California, USA: 342,782</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></i></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span></li>
<li><span style="color: #999999; font-family: inherit;"><u>Turin, Italy: 335,700</u></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><u>Bristol, England, UK: 328,945</u></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: inherit;"><u>Cincinnati, Ohio, USA: 325,902</u></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: inherit;"><u>Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA: 321,616</u></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><u>Edinburgh, Scotland, UK: 316,837</u></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: lime; font-weight: normal;">Alexandria, </span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: lime; font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: lime; font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Ottoman/</span></span><span style="color: red;">British Empires</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: lime; font-style: italic;"> </span><span style="color: lime;">(</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: lime; font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Egypt</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: lime;">)</span><span style="color: lime;">:</span> 314,000<span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: inherit;"><u>Palermo, Italy: 309,700</u></span></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black;"><b style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black; font-family: inherit; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><u>Stockholm, Sweden-Norway (Sweden): 300,000</u></b></span></b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black;"><b style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black; font-family: inherit; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><u>Bangkok, Siam (Thailand): 300,000</u></b></b></span></b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: inherit;"><u>Ching tu (Chengdu), China: ~300,000 (400,000 in 1911)</u></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="color: black; font-family: inherit; line-height: normal;"><u style="font-weight: bold;">Santiago, Chile: 296,600</u> 256,413 [2]</span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="color: magenta; font-family: inherit;">Riga, Russian Empire (Latvia): 294,000</span></b></b></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;">Dublin, Ireland, UK: 289,108</span></span></b></b></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2] [1.]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: purple; font-family: inherit;"><u>Frankfurt, Germany: 288,989</u></span></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: inherit;"><u>New Orleans, Louisiana, USA: 287,104</u></span></span></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: inherit;"><u>Detroit, Michigan, USA: 285,704</u></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: inherit;"><u>Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA: 285,315</u></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="line-height: normal;">Hong Kong, (China)</span><span style="line-height: normal;">: 283,978</span></b></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: inherit;"><u>Soochow (Suzhou), China: 280,000</u></span></span></b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><u><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;">Bradford, England, UK: 279,767</span></u></span></span></b></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: inherit;"><u>Washington, DC, USA: 278,718</u></span></b></span></span></b></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><u>Antwerp, Belgium: 275,100</u> 282,018 [2]</span></i></b></span></span></b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: inherit;"><u>Nanking (Nanjing), China: 270,000</u></span></span></i></b></span></span></b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><u style="font-weight: bold;">Montevideo, Uruguay: 268,000</u> 252,000 [2]</span></i></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Montreal, Quebec, Canada</span><span style="font-style: normal;">: 267,730</span></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><u>West Ham, England, UK: 267,358</u></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Lucknow, India: 264,000</span></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: purple; font-family: inherit;"><u>Nuremberg, Germany: 261,100</u></span></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: blue;"><u><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; white-space: nowrap;">Bordeaux, France: 257,500</span></u></span></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: inherit;"><u>Ningpo (Ningbo), China: 257,000</u></span></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: orange;"><u><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Sian (</span>Xi'an<span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">), China: 250,000</span></u></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: magenta; font-family: inherit;">Kiev, Russian Empire (Ukraine): 247,700 (1897)</span></b></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: inherit;"><u>Newark, New Jersey, USA: 246,070</u></span></span></b></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal;"><b><u>Bucharest, Roumania (Romania): 246,033</u></b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><u>Kingston-upon-Hull, England, UK: 240,259</u></span></span></b></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; font-family: inherit; line-height: normal;"><u>Sao Paulo, Brazil: 239,820</u> 174,442 [2]</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><u>Nottingham, England, UK: 239,743</u></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: inherit;">Havana, Cuba: 235,981</span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: purple;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><u>Hannover (Hanover), Germany: 235,600</u></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b></span></span></li>
<li><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><span style="background-color: white; color: red;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Rangoon (Yangôn), </span></span><span style="white-space: nowrap;">India (Burmah/Burma/Myanmar</span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">: </span></span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; line-height: 18px;">234,881</span></span></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; white-space: nowrap;"><u><span style="color: #999999; font-family: inherit;">Genoa, Italy: 234,700</span></u></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: orange;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Changsha, China: 230,000</span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: purple;"><span style="font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><u>Magdeburg, Germany: 229,700</u></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><u>Christiania (Oslo), Sweden-Norway (Norway): 227,000</u></b></b></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><u>Salford, England, UK: 220,957</u></span></span></b></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: inherit; line-height: normal;"><u>Valencia, Spain: 215,700</u></span></span></b></b></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><u>Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England, UK: 215,328</u></span></span></b></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: purple; font-family: inherit;"><u>Düsseldorf, Germany: 213,700</u></span></span></span></b></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><u>Leicester, England, UK: 211,579</u></span></span></span></span></b></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><u>Lille, France: 210,700</u></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: purple;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; white-space: nowrap;">Stettin (Szczecin), Germany (Poland): 210,700</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Benares (Vârânasi), India: 209,300</span></span></span></span></span></b></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;">Toronto, Ontario, Canada: 208,040</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Delhi, India</span><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">: 207,000</span></span></span></span></span></span></b></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: purple; font-family: inherit;"><u>Chemnitz, Germany: 206,900</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: inherit;"><u>Jersey City, New Jersey, USA: 206,433</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal;"><u>Salvador, Bahia, Brazil: 205,813</u> [3] 174,412 [2] 181,933 [1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></b></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: inherit;"><u>Florence, Italy: 205,600</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: inherit;"><u>Louisville, Kentucky, USA: 204,731</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Lahore, India (Pakistan)</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">: 203,000</span></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: inherit;"><u>Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA: 202,718</u></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: lime;"><u><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Smyrna (Izmir), Ottoman Empire (Turkey): 201,000</span></u></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #bf9000; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold;">Prague, Austria-Hungary (Czech Republic): 200,000</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> 184,109 [2]</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><u>Tebriz (Tabriz), Persia (Iran): 200,000</u></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: normal;"><b><u>Tehran, Persia (Iran): 200,000 (15,000 in 1795)</u></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: inherit;"><u>Wusih (Wuxi), China: 200,000</u></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: inherit;"><u>Foshan, China: 200,000</u></span></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><u>Ghent, Belgium: 198,000</u></span><span style="line-height: 18px;"> [1] 163,030 [2]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;">Kanpur, India: 197,200</span></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: inherit;">Kharkov (Kharkiv), Russian Empire (Ukraine): 197,000</span></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><u>King-ki-Tao (Seoul), Korea (South Korea): 195,000</u></b></b></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><u>Yokohama, Japan: 193,800</u></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;">Singapore, (Singapore): 193,089</span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: normal;"><b><b><span style="color: #38761d;">Manila, Philippines: 190,000</span></b></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="line-height: 18px;"> [1]</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color: purple; font-weight: normal;"><b><b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><u>Charlottenburg (Annexed by Berlin), Germany: 189,300</u></span></b></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><u style="background-color: white;">Portsmouth, England, UK: 189,160</u></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Âgra, India: 188,300</span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="color: purple;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">Königsberg (</span><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Kaliningrad), Germany (Russia): 188,000</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Ahmadâbâd (Ahmedabad), India: 185,889</span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">Mandalay, </span></span><span style="white-space: nowrap;">India (Burmah/Burma/Myanmar</span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">: 183,800</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: inherit; line-height: normal;"><u>Haag (The Hague), The Netherlands: 180,000 (1895)</u></span></span></b></b></b></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal;">Tashkand (Tashkent), Russian Empire (Uzbekistan): 180,000</span></span></b></b></b></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal;">Baku, Russian Empire (Azerbaijan): 179,000</span></span></b></b></b></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: purple; font-family: inherit;"><u>Stuttgart, Germany: 176,700</u></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: inherit;"><u>Providence, Rhode Island, USA: 175,597</u></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: magenta; font-family: inherit;">Tiflis (Tbilisi), Russian Empire (Georgia): 175,000</span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: normal;"><u>Oporto (Porto), Portugal: 172,400</u></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; white-space: nowrap;">Allahâbâd, India: 172,000</span></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: inherit;"><u>Venice, Italy: 171,000</u></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: blue;">Saigon (Ho Chi Minh City), French Indochina (Vietnam):<span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span>170,000</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="line-height: 18px;"> [1]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: inherit;"><u>Indianapolis, Indiana, USA: 169,164</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #bf9000; font-family: inherit;"><u>Gratz (Graz), Austria-Hungary (Austria): 168,808</u></span></span></i></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="line-height: 18px;"> 113,540 [2]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><u>Bolton, England, UK: 168,205</u></span></span></span></i></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: inherit;"><u>Chinkiang (Zhenjiang), China: 168,000</u></span></span></span></i></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><b style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: inherit;">Damascus, Ottoman Empire (Syria): 165,000</span></span></span></i></b></b></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><u>Cardiff, Wales, UK: 164,333</u></span></b></span></span></i></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: inherit;"><u>Kansas City, Missouri, USA: 163,752</u></span></span></b></span></span></i></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: purple;"><u><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Bremen, Germany: 163,300</span></u></span></span></b></span></span></i></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: inherit;"><u>St. Paul, Minnesota, USA: 163,065</u></span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: inherit;"><u>Rochester, New York, USA: 162,608</u></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></i></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><b style="white-space: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Amritsir (</span></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></i></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></i></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: red; line-height: 18px;">Amritsar), India: 162,500</span></span></i></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Adelaide, South Australia, Australia</span><span style="font-style: normal;">: 162,261</span></span></span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><b><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: inherit;">Vilna (Vilnius), Russian Empire (Lithuania): 162,600</span></b></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></i></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: purple;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><u>Altona (Annexed by Hamburg), Germany: 161,500</u></span></span></b></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></i></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><u>Kôbe, Japan: 161,100</u></span></b></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></i></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><u>Dundee, Scotland, UK: 161,000</u></span></span></b></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></i></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;">Bangalore, India: 161,000</span></span></span></b></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></i></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; white-space: nowrap;">Jypoor (Jaipur), India: 160,200</span></span></span></span></b></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></i></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="color: orange;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><u>Mukden (Shenyang), China: 160,000</u></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #bf9000; font-family: inherit;">Lemberg (Lviv), Austria-Hungary (Ukraine): 159,000</span></span></span></b></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></i></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="line-height: 18px;"> [1] 128,419 [2]</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; white-space: nowrap;"><u>Liège, Belgium: 157,800</u> 171,031 [2]</span></span></span></b></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></i></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; white-space: nowrap;">Hâora (Howrah - twin city with Kolkata), India: 157,594</span></span></span></b></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></i></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: purple; line-height: normal;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><u>Elberfeld (<u style="white-space: normal;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">Wuppertal)</span></u>, Germany: 157,000</u></span></span></span></span></b></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></i></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: purple; line-height: normal;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><u><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Halle (Saale), Germany: 156,600</span></u></span></span></span></b></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></i></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;">Tunis, Tunisia (French Empire): <a href="http://worldcitypop.com/source_page.asp?disp_city=tunis&disp_time=1900" target="_blank">156,000</a></span></b></span></b></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></i></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;">Johannesburg, South Africa: 155,642 (1904)</span></b></span></b></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></i></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;">Poonah (Pune), India: 154,000</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;">Colombo, Sri Lanka: 153,691</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><u>Aberdeen, Scotland, UK: 153,114</u></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #999999;"><u><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Bologna, Italy: 152,000</span></u></span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><u><span style="background-color: white; color: purple; font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Strasbourg, Germany (France): 151,000</span></u></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><u>Zürich, Switzerland: 150,700</u></b></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: normal;"><u>Nangasaki (Nagasaki), Japan: 150,000</u></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: inherit;"><u>Nanchang, China: 150,000</u></span></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;">Ibadan, Nigeria: 150,000</span></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: inherit;"><u>Kai-fong (Kaifeng), China: 150,000</u></span></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color: lime; font-family: inherit;">Bagdad (Baghdad), Ottoman Empire (Iraq): 150,000</span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><u>Toulouse, France: 149,800</u></span></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><u><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Messina, Italy: 149,800</span></u></span></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><u><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Catania, Italy: 149,300</span></u></span></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><b>Cape Town, South Africa</b><b>: 148,000</b></span></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: normal;"><u>Seville, Spain: 147,300</u></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Surabaya, Dutch East Indies (Indonesia): 146,900</span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><u>Saint-Étienne, France: 146,600</u></span></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><u>Sunderland, England, UK: 146,565</u></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: inherit; line-height: normal;"><u>Valparaiso, Chile: 145,000</u> 122,447 [2]</span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: inherit;"><u>Saratov, Russian Empire (Russia): 143,000</u></span></span></span></b></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></i></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: inherit;"><u>Rostov-on-Don, Russian Empire (Russia): 142,000</u></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: purple; font-family: inherit;"><u>Dortmund, Germany: 142,000</u></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; white-space: nowrap;"><u><span style="color: purple; font-family: inherit;">Barmen (<u style="white-space: normal;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">Wuppertal)</span></u>, Germany: 141,900</span></u></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><u><span style="color: purple;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Mannheim, Germany: 141,100</span></span></u></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span style="color: purple;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Danzig (Gdansk), Germany (Poland): 140,600</span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><b>Algiers, Algeria (French Empire): 140,000</b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: inherit;">Salonica (Thessaloniki), Ottoman Empire (Greece): 140,000</span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; white-space: nowrap;">Gwalior, India: 139,000</span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: purple; font-family: inherit;"><u>Gelsenkirchen, Germany: 138,000</u></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><u>Oldham, England, UK: 137,238</u></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #bf9000; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: normal;">Brunn (Brno), Austria-Hungary (Czech Republic): </span>137,000</span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="line-height: 18px;"> [1]</span></li>
<li><span style="color: orange;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><u>Tsinan (Jinan), China: 135,000</u></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: inherit;">Ekaterinoslav (Dnipropetrovsk), Russian Empire (Ukraine): 135,000</span></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: red; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Patna, India: 134,800</span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><u>Croydon, England, UK: 133,885</u></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: inherit;"><u>Denver, Colorado, USA: 133,859</u></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: blue;"><u><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Nantes, France: 133,000</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: purple; font-family: inherit;"><u>Aachen, Germany: 132,200</u></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="color: #bf9000; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Trieste, Austria-Hungary (Italy): </span>132,000</span></b></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="line-height: 18px;"> [1] 158,344 [2]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: inherit;"><u>Toledo, Ohio, USA: 131,822</u></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><u>Nagoya, Japan: 131,500</u></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Bareilly, India: 131,200</span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><u>Málaga, Spain: 131,100</u></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><u>Gottenburg (Gothenburg), Sweden-Norway (Sweden): 130,600</u></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><u>Le Havre, France: 130,200</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><u><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta;">Kazan, Russian Empire (Russia): </span></span><span style="color: magenta;">131,500</span></u></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: inherit;"><u>Allegheny, Pennsylvania, USA: 129,896</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: purple;"><u><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Braunschweig (Brunswick), Germany: 128,200</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><u><span style="line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Astrakhan, Russian Empire (Russia): 128,000</span></span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Nagpoor (Nâgpur), India: 127,700</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><u>Blackburn, England, UK: 127,527</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: inherit;">Halab (Aleppo), Ottoman Empire (Syria): 127,200</span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: inherit;">Kichenau (Chisinau), Russian Empire (Moldova): 125,800</span></span></span></span></span></span></b></b></b></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: inherit;"><u>Columbus, Ohio, USA: 125,560</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: blue;"><u><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Roubaix, France: 124,400</span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><u>Brighton, England, UK: 123,478</u></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><b style="color: black;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><u>Athens, Greece: 123,000 (1896) (4,000 in 1833)</u></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Kashmir (Srînagar), India: 122,600</span></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: inherit; line-height: normal;"><u>Hiroshima, Japan: 122,300 (1898)</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><u style="font-weight: bold;">Lima, Peru: 122,000</u> 100,000 [2]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: inherit;"><u>Kirinula (Jilin City), China: 120,000</u></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><b style="color: black;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Bogota, Colombia:</span><u> </u></b></span></b></span></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></b></b></span><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal;"><u>120,000</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></b></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></b><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal;"> [2] [3] | <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal;">105,000 [1] | </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></b></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></b></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal;">110,000</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: normal;"><u>Medina (Marrakech/Marrakesh), Morocco: 120,000</u></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;">Brisbane, Queensland, Australia: 119,428</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Sûrat, India: 119,300</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: purple; font-family: inherit;"><u>Essen, Germany: 118,900</u></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: lime; font-family: inherit;"><u>Bairut (Beirut), Ottoman Empire (Lebanon): 118,800</u></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></b></b></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: inherit;"><u>Worcester, Massachusetts, USA: 118,421</u></span></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Meerut, India: 118,100</span></span></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: purple;"><span style="line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Posan (Poznan), Germany (Poland): 117,000</span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><u>Rouen, France: 116,300</u></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><b style="color: black;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;">Batavia (Jakarta) Dutch East Indies (Indonesia): 115,000</b></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="line-height: 18px;"> [1]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><u>Willesden, England, UK: 114,815</u></span></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><u>Geneva, Switzerland: 114,500</u></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: normal;">Karachi, India (Pakistan)</span><span style="line-height: normal;">:</span><span style="line-height: normal;"> </span>114,000</span></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="line-height: 18px;"> [1]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><u>Rhondda, Wales, UK: 113,735</u></span></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><u>Recife, Brazil: 113,100</u> 111,556 [2]</span></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><u>Preston, England, UK: 112,982</u></span></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><u>Rosario, Argentina: 112,462</u> 91,669 [2]</span></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><u>Norwich, England, UK: 111,728</u></span></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><u>Birkenhead, England, UK: 110,926</u></span></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5] [2]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: orange; font-family: inherit;"><u>Lanchu (Lanzhou), China: 110,000</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: inherit;"><u>Tula, Russian Empire (Russia): 110,000</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><u>Gateshead, England, UK: 109,887</u></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><b style="color: black;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-family: inherit; line-height: normal;"><u>Basel, Switzerland: 109,800</u></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; white-space: nowrap;">Surakarta (Solo), Dutch East Indies (Indonesia): 109,500</span></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><u>Reims, France: 108,400</u></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: inherit;"><u>Syracuse, New York, USA: 108,374</u></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: inherit;"><u>New Haven, Connecticut, USA: 108,027</u></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #bf9000; font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: normal;">Krakow, Austria-Hungary (Poland): </span><span style="color: #bf9000; line-height: normal;">108,000</span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="line-height: 18px;"> [1]</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: purple;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><u>Kiel, Germany: 108,000</u></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><u>Fez (Fes), Morocco: 108,000</u></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><u>Plymwouth, England, UK: 107,509</u></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: purple;"><u><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Crefeld (Krefeld), Germany: 106,900</span></u></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Madura (Madurai), India: 106,000</span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: purple;"><span style="line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><u>Kassel, Germany: 106,000</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><u>Derby, England, UK: 105,785</u></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: inherit;"><u>Paterson, New Jersey, USA: 105,171</u></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: inherit;"><u>Nice, France: 105,109 (1901)</u></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><u>Halifax, England, UK: 104,933</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><u>Southampton, England, UK: 104,911</u></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: inherit;"><u>Fall River, Massachusetts, USA: 104,863</u></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Tanjore (Tiruchchirâppalli/Trichinopoly), India: 104,700</span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Baroda (Vadodara), India: 103,800</span></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><b>Ha nôi (Hanoi), French Indochina (Vietnam): 103,200</b></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: inherit;"><u>St. Joseph, Missouri, USA: 102,979</u></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: blue;"><u><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Nancy, France: 102,600</span></u></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: inherit;"><u>Omaha, Nebraska, USA: 102,555</u></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><u>Tottenham, England, UK: 102,519</u></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: inherit;"><u>Los Angeles, California, USA: 102,479</u></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: inherit;"><u>Memphis, Tennessee, USA: 102,320</u></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: inherit;"><u>Scranton, Pennsylvania, USA: 102,026</u></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: normal;"><u>Utrecht, The Netherlands: 102,000</u></span></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: blue;"><u><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Toulon, France: 101,600</span></u></span></span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><u>Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico: 101,200</u></span></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><u style="color: #bf9000;">Szeged (Szegedin), Austria-Hungary (Hungary): 100,300</u> 87,410 [2]</span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: orange;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><u>Xiamen, China: 100,000</u></span></span></li>
<li><span style="color: orange;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><u>Guiyang, China: 100,000</u></span></span></li>
</ol>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">5 Observations</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">5.1 Number of Urban Centres per Country</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">The table below shows the number of urban centres per country that had more than 100,000 inhabitants in the year 1900. It also shows the population. These numbers also reflect the number of cities within each country's colonial empire. Only the top 9 countries with the most urban centres are colour coded. Top 10 urban centres are included below. </span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: red;">British Empire</span> - 419,920,000 - <b>83</b><br />1. <b><span style="line-height: 18px;"><u><span style="color: red;">L</span></u></span></b><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline;">ondon, England, UK: 4,670,177</span> [<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_London">x</a>] 4,536,541</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5] 4,536,063</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span><br />2. <b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Calcutta (Kolkata), India</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">:</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">1,026,900</span></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><span style="line-height: 18px;"> [1] </span><span style="line-height: 18px;">847,796</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><br />3. <b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bombay (Mumbai), India</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">: </span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">776,006</span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><br /><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">4. <b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red;"><u>Glasgow, Scotland, UK: 761,709</u></span></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span><br />5. <b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red;"><u>Liverpool, England, UK: 684,958</u></span></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span><br />6. <b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="color: lime; font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Cairo, <b style="color: black;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="color: lime; font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Ottoman/</span></span><span style="color: red;">British Empires</span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></b></b></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></b></b></span></b><span style="color: lime; font-style: italic;"> </span><span style="color: lime;">(</span><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="color: lime; font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Egypt</span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></b></b></span></b><span style="color: lime;">)</span><span style="color: lime;">:</span><span style="color: red;"> 600,000</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><br />7. <b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red;"><u>Manchester, England, UK: 543,872</u></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span><br />8. <b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red;"><u>Birmingham, England, UK: 522,204</u></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span><br />9. <i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: red;">Madras (Chennai), India: 509,300</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i></span></i></span></i><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><br />10. <i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Melbourne, Victoria, Australia</span><span style="font-style: normal;">: 496,079</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i></span></i></span></i><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #38761d;">United States</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> - 76,212,168 - <b>40<br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. </span><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><u>New York City, New York, USA: 3,437,202</u></span></span></b><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">2. </span><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><u>Chicago, Illinois, USA: 1,698,575</u></span></span></b></b></b></span></b><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">3. <b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><u>Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA: 1,293,697</u></span></span></span></b></span></b></b></b></span></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span><br /><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">4. <b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><u>St. Louis, Missouri, USA: 575,238</u></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span><br />5. <i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><u>Boston, Massachusetts, USA: 560,892</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i></span></i></span></i><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span><br />6. <b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><u>Baltimore, Maryland, USA: 508,957</u></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span><br />7. <b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><u>Cleveland, Ohio, USA: 381,768</u></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></b></b></span></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span><br />8. <b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><u>Buffalo, New York, USA: 352,387</u></span></span></span></b></span></span></i></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span><br />9. <b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><u>San Francisco,California, USA: 342,782</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></i></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span><br />10. <u style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; line-height: 18px;">Cincinnati, Ohio, USA: 325,902</u><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span></li>
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<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: purple;">Germany</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> - 56,000,000 - </span>31<br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. </span><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: purple;"><u>Berlin, Germany: 1,888,848</u></span></b></b></i></b><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">2. </span><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: purple;"><u>Hamburg, Germany: 705,738</u></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></b></b></span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">3. <b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: purple;"><u>Munich, Germany: 499,000</u></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></span><br /><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">4. <b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: purple;"><u>Leipzig, Germany: 456,100</u></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></span></b><br />5. <b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: purple;"><b style="color: black;"><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: purple;"><span style="line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Breslau (Wroclaw), Germany (Poland): 422,700</span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><br />6. <b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: purple;"><u><b style="color: black;"><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: purple;"><u>Dresden, Germany: 396,100</u></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></u></span></span></span></i></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><br />7. <b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: purple;"><u><b style="color: black;"><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: purple;"><u>Cologne, Germany: 372,500</u></span></span></span></i></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></u></span></span></span></b></b></b></span></b><br />8. <b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: purple;"><u><b style="color: black; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: purple;"><u>Frankfurt, Germany: 288,989</u></span></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></u></span></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b><br />9. <b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: purple;"><u>Nuremberg, Germany: 261,100</u></span></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b><br />10. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: purple;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><u>Hannover (Hanover), Germany: 235,600</u></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: orange;">Qing Dynasty (China)</span> - 415,001,488 - <b>25<br /><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. </span><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: orange;"><u>Peking (Beijing), China: 1,000,000</u></span></b></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"> [1]</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">2. </span><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: orange;"><u>Tien-Tsin (Tianjin), China: 750,000</u></span></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></b></b></b></span></b></span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">3. </span><u style="color: orange; line-height: 18px;">F<u>oochow (Fuzhou)</u>, China: 630,000</u><br /><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">4. </span></b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: orange;"><u>Chung-king (Chongqing), China: 620,000</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></i></span></i></span></i></span></b><br />5. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: orange;"><u>Shanghae (Shanghai), China: 619,000</u></span></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></span></b><br />6. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="color: orange;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Canton (Guangzhou), China: </span><span style="color: orange; font-weight: normal;">585,000</span></u></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></span></b></span></b><span style="line-height: 18px;"> [1]</span><br />7. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: orange; font-style: normal;"><u>Wuhan, China: 450,000</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i></span></i></span></i></span></b><br />8. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: orange;"><u>Hangchow (Hangzhou), China: 350,000</u></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></i></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></span></b><br />9. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><u style="color: orange;">Ching tu (Chengdu), China: ~300,000 (400,000 in 1911)</u></span></b><br />10. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: orange;"><u>Soochow (Suzhou), China: 280,000</u></span></span></b></span></b></li>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">
</span>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; color: magenta;">Russian Empire</span> - 132,000,000 - </span>19<br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. </span><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta;"><u>Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire (Russia): 1,439,400</u></span></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">2. </span><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta;"><u>Moskow (Moscow), Russian Empire (Russia): 1,170,000</u></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">3. <b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: magenta;">Warsaw, Russian Empire (Poland): 756,400</span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></span></b></b></span><br /><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">4. <b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta;">Odessa, Russian Empire (Ukraine): 449,000</span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></span></b><br />5. <i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="line-height: 22.399999618530273px;">Ł</span>ó<span style="font-weight: normal;">dź, Russian Empire (Poland): 351,600</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i></span></i></span></i><br />6. <b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="color: magenta;">Riga, Russian Empire (Latvia): 294,000</span></b></b></b></span></b><br />7. <b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: magenta;">Kiev, Russian Empire (Ukraine): 247,700 (1897)</span></b></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b><br />8. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta;">Kharkov (Kharkiv), Russian Empire (Ukraine): 197,000</span></span></b></span></b><br />9. <b><b><b><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;">Tashkand (Tashkent), Russian Empire (Uzbekistan): 180,000</span></span></b></b></b><br />10. <b><b><b><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;">Baku, Russian Empire (Azerbaijan): 179,000</span></span></b></b></b></li>
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<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: blue;">French Empire</span> - 76,090,000 - <b>19<br /><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. </span></b></b></b></b></b><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: blue;"><u>Paris, France: 2,714,068</u></span></b></i></b></b><br />2. <b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: blue;"><u>Marseille, France: 491,200</u></span></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></b></span></b></span><br />3. <b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: blue;"><u>Lyon, France: 441,800</u></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><br /><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">4. </span></b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: blue;"><u><span style="background-color: white; white-space: nowrap;">Bordeaux, France: 257,500</span></u></span></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b></span></b><br />5. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: blue;"><u>Lille, France: 210,700</u></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></b><br />6. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue;">Saigon (Ho Chi Minh City), French Indochina (Vietnam):</span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span>170,000</span></span></b><span style="line-height: 18px;"> [1]</span><br />7. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: blue;">Tunis, Tunisia (French Empire): 156,000</span></b></span></b></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></i></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></b><span style="line-height: 18px;"> [1]</span><br />8. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><u>Toulouse, France: 149,800</u></span></span></b></span></b><br />9. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="background-color: white;"><u>Saint-Étienne, France: 146,600</u></span></span></b></span></span></b></span></b><br />10. <b style="color: blue; white-space: nowrap;">Algiers, Algeria (French Empire): 140,000</b></li>
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<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><b><b><b><b><span style="color: #999999; font-weight: normal;">Italy</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> - 32,000,000 - </span>11<br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. </span><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #999999;"><u>Naples, Italy: 563,500</u></span></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></b></b></b></b></b></span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">2. </span><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #999999;"><u>Milan, Italy: 491,500</u></span></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">3. <b><b><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #999999;"><u>Rome, Italy: 462,800</u></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></span></b></span></b></b></b></b></b></span><br /><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">4. <b><b><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><u style="color: #999999;">Turin, Italy: 335,700</u></span></b></b></b></b></b></span></b></span></b></b></b></b></b><br />5. <b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #999999;"><u>Palermo, Italy: 309,700</u></span></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b><br />6. <u style="white-space: nowrap;"><span style="color: #999999;">Genoa, Italy: 234,700</span></u><br />7. <b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #999999;"><u>Florence, Italy: 205,600</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b></span></b><br />8. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #999999;"><u>Venice, Italy: 171,000</u></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b><br />9. <u style="color: #999999; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Bologna, Italy: 152,000</span></u><br />10. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><u><span style="background-color: white;">Messina, Italy: 149,800</span></u></span></span></b></span></b></li>
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<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><b><b><b><span style="color: #bf9000; font-weight: normal;">Austria-Hungary</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> - 51,356,465 - </span>9<br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. </span><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="color: #bf9000;"><u>Vienna, Austria-Hungary (Austria): 1,769,137</u></span></b></b></b></i></b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> 1,635,647 [2]</span></span></i><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">2. </span><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #bf9000;"><u>Budapest, Austria-Hungary (Hungary), 733,358</u></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></b></b></b></b><span style="line-height: 18px;"> 505,763</span><span style="line-height: 18px;"> [2]</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">3. <b><span style="color: #bf9000;">Prague, Austria-Hungary (Czech Republic): 200,000</span></b><span style="background-color: white;"> 184,109 [2]</span><br /><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">4. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #bf9000;"><u>Gratz (Graz), Austria-Hungary (Austria): 168,808</u></span></span></i></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b><span style="line-height: 18px;"> 113,540 [2]</span><br />5. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Lemberg (Lviv), Austria-Hungary (Ukraine): 159,000</span></span></span></b></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></i></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></span><span style="line-height: 18px;"> [1] 128,419 [2]</span><br />6. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #bf9000;"><span style="line-height: normal;">Brunn (Brno), Austria-Hungary (Czech Republic): </span>137,000</span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b><span style="line-height: 18px;"> [1]</span><br />7. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="color: #bf9000;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Trieste, Austria-Hungary (Italy): </span>132,000</span></b></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b><span style="line-height: 18px;"> [1]</span><span style="line-height: 18px;"> 158,344 [2]</span><br />8. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #bf9000;"><span style="line-height: normal;">Krakow, Austria-Hungary (Poland): </span><span style="color: #bf9000; line-height: normal;">108,000</span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b><span style="line-height: 18px;"> [1]</span><br />9. <span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><u style="color: #bf9000;">Szeged</u><u style="color: #bf9000; line-height: 18px; text-decoration: underline; white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;"> (Szegedin)</span></u><u style="color: #bf9000;">, Austria-Hungary (Hungary): 100,300</u> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: nowrap;">87,410 [2]</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: lime;">Ottoman Empire</span> - 30,860,000 - </span>9<br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. </span><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><span style="color: lime;"><u>Constantinople (Istanbul), Ottoman Empire (Turkey): 942,900</u></span></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></b><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">2. </span><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="color: lime; font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Cairo, <b style="color: black;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="color: lime; font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Ottoman/</span></span><span style="color: red;">British Empires</span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></b></b></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></b></b></span></b></span><span style="color: lime; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="color: lime; font-weight: normal;">(</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="color: lime; font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Egypt</span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></b></b></span></b></span><span style="color: lime; font-weight: normal;">)</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: lime;">:</span><span style="color: red;"> 600,000</span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">3. <span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: lime;">Alexandria, </span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: lime; font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: lime; font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Ottoman/</span></span><span style="color: red;">British Empires</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: lime; font-style: italic;"> </span><span style="color: lime;">(</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: lime; font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Egypt</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: lime;">)</span><span style="color: lime;">:</span><span style="color: red;"> 314,000</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><br />4. <u style="color: lime; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Smyrna (Izmir), Ottoman Empire (Turkey): 201,000</span></u><br />5. <b><b><b><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><b style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: lime;">Damascus, Ottoman Empire (Syria): 165,000</span></span></span></i></b></b></span></b></span></span></b></b></b><br />6. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Bagdad (Baghdad), Ottoman Empire (Iraq): 150,000</span></b></span></b><br />7. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: lime;">Salonica (Thessaloniki), Ottoman Empire (Greece): 140,000</span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b><br />8. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: lime;">Halab (Aleppo), Ottoman Empire (Syria): 127,200</span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b><br />9. <b><b><b><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: lime;"><u>Bairut (Beirut), Ottoman Empire (Lebanon): 118,800</u></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></b></b></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Japan - 42,000,000 - </span>8<br /><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. </span><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><u>Edo/Yedo (Tokyo), Japan: 1,497,000</u></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">2. </span><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><u>Oosaka (Osaka), Japan: 970,000</u></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">3. <b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; color: magenta; font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><u>Kyoto, Japan: 362,000</u></span></b></span></span></i></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></span></b></b></span><br />4. <u>Yokohama, Japan: 193,800</u><br />5. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><u>K<b style="white-space: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><u>ô</u></span></b></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></i></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></b></b></u></span></b></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></i></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><u>be, Japan: 161,100</u></span></span></i></span></span></span><br />6. <b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><u>Nangasaki (Nagasaki), Japan: 150,000</u></span></b></span></b></b><br />7. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><u>Nagoya, Japan: 131,500</u></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b><br />8. <u style="background-color: white;">Hiroshima, Japan: 122,300 (1898)</u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Dutch Empire - 51,246,000 - <b>7<br /><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. </span><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><u>Amsterdam, The Netherlands: 510,000</u></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></b></b></b></span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">2. </span><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; color: magenta; font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><u>Rotterdam, The Netherlands: 368,000</u></span></span></i></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">3. </span><b><b><b><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><u>Haag (The Hague), The Netherlands: 180,000 (1895)</u></span></span></b></b></b><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">4. </span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Surabaya, Dutch East Indies (Indonesia): 146,900</span></b></span></b></span></b><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">5. </span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><b style="color: black;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;">Batavia (Jakarta) Dutch East Indies (Indonesia): 115,000</b></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b><span style="line-height: 18px;"> [1]</span><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">6. </span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: nowrap;">Surakarta, Dutch East Indies (Indonesia): 109,500</span></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b><br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">7. </span><u>Utrecht, The Netherlands: 102,000</u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b style="color: #4c1130;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal;">Spain - 20,750,000 - </span><span style="color: black;">5<br /><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. </span><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><b><u>Madrid, Spain: 539,800</u></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></b></b></b></span></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">2. </span><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><u>Barcelona, Spain: 530,300</u></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">3. <b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><u>Valencia, Spain: 215,700</u></span></span></b></b></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b><br />4. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><u>Seville, Spain: 147,300</u></span></b></span></b><br />5. </span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="background-color: white;"><u>M<b style="white-space: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><u>á</u></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b>laga, Spain: 131,100</u></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Brazil - 17,000,000 - <b>4<br /><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b style="color: #4c1130;"><span style="color: black;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. </span><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><u>Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: 811,443</u></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></b></b></b></span></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b><span style="color: black;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> 522,651 [2]</span></span></i></span></i></span></i><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">2. </span><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><u>Sao Paulo, Brazil: 239,820</u></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; font-family: inherit; line-height: normal;"> 174,442 [2]</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">3. <b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><u>Salvador, Bahia, Brazil: </u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></b></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal;"><u>205,813</u> [3] 174,412 [2] 181,933 [1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></b></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b><br />4. </span></span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><u><span style="background-color: white; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Recife, Brazil: 113,100</span></u></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;"> 111,556 [2]</span></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Belgium - 6,136,000 - </span>4<br /><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b style="color: #4c1130;"><span style="color: black;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. </span><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><u>Brussels, Belgium: 626,000</u></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></b></b></b></span></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></span><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> 570,844 [2, excludes suburbs]</span></i><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">2. </span><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><u>Antwerp, Belgium: 275,100</u> </span></i></b></span></span></b><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">282,018 [2]</span></i></b></span></span></b><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">3. <u>Ghent, Belgium: 198,000</u><span style="line-height: 18px;"> [1]</span><span style="line-height: 18px;"> 163,030 [2]</span><br />4. </span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: nowrap;"><u>Liège, Belgium: 157,800</u></span></span></span></b></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></i></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; white-space: nowrap;"> 171,031 [2]</span></span></span></b></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></i></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Sweden-Norway - 7,560,000 - </span>3<br /><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b style="color: #4c1130;"><span style="color: black;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. </span><b style="background-color: white; color: blue; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><u>Stockholm, Sweden-Norway (Sweden): 300,000</u></b></span></b><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">2. </span><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><u>Christiania (Oslo), Sweden-Norway (Norway): 227,000</u></b></b></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">3. </span></b></b></b></span></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="background-color: white;"><u>Gottenburg (Gothenburg), Sweden-Norway (Sweden): 130,600</u></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Switzerland - 3,525,300 - </span>3<br /><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b style="color: #4c1130;"><span style="color: black;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. </span><b><u>Z<b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b style="color: #4c1130;"><span style="color: black;"><b><b><b><b><u>ü</u></b></b></b></b></span></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></u></b></b></b></b></span></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b><span style="color: black;"><u><b>rich, Switzerland: 150,700</b></u></span><span style="color: black;"><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">2. </span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><u>Geneva, Switzerland: 114,500</u></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="color: black;"><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">3. </span></span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><b style="color: black;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><u>Basel, Switzerland: 109,800</u></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Persia (Iran) - 7,000,000 - <b>2<br /><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b style="color: #4c1130;"><span style="color: black;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. </span><u style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;">Tebriz (Tabriz), Persia (Iran): 200,000</u><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">2. </span></b></b></b></span></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><u>Tehran, Persia (Iran): 200,000 (15,000 in 1795)</u></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Portuguese Empire - 12,434,000 - </span><b>2</b><span style="font-weight: normal;"> (All within Portugal)<br /><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b style="color: #4c1130;"><span style="color: black;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. </span><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; color: magenta; font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><u>Lisbon, Portugal: 356,000</u></b></span></span></i></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></b></b></b></span></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></span></b></b></span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">2. </span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><u>Oporto (Porto), Portugal: 172,400</u></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Chile - 2,867,000 - </span>2<br /><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b style="color: #4c1130;"><span style="color: black;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. </span><b style="background-color: white; color: blue; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><u>Santiago, Chile: 296,600</u></b></b></span></b><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"> 256,413 [2]</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">2. </span></b></b></b></span></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><u>Valparaiso, Chile: 145,000</u></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"> 122,447 [2]</span></b></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Mexico - 12,050,000 - </span>2<br /><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b style="color: #4c1130;"><span style="color: black;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. </span><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: blue; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><b><u>Mexico City, Mexico: 400,000</u></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></b></b></b></span></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">2. </span><u style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;">Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico: 101,200</u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Argentina - 5,800,000 - </span>2<br /><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b style="color: #4c1130;"><span style="color: black;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. </span><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><u>Buenos Ayres (Buenos Aires), Argentina: 950,891</u></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></b></b></b></span></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b><span style="color: black;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> 663,854 [2]</span></span></i></span></i></span></i><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">2. </span></span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><u>Rosario, Argentina: 112,462</u> </span></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">91,669 [2]</span></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></li>
<li><b><b><b><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><b style="color: black;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Morocco - 4,162,000 - </span>2<br /><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="white-space: normal;">1. </span><u>Fez (Fes), Morocco: 108,000</u><br /><b style="white-space: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">2. <u>Medina (Marrakech/Marrakesh), Morocco: 120,000</u></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></b></b></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Greece - 2,800,000 - </span>1<br /><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b style="color: #4c1130;"><span style="color: black;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. </span></b></b></b></span></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><b style="color: black;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><u>Athens, Greece: 123,000 (1896) (4,000 in 1833)</u></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Denmark - 2,182,000 - </span><b>1<br /><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b style="color: #4c1130;"><span style="color: black;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. </span></b></b></b></span></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><u>Copenhagen, Denmark: 600,000</u></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></span><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> 375,251 [2]</span></i></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Korea - 12,000,000 - <b>1<br /><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b style="color: #4c1130;"><span style="color: black;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. </span></b></b></b></span></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b><b><b><u>King-ki-Tao (Seoul), Korea (South Korea): 195,000</u></b></b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><b><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Siam (Thailand) - 7,200,000 - </span><b>1<br /><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b style="color: #4c1130;"><span style="color: black;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. </span></b></b></b></span></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b><b style="background-color: white; color: blue; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><u>Bangkok, Siam (Thailand): 300,000</u></b></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><b><b><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Roumania (Romania) - 6,630,000 - </span><b>1<br /><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b style="color: #4c1130;"><span style="color: black;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. </span></b></b></b></span></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b><b style="background-color: white;"><u>Bucharest, Roumania (Romania): 246,033</u></b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Uruguay - 1,026,000 - </span><b>1<br /><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b style="color: #4c1130;"><span style="color: black;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. </span></b></b></b></span></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><u>Montevideo, Uruguay: 268,000</u></b></span></i></b></span></span></b></span><i style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> 252,000 [2]</span></i></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Peru - 3,700,000 - </span><b>1<br /><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b style="color: #4c1130;"><span style="color: black;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. </span></b></b></b></span></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><b style="color: black;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><u>Lima, Peru: 122,000</u></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white;"> 100,000 [2]</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Colombia - 4,604,000 - </span><b>1<br /><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b style="color: #4c1130;"><span style="color: black;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. </span></b></b></b></span></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><b style="color: black;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><u>Bogota, Colombia:</u></b></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #cc0000;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal;"><u> 120,000</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></b></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></b><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal;"> [2] [3] | <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal;">105,000 [1] | </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></b></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></b></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal;">110,000</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">An interesting observation is how only two of the cities in the Russian Empire's top ten are still part of Russia today. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">A pie chart showing the number of urban centres per country with a population of more than 100,000 inhabitants in the year 1900.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">5.2 Number of Urban Centres by Modern Day Political Divisions</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">It's an interesting perspective to rank by modern day political divisions. The following table is ranked by the number of urban centres per modern political division and includes a list of the top ten. I include the same colour coding as used in the rest of this article to indicate if the predecessor state that had sovereignty over the city was part of the top 9 containing the most urban centres in 1900.</span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">United States: 38<br /><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. </span><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><u>New York City, New York, USA: 3,437,202</u></span></span></b><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">2. </span><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><u>Chicago, Illinois, USA: 1,698,575</u></span></span></b></b></b></span></b><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">3. <b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><u>Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA: 1,293,697</u></span></span></span></b></span></b></b></b></span></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span><br /><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">4. <b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><u>St. Louis, Missouri, USA: 575,238</u></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span><br />5. <i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><u>Boston, Massachusetts, USA: 560,892</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i></span></i></span></i><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span><br />6. <b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><u>Baltimore, Maryland, USA: 508,957</u></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span><br />7. <b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><u>Cleveland, Ohio, USA: 381,768</u></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></b></b></span></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span><br />8. <b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><u>Buffalo, New York, USA: 352,387</u></span></span></span></b></span></span></i></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span><br />9. <b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #38761d;"><u>San Francisco,California, USA: 342,782</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></i></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span><br />10. <u style="background-color: white; color: #38761d; line-height: 18px;">Cincinnati, Ohio, USA: 325,902</u><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [4]</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">United Kingdom: 38<br />1. <b><span style="line-height: 18px;"><u><span style="color: red;">L</span></u></span></b><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: underline;">ondon, England, UK: 4,670,177</span> [<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_London">x</a>] 4,536,541</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5] 4,536,063</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span><br />2. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red;"><u>Glasgow, Scotland, UK: 761,709</u></span></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span><br />3. <b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red;"><u>Liverpool, England, UK: 684,958</u></span></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span><br />4. <b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red;"><u>Manchester, England, UK: 543,872</u></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span><br />5. <b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red;"><u>Birmingham, England, UK: 522,204</u></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span><br />6. <b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red;"><u>Leeds, England, UK: 428,968</u></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span><br />7. <b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-style: normal;"><span style="color: red;"><u>Sheffield, England, UK: 380,793</u></span></span></i></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span><br />8. <b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red;"><u>Belfast, Ireland (Northern Ireland), UK: </u></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></i></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><u>348,965</u></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></i></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2] [1.]</span><br />9. <u style="background-color: white; color: red; line-height: 18px;">Bristol, England, UK: 328,945</u><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span><br />10. <span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="color: red;"><u>Edinburgh, Scotland, UK: 316,837</u></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2]</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Germany: 29<br /><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. </span><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: purple;"><u>Berlin, Germany: 1,888,848</u></span></b></b></i></b><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">2. </span><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: purple;"><u>Hamburg, Germany: 705,738</u></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></b></span><br />3. <b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: purple;"><u>Munich, Germany: 499,000</u></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><br /><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">4. <b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: purple;"><u>Leipzig, Germany: 456,100</u></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></span></b><br />5. <b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: purple;"><u><b style="color: black;"><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: purple;"><u>Dresden, Germany: 396,100</u></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></u></span></span></span></i></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><br />6. <b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: purple;"><u>Cologne, Germany: 372,500</u></span></span></span></b></b></b></span></b><br />7. <b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: purple;"><u><b style="color: black; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: purple;"><u>Frankfurt, Germany: 288,989</u></span></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></u></span></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b><br />8. <b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: purple;"><u>Nuremberg, Germany: 261,100</u></span></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b><br />9. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: purple;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><u>Hannover (Hanover), Germany: 235,600</u></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b><br />10. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: purple;"><span style="font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="background-color: white;"><u>Magdeburg, Germany: 229,700</u></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">India: 27<br />1. <b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Calcutta (Kolkata), India</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">:</span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">1,026,900</span></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><span style="line-height: 18px;"> [1]</span><span style="line-height: 18px;"> </span><span style="line-height: 18px;">847,796</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><br />2. <b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Bombay (Mumbai), India</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">: </span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">776,006</span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><br />3. <i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: red;">Madras (Chennai), India: 509,300</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i></span></i></span></i></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><br />4. <b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: red;">Hyderabad, India: 448,500</span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><br />5. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Lucknow, India: 264,000</span></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><br />6. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Benares (Vârânasi), India: 209,300</span></span></span></span></span></b></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><br />7. <b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">Delhi, India</span><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">: 207,000</span></span></span></span></span></span></b></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><br />8. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red;">Kanpur, India: 197,200</span></span></b></span></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><br />9. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Agra, India: 188,300</span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><br />10. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="background-color: white;">Ahmadâbâd<b style="color: black; white-space: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;"> (Ahmedabad)</span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b>, India: 185,900</span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">China: 26<br /><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. </span><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: orange;"><u>Peking (Beijing), China: 1,000,000</u></span></b></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"> [1]</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">2. </span></b><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: orange;"><u>Tien-Tsin (Tianjin), China: 750,000</u></span></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></b></span></b></span><br />3. <u style="color: orange; line-height: 18px;">Foochow (Fuzhou), China: 630,000</u><br /><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">4. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: orange;"><u>Chung-king (Chongqing), China: 620,000</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></i></span></i></span></i></span></b><br />5. </span></b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: orange;"><u>Shanghae (Shanghai), China: 619,000</u></span></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></span></b><br />6. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="color: orange;"><u><span style="font-weight: normal;">Canton (Guangzhou), China: </span><span style="color: orange; font-weight: normal;">585,000</span></u></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></span></b><span style="line-height: 18px;"> [1]</span><br />7. <i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: orange; font-style: normal;"><u>Wuhan, China: 450,000</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i></span></i></span></i><br />8. <b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: orange;"><u>Hangchow (Hangzhou), China: 350,000</u></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></i></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><br />9. <u style="color: orange;">Ching tu (Chengdu), China: ~300,000 (400,000 in 1911)</u><br />10. <b style="background-color: white; color: red; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;">Hong Kong, (China)</span><span style="line-height: normal;">: 283,978</span></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">France: 16<br /><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. </span><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: blue;"><u>Paris, France: 2,714,068</u></span></b></i></b><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">2. </span><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: blue;"><u>Marseille, France: 491,200</u></span></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></b></span><br />3. <b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: blue;"><u>Lyon, France: 441,800</u></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><br /><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">4. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: blue;"><u><span style="background-color: white; white-space: nowrap;">Bordeaux, France: 257,500</span></u></span></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b><br />5. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: blue;"><u>Lille, France: 210,700</u></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></b><br />6. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color: blue;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><u>Toulouse, France: 149,800</u></span></span></b></span></b><br />7. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: blue;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="background-color: white;"><u>Saint-Étienne, France: 146,600</u></span></span></b></span></span></b></span></b><br />8. <u style="color: blue; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Nantes, France: 133,000</span></u><br />9. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: blue;"><span style="line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="background-color: white;"><u>Le Havre, France: 130,200</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b><br />10. <u style="color: blue; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Roubaix, France: 124,400</span></u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Italy: 12<br /><b><b><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. </span><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #999999;"><u>Naples, Italy: 563,500</u></span></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></b></b></b></b></b></span><br />2. <b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #999999;"><u>Milan, Italy: 491,500</u></span></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><br />3. <b><b><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #999999;"><u>Rome, Italy: 462,800</u></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></span></b></span></b></b></b></b></b><br /><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">4. <b><b><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><u style="color: #999999;">Turin, Italy: 335,700</u></span></b></b></b></b></b></span></b></span></b></b></b></b></b></span></b><br />5. <b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #999999;"><u>Palermo, Italy: 309,700</u></span></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b><br />6. <u style="white-space: nowrap;"><span style="color: #999999;">Genoa, Italy: 234,700</span></u><br />7. <b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: bold;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #999999;"><u>Florence, Italy: 205,600</u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b><br />8. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #999999;"><u>Venice, Italy: 171,000</u></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b><br />9. <u style="color: #999999; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Bologna, Italy: 152,000</span></u><br />10. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><u><span style="background-color: white;">Messina, Italy: 149,800</span></u></span></span></b></span></b></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Russia: 8<br /><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. </span><b style="font-weight: bold;"><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta;"><u>Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire (Russia): 1,439,400</u></span></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">2. </span><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><u style="color: magenta; font-weight: bold;">Moskow (Moscow), Russian Empire (Russia): 1,170,000</u> </span></i></span></i></span></i><br />3. <span style="color: purple; white-space: nowrap;">Königsberg (</span><span style="color: purple; white-space: nowrap;">Kaliningrad), Germany (Russia): 188,000</span><br /><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black;">4. </span><u>Saratov, Russian Empire (Russia): 143,000</u></span></span></span></b></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></i></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><br />5. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta;"><u>Rostov-on-Don, Russian Empire (Russia): 142,000</u></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b><br />6. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><u><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta;">Kazan, Russian Empire (Russia): </span></span><span style="color: magenta;">131,500</span></u></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b><br />7. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><u><span style="line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="background-color: white;">Astrakhan, Russian Empire (Russia): 128,000</span></span></u></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b><br />8. <u style="background-color: white; color: magenta;">Tula, Russian Empire (Russia): 110,000</u> </li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Japan: 8<br /><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. </span><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><u>Edo/Yedo (Tokyo), Japan: 1,497,000</u></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">2. </span><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><u>Oosaka (Osaka), Japan: 970,000</u></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">3. <b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; color: magenta; font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><u>Kyoto, Japan: 362,000</u></span></b></span></span></i></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></span></b></b></span><br />4. <u>Yokohama, Japan: 193,800</u><br />5. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><u>K<b style="white-space: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><u>ô</u></span></b></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></i></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></b></b></u></span></b></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></i></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><i><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><u>be, Japan: 161,100</u></span></span></i></span></span><br />6. <b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><u>Nangasaki (Nagasaki), Japan: 150,000</u></span></b></span></b></b><br />7. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><u>Nagoya, Japan: 131,500</u></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b><br />8. <u style="background-color: white;">Hiroshima, Japan: 122,300 (1898)</u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Poland: 7<br />1. <b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: magenta;">Warsaw, Russian Empire (Poland): 756,400</span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><br />2. <b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: purple;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Breslau (Wroclaw), Germany (Poland): 422,700</span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></span><br />3. <i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="line-height: 22.399999618530273px;">Ł</span>ódź, Russian Empire (Poland): 351,600</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i></span></i></span></i><br />4. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: purple;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: nowrap;">Stettin (Szczecin), Germany (Poland): 210,700</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b><br />5. <span style="background-color: white; color: purple; white-space: nowrap;">Danzig (Gdansk), Germany (Poland): 140,600</span><br />6. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: purple;"><span style="line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="background-color: white;">Posan (Poznan), Germany (Poland): 117,000</span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b><br />7. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #bf9000;"><span style="line-height: normal;">Krakow, Austria-Hungary (Poland): </span><span style="color: #bf9000; line-height: normal;">108,000</span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b><span style="line-height: 18px;"> [1]</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Spain: 5<br /><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b style="color: #4c1130;"><span style="color: black;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. </span><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><b><u>Madrid, Spain: 539,800</u></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></b></b></b></span></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></span><br />2. <b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><u>Barcelona, Spain: 530,300</u></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><br />3. <b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><u>Valencia, Spain: 215,700</u></span></span></b></b></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b><br />4. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><u>Seville, Spain: 147,300</u></span></b></span></b><br />5. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="background-color: white;"><u>M<b style="white-space: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><u>á</u></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b>laga, Spain: 131,100</u></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ukraine: 5<br />1. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta;">Odessa, Russian Empire (Ukraine): 449,000</span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></span></b></span><br />2. <b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: magenta;">Kiev, Russian Empire (Ukraine): 247,700 (1897)</span></b></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b><br />3. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta;">Kharkov (Kharkiv), Russian Empire (Ukraine): 197,000</span></span></b></span></b><br />4. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #bf9000;">Lemberg (Lviv), Austria-Hungary (Ukraine): 159,000</span></span></span></b></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></i></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b><span style="line-height: 18px;"> [1] 128,419 [2]</span><br />5. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta;">Ekaterinoslav (Dnipropetrovsk), Russian Empire (Ukraine): 135,000</span></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Brazil: 4<br /><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b style="color: #4c1130;"><span style="color: black;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. </span><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><u>Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: 811,443</u></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></b></b></b></span></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b><span style="color: black;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> 522,651 [2]</span></span></i></span></i></span></i><br />2. <b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><u>Sao Paulo, Brazil: 239,820</u></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; font-family: inherit; line-height: normal;"> 174,442 [2]</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b><br />3. <b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><u>Salvador, Bahia, Brazil: </u></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></b></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal;"><u>205,813</u> [3] 174,412 [2] 181,933 [1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></b></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b><br />4. </span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><u><span style="background-color: white; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Recife, Brazil: 113,100</span></u></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;"> 111,556 [2]</span></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Belgium: 4<br /><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b style="color: #4c1130;"><span style="color: black;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. </span><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><u>Brussels, Belgium: 626,000</u></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></b></b></b></span></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></span><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> 570,844 [2, excludes suburbs]</span></i><br />2. <b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><u>Antwerp, Belgium: 275,100</u></span></i></b></span></span></b><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></i></b></span></span></b><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">282,018 [2]</span></i></b></span></span></b><br />3. <u>Ghent, Belgium: 198,000</u><span style="line-height: 18px;"> [1]</span><span style="line-height: 18px;"> 163,030 [2]</span><br />4. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: nowrap;"><u>Liège, Belgium: 157,800</u></span></span></span></b></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></i></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; white-space: nowrap;"> 171,031 [2]</span></span></span></b></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></i></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Netherlands: 4<br /><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. </span><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><u>Amsterdam, The Netherlands: 510,000</u></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></b></b></b></span><br />2. <b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; color: magenta; font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><u>Rotterdam, The Netherlands: 368,000</u></span></span></i></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b><br />3. <b><b><b><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><u>Haag (The Hague), The Netherlands: 180,000 (1895)</u></span></span></b></b></b><br />4. <u>Utrecht, The Netherlands: 102,000</u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Australia: 4<br />1. <i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Melbourne, Victoria, Australia</span><span style="font-style: normal;">: 496,079</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i></span></i></span></i></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><br />2. <i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Sydney, New South Wales, Australia</span><span style="font-style: normal;">: 487,932</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i></span></i></span></i><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><br />3. <i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Adelaide, South Australia, Australia</span><span style="font-style: normal;">: 162,261</span></span></span></span></span></i><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><br />4. <span style="background-color: white; color: red; line-height: 18px;">Brisbane, Queensland, Australia: 119,428</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Indonesia: 3<br />1. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Surabaya, Dutch East Indies (Indonesia): 146,900</span></b></span></b></span></b><br />2. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><b style="color: black;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;">Batavia (Jakarta) Dutch East Indies (Indonesia): 115,000</b></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b><span style="line-height: 18px;"> [1]</span><br />3. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; white-space: nowrap;">Surakarta, Dutch East Indies (Indonesia): 109,500</span></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Switzerland: 3<br /><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b style="color: #4c1130;"><span style="color: black;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. </span><b><u>Z<b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b style="color: #4c1130;"><span style="color: black;"><b><b><b><b><u>ü</u></b></b></b></b></span></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></u></b></b></b></b></span></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b><span style="color: black;"><u><b>rich, Switzerland: 150,700</b></u></span><span style="color: black;"><br />2. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><u>Geneva, Switzerland: 114,500</u></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="color: black;"><br />3. </span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><b style="color: black;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><u>Basel, Switzerland: 109,800</u></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Sweden: 2<br />1. <b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b style="color: #4c1130;"><span style="color: black;"><b><b><b><b style="background-color: white; color: blue; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><u>Stockholm, Sweden-Norway (Sweden): 300,000</u></b></span></b></b></b></b></span></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b><br />2. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="background-color: white;"><u>Gottenburg (Gothenburg), Sweden-Norway (Sweden): 130,600</u></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Portugal: 2<br /><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b style="color: #4c1130;"><span style="color: black;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. </span><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; color: magenta; font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><u>Lisbon, Portugal: 356,000</u></b></span></span></i></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></b></b></b></span></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></span></b></b></span><br />2. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><u>Oporto (Porto), Portugal: 172,400</u></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Turkey: 2<br />1. <b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><span style="color: lime;"><u>Constantinople (Istanbul), Ottoman Empire (Turkey): 942,900</u></span></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></b><br />2. <u style="color: lime; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Smyrna (Izmir), Ottoman Empire (Turkey): 201,000</span></u></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Iran: 2<br /><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b style="color: #4c1130;"><span style="color: black;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. </span><u style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;">Tebriz (Tabriz), Persia (Iran): 200,000</u><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">2. </span></b></b></b></span></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><u>Tehran, Persia (Iran): 200,000 (15,000 in 1795)</u></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Hungary: 2<br />1. <b><b><b><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #bf9000;"><u>Budapest, Austria-Hungary (Hungary), 733,358</u></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></b></b></b></b><span style="line-height: 18px;"> 505,763</span><span style="line-height: 18px;"> [2]</span><br />2. <u style="color: #bf9000; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Szeged<u style="line-height: 18px; white-space: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;"> (Szegedin)</span></u>, Austria-Hungary (Hungary): 100,300</span></u></span><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: nowrap;">87,410 [2]</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Austria: 2<br />1. <b><b><b><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="color: #bf9000;"><u>Vienna, Austria-Hungary (Austria): 1,769,137</u></span></b></b></b></i></b></b></b></b></b><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> 1,635,647 [2]</span></span></i><br />2. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #bf9000;"><u>Gratz (Graz), Austria-Hungary (Austria): 168,808</u></span></span></i></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="line-height: 18px;"> 113,540 [2]</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Argentina: 2<br /><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b style="color: #4c1130;"><span style="color: black;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. </span><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><u>Buenos Ayres (Buenos Aires), Argentina: 950,891</u></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></b></b></b></span></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b><span style="color: black;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> 663,854 [2]</span></span></i></span></i></span></i><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">2. </span></span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><u>Rosario, Argentina: 112,462</u></span></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;"> </span></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">91,669 [2]</span></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Egypt: 2<br />1. <b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="color: lime; font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Cairo, <b style="color: black;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="color: lime; font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Ottoman/</span></span><span style="color: red;">British Empires</span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></b></b></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></b></b></span></b></span><span style="color: lime; font-style: italic;"> </span><span style="color: lime;">(</span><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="color: lime; font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Egypt</span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></b></b></span></b><span style="color: lime;">)</span><span style="color: lime;">:</span><span style="color: red;"> 600,000</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><br />2. <span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: lime;">Alexandria, </span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: lime; font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: lime; font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Ottoman/</span></span><span style="color: red;">British Empires</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: lime; font-style: italic;"> </span><span style="color: lime;">(</span><span style="color: black;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: lime; font-style: italic;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Egypt</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="color: lime;">)</span><span style="color: lime;">:</span><span style="color: red;"> 314,000</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Mexico: 2<br /><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b style="color: #4c1130;"><span style="color: black;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. </span><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: blue; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><b><u>Mexico City, Mexico: 400,000</u></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></b></b></b></span></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></span><br />2. <u style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;">Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico: 101,200</u></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Myanmar: 2</span><br /><span style="font-family: inherit;">1. </span><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><span style="background-color: white; color: red;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Rangoon (Yangôn), India (</span><span style="white-space: nowrap;">Burmah/</span><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Burma/Myanmar): </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">234,900</span></span></span></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><br />2. <span style="color: red;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Mandalay, </span><span style="white-space: nowrap;">India (Burmah/Burma/Myanmar</span><span style="font-weight: normal; white-space: nowrap;">: 183,800</span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Czech Republic: 2<br />1. <b><span style="color: #bf9000;">Prague, Austria-Hungary (Czech Republic): 200,000</span></b><span style="background-color: white;"> 184,109 [2]</span><br />2. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #bf9000;"><span style="line-height: normal;">Brunn (Brno), Austria-Hungary (Czech Republic): </span>137,000</span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="line-height: 18px;"> [1]</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Canada: 2<br />1. <b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-style: normal;">Montreal, Quebec, Canada</span><span style="font-style: normal;">: 267,730</span></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><br />2. <span style="background-color: white;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red;">Toronto, Ontario, Canada: 208,040</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i></span></span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Chile: 2<br /><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b style="color: #4c1130;"><span style="color: black;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">1. </span><b style="background-color: white; color: blue; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><u>Santiago, Chile: 296,600</u></b></b></span></b><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"> 256,413 [2]</span><br style="font-weight: normal;" /><span style="font-weight: normal;">2. </span></b></b></b></span></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><u>Valparaiso, Chile: 145,000</u></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"> 122,447 [2]</span></b></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Vietnam: 2<br />1. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue;">Saigon (Ho Chi Minh City), French Indochina (Vietnam):</span><span style="color: blue;"><span style="background-color: white;"> </span>170,000</span></span></b><span style="line-height: 18px;"> [1]</span><br />2. <b style="color: blue; white-space: nowrap;">Ha nôi (Hanoi), French Indochina (Vietnam): 103,200</b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Syria: 2<br />1. <b><b><b><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><b style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: lime;">Damascus, Ottoman Empire (Syria): 165,000</span></span></span></i></b></b></span></b></span></span></b></b></b><br />2. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: lime;">Halab (Aleppo), Ottoman Empire (Syria): 127,200</span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Greece: 2<br />1. <u style="color: lime; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;">Smyrna (Izmir), Ottoman Empire (Turkey): 201,000</span></u><br />2. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><b style="color: black;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><u>Athens, Greece: 123,000 (1896) (4,000 in 1833)</u></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">South Africa: 2<br />1. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: red;">Johannesburg, South Africa: 155,642 (1904)</span></b></span></b></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></i></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><br />2. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red;"><b>Cape Town, South Africa</b><b>: 148,000</b></span></span></b></span></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Pakistan: 2<br />1. <b><span style="color: red;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Lahore, India (Pakistan)</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">: 203,000</span></span></b><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><br />2. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red;"><span style="line-height: normal;">Karachi, India (Pakistan)</span><span style="line-height: normal;">:</span><span style="line-height: normal;"> </span>114,000</span></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="line-height: 18px;"> [1]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="color: red;"><span style="color: black; font-family: inherit;">Morocco: 2<br /><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><span style="white-space: normal;">1. </span><u>Fez (Fes), Morocco: 108,000</u><br /><b style="white-space: normal;"><b><b><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><b style="color: black;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap;"><b style="white-space: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;">2. <u>Medina (Marrakech/Marrakesh), Morocco: 120,000</u></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Iraq: 1<br />1. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color: lime;">Bagdad (Baghdad), Ottoman Empire (Iraq): 150,000</span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ireland: 1<br />1. <b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red;">Dublin, Ireland, UK: </span></span></b></b></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: red; font-family: inherit;">289,108</span></span></b></b></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [2] [1.]</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Uzbekistan: 1<br />1. <b><b><b><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;">Tashkand (Tashkent), Russian Empire (Uzbekistan): 180,000</span></span></b></b></b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Georgia: 1<br />1. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: magenta;">Tiflis (Tbilisi), Russian Empire (Georgia): 175,000</span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Azerbaijan: 1<br />1. <b><b><b><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;">Baku, Russian Empire (Azerbaijan): 179,000</span></span></b></b></b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Norway: 1<br />1. <b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b><b style="color: #4c1130;"><span style="color: black;"><b><b><b><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><u>Christiania (Oslo), Sweden-Norway (Norway): 227,000</u></b></b></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b></b></b></b></span></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Latvia: 1<br />1. <b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="color: magenta;">Riga, Russian Empire (Latvia): 294,000</span></b></b></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Lithuania: 1<br />1. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal;"><b><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta;">Vilna (Vilnius), Russian Empire (Lithuania): 162,600</span></b></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></i></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Algeria: 1<br />1. <b style="color: blue; white-space: nowrap;">Algiers, Algeria (French Empire): 140,000</b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Denmark: 1<br />1. <b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><i style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><u>Copenhagen, Denmark: 600,000</u></b></b></span></span></b></b></span></span></b></b></b></span></b></i></span></b></i></b></b></b></i></b></span><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> 375,251 [2]</span></i></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Thailand: 1<br />1. <b style="background-color: white; color: blue; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><b><u>Bangkok, Siam (Thailand): 300,000</u></b></b></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Romania: 1<br />1. <b style="background-color: white;"><u>Bucharest, Roumania (Romania): 246,033</u></b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Uruguay: 1<br />1. <b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><u>Montevideo, Uruguay: 268,000</u></b></span></i></b></span></span></b></span><i style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> 252,000 [2]</span></i></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Cuba: 1<br />1. <b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #38761d;">Havana, Cuba: 235,981</span></b></span></span></span></b></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">South Korea: 1<br />1. <b><b><u>King-ki-Tao (Seoul), Korea (South Korea): 195,000</u></b></b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Singapore: 1<br />1. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color: red;">Singapore, (Singapore): 193,089</span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Philippines: 1<br />1. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><b><span style="color: #38761d;">Manila, Philippines: 190,000</span></b></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="line-height: 18px;"> [1]</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Tunisia: 1<br />1. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><span style="color: blue;">Tunis, Tunisia (French Empire): 156,000</span></b></span></b></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></i></b></span></b></span></b></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="line-height: 18px;"> [1]</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Sri Lanka: 1<br />1. <span style="color: red;">Colombo, Sri Lanka: 153,691</span></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Nigeria: 1<br />1. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: red;">Ibadan, Nigeria: 150,000</span></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white; white-space: pre-wrap;"> [5]</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Moldova: 1<br />1. <b><b><b><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;">Kichenau (Chisinau), Russian Empire (Moldova): 125,800</span></span></span></span></span></span></b></b></b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Peru: 1<br />1. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><b style="color: black;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><u>Lima, Peru: 122,000</u></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><span style="background-color: white;"> 100,000 [2]</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Lebanon: 1<br />1. <b><b><b><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b style="line-height: normal;"><b><b style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: lime;"><u>Bairut (Beirut), Ottoman Empire (Lebanon): 118,800</u></span></span></b></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></b></b></b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Colombia: 1<br />1. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><b style="color: black;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><b style="background-color: #eeeeee; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><u>Bogota, Colombia: 120,000</u></b></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></b></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></span></b></span></b></span><b style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal;"> [2] [3] | <b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><b><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: black; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: magenta; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal;">105,000 [1] | </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></b></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></b></b></span></span></span></span></b></span></span></span></b></span></i></b></span></span></b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><i><span style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: magenta; font-weight: normal; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #cc0000; font-weight: bold;"><span style="color: black; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal;">110,000 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></i></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">A pie chart showing the number of urban centres with more than 100,000 inhabitants in the year 1900 by modern political divisions. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">One thing that stand out is how there are twice as many countries constituting the area of the previous countries & empires from 1900. This is largely due to the decline of colonialism & the breakup of larger empires. A number of cities have also shifted from power to power (ex. Konigsberg, Germany is now Kaliningrad, Russia).</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">It's also interesting to note how the United Kingdom & the United States have exactly the same number of urban centres over 100,000 inhabitants once you remove their external possessions (the UK's possession of India contributed to a significant number of the British Empire's large cities).</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">One point that may surprise people are how many cities in the USA had a population of more than 100,000 in 1900. Although North America is traditionally considered the "New World" from a European perspective it was during the Industrial Revolution that cities really began to grow. By 1900 the second industrial revolution was already well underway. Many of the countries listed above were already highly industrialized with mills, railways, canals, & worker's housing abounding.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">5.3 Number of Urban Centres per Continent</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">The table below lists the number of urban centres in the year 1900 with more than 100,000 inhabitants by continent. I also include the population of each continent for the year 1900. Note, I considered Baku, Azerbaijan & Tbilisi, Georgia to be part of Europe in the following table & consequent pie chart. </span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Europe: 408,000,000 <b>156</b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Asia: 947,000,000 <b>83</b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">North America: 106,000,000 <b>43</b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">South America: 38,000,000 <b>12</b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Africa: 120,000,000 <b>9</b></span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Oceania: 6,000,000 <b>4</b></span></li>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">A pie chart showing the number of urban centres with more than 100,000 inhabitants by continent.</span></div>
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<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">5.4 Compared to Today's Population Data (City Proper)</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Below, the populations of the top 20 most populated urban centres in the world in the year 1900 are compared to their c. 2014 populations. For this comparison only official quotes of the city proper is used opposed to metropolitan or urban populations. Latest population data available as of 10th April, 2014. Included in the table below is both the most recent population data & the surface area of the city in kilometres squared.</span><br />
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<li><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">London, England, UK: 8,308,369 | 1,572.15</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">New York City, New York, USA: 8,405,837 | 783.84</span></li>
<li><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">Paris, France: 2,243,833 | 2,844.8</span></i></li>
<li><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">Berlin, Germany: 3,517,424 | 891.75</span></i></li>
<li><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">Vienna, Austria-Hungary (Austria): 1,765,649 | 414.65</span></i></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Chicago, Illinois, USA: 2,714,856 | 606.1</span></span></span></li>
<li><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">Tokyo, Japan: 9,071,577 | 622.99</span></i></span></i></li>
<li><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire (Russia): 5,131,967 | 1,439</span></i></span></i></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA: 1,526,006 | 367</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">Moscow, Russian Empire (Russia): 12,111,194 | 2,510.12</span></i></span></i></span></i></li>
<li><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">Calcutta (Kolkata), India: 4,486,679 | 185</span></i></span></i></span></i></li>
<li><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">Beijing, China: 11,716,620 | 1,368.32</span></i></span></i></span></i></li>
<li><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">Osaka, Japan: 2,666,371 | 223</span></i></span></i></span></i></li>
<li><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">Buenos Aires, Argentina: 2,890,151 | 203</span></i></span></i></span></i></li>
<li><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">Constantinople (Istanbul), Ottoman Empire (Turkey): 14,160,467 | 2,189.79</span></i></span></i></span></i></li>
<li><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: 6,429,923 | 1,200.27</span></i></span></i></span></i></li>
<li><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">Bombay (Mumbai), India: 12,478,447 | 603.4</span></i></span></i></span></i></li>
<li><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Glasgow, Scotland, UK: 595,080 | 175.5</span></span></i></span></i></span></i></li>
<li><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal;">Warsaw, Russian Empire (Poland): 1,715,517 | 517.24</span></span></span></i></span></i></span></i></li>
<li><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Tianjin, China: 9,341,844 | 4,037</span></span></i></span></i></span></i></li>
</ol>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<br />
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The chart above compares the populations of the top ten most populated urban centres in the year 1900 with their populations today.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<script src="//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/static/modules/gviz/1.0/chart.js" type="text/javascript">
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<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The chart above compares the populations of the 10-20th most populated urban centres in the year 1900 with their populations today.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Interestingly, Glasgow's proper population has actually decreased since the year 1900. If more cities were plotted one would also see this occur with other British & American cities. Examples given in the table below. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">St. Louis, Missouri: 1900: 575,238 | 2014: 318,416 - Difference = 256,822</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Liverpool, England: 1900: 684,958 | 2014: 466,415 - Difference = 218,543</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Glasgow, Scotland: 1900: 761,709 | 2014: 595,080 - Difference = 166,629</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Buffalo, New York: 1900: 352,387 | 2014: 259,384 - Difference = 93,003</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Manchester, England: 1900: 543,872: 2014: 502,900 - Difference = 40,972</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Cincinnati, Ohio: 1900: 325,902 | 2014: 296,943 - Difference = 28,959</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;">Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: 1900: 321,616 | 2014: 306,211 - Difference = 15,405</span></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Much of the decrease is due to suburbanization, deindustrialization, & a number of other factors (I go into more detail about these processes in one of my previous <a href="http://www.thebillywilson.com/2013/02/using-population-data-google-street.html">blog posts</a>). Although the city proper populations have decreased, urban amalgamation populations have not. This is illustrated by the data in the next section. </span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">5.5 Compared to Today's Urban Population Data (Urban Amalgamation)</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Below, the populations of the top 20 most populated urban centres in the world in the year 1900 are compared to their c. 2014 urban populations. For this comparison the largest urban area (ie including the metropolitan area & commuter towns) is used. In the table below the surface area is not included because reliable information was not available.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<ol>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">London, England, UK: 15,010,295</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">New York City, New York, USA: 20,673,000</span></li>
<li><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">Paris, France: 10,869,000</span></i></li>
<li><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">Berlin, Germany: 3,401,147</span></i></li>
<li><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">Vienna, Austria-Hungary (Austria): 2,419,000</span></i></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Chicago, Illinois, USA: 9,522,434</span></span></span></li>
<li><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">Tokyo, Japan: 37,239,000</span></i></span></i></li>
<li><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">Saint Petersburg, Russian Empire: 4,899,000</span></i></span></i></li>
<li><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA: 6,018,800</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">Moscow, Russian Empire: 15,788,999</span></i></span></i></span></i></li>
<li><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">Calcutta (Kolkata), India: 14,630,000</span></i></span></i></span></i></li>
<li><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">Beijing, China: 21,150,000</span></i></span></i></span></i></li>
<li><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">Osaka, Japan: 18,768,395</span></i></span></i></span></i></li>
<li><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">Buenos Aires, Argentina: 13,776,000</span></i></span></i></span></i></li>
<li><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">Constantinople (Istanbul), Ottoman Empire (Turkey): 14,160,467</span></i></span></i></span></i></li>
<li><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: 11,616,000 </span></i></span></i></span></i></li>
<li><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;">Bombay (Mumbai), India: 20,748,395</span></i></span></i></span></i></li>
<li><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Glasgow, Scotland, UK: 2,850,000</span></span></i></span></i></span></i></li>
<li><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: normal;">Warsaw, Russian Empire (Poland): 2,666,278</span></span></span></i></span></i></span></i></li>
<li><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><i style="line-height: 18px;"><span style="font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;">Tianjin, China: 11,524,238</span></span></i></span></i></span></i></li>
</ol>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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</script>
<br />
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The chart above compares the populations of the top ten most populated urban centres in the year 1900 with the population of their present urban amalgamations. </span></div>
</div>
<div>
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</script>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The chart above compares the populations of the 10-20th most populated urban centres in the year 1900 with the population of their present urban amalgamations.</span></div>
</div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Based of these charts, cities on the Asian continent appear to have increased in population the most. As mentioned in the previous section, although some city proper populations have decreased (ie. UK & the USA), the populations of urban amalgamations have not largely due to the trend of suburbanization.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;">5.6 An Interactive Map of the Urban Centres</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Below is a map showing the distribution of all of the urban centres in the world listed in the data. I maintain the colour-coding as close as possible to that used in this article. On the map as star icon represents 1,000,000+ inhabitants, diamond 500,000-1,000,000, square 250,000-500,000, and circle 100,000-250,000. When you click on an icon it will display a description that shows that urban centre's population in 1900 and its relative rank. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 14.949999809265137px; white-space: pre-wrap;">I've updated the data on this article since making the map, the rank in the description of each icon is slightly inaccurate. So it's best to refer to the data in the article. Nevertheless it gives you a good ballpark measurement.
Here's a link to a version of the map where Google Street View is enabled: <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@22.1592129,43.058895,2z/data=!4m2!6m1!1sz54SYH0JArBA.kxzerZrWaZxk" target="_blank">Map</a> The only issue is that my overlay seems to intermittently crash from time to time so you might have to reload the map now and then. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="line-height: 14.949999809265137px; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></span>There's a full screen option on the map in the upper right of its interface, that version has a search bar that you can use to search for any of the urban centres.</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><iframe height="480" src="https://mapsengine.google.com/map/embed?mid=z54SYH0JArBA.kxzerZrWaZxk" width="640"></iframe>
</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<h3>
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b>6 </b></span>Further Reading and Related Articles</span></h3>
</div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<br />
For links to all of my related writings you can visit my <a href="http://www.thebillywilson.com/p/population-data-articles.html" target="_blank">Population Data and Architecture Articles</a> page.<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<br />
<ul>
<li><div style="margin-top: 0.75em; position: relative;">
<div style="background-color: white; font-weight: normal; margin: 0.75em 0px 0px; position: relative;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.thebillywilson.com/2014/04/every-urban-centre-in-north-america.html">The Population of Every Urban Centre in North America with more than 5,000 inhabitants in the year 1900</a>.</span></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><div style="margin-top: 0.75em; position: relative;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.thebillywilson.com/2012/12/the-population-of-every-city-in-canada.html" style="background-color: white; text-decoration: none;">The Population of Every Urban Centre in Canada and the USA with more than 5,000 Inhabitants in 1900</a><span style="background-color: white;">.</span></span></div>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.thebillywilson.com/2014/05/the-population-of-every-incorporated.html">The Population of Every Incorporated Urban Centre in Canada & Newfoundland in the Year 1901</a>.</span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><a href="http://www.thebillywilson.com/2014/06/interactive-map-of-american-urban.html">An Interactive Map of the American Urban Centres that Ranked in the Top 100 Most Populated 1790-1900.</a></span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">7 References</span></h3>
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Currently the reference numbering is in the process of being updated. For now, if you see a reference below with two numbers the first number will be the new reference and the second one is the current reference number which corresponds to the numbers used in this article.<br />
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1. Darling & son Ltd, (1901). <i style="font-family: inherit;">Census of the British Empire.</i> Portsmouth, United Kingdom: University of Portsmouth. Retrieved from the <a href="http://ia700408.us.archive.org/22/items/cu31924030396067/cu31924030396067.pdf" style="font-family: inherit;" target="_blank">Cornell University Library</a>, <a href="http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/census/SRC_P/2/EW1901PRE" target="_blank">Vision of Britain</a>, and <a href="http://www.histpop.org/ohpr/servlet/Show?page=Home" style="font-family: inherit;" target="_blank">Histpop</a>. Histpop Pages: <a href="http://www.histpop.org/ohpr/servlet/PageBrowser2?ResourceType=Census&ResourceType=Legislation&ResourceType=Essays&ResourceType=Registrar%20General&ResourceType=TNA&SearchTerms=australia%201901&simple=yes&path=Results&active=yes&treestate=expandnew&titlepos=0&mno=136&tocstate=expandnew&display=sections&display=tables&display=pagetitles&pageseq=304&zoom=4" style="font-family: inherit;" target="_blank">Queensland, Australia</a>; <a href="http://www.histpop.org/ohpr/servlet/PageBrowser2?ResourceType=Census&ResourceType=Legislation&ResourceType=Essays&ResourceType=Registrar%20General&ResourceType=TNA&SearchTerms=australia%201901&simple=yes&path=Results&active=yes&treestate=expandnew&titlepos=0&mno=136&tocstate=expandnew&display=sections&display=tables&display=pagetitles&pageseq=294&zoom=5" style="font-family: inherit;" target="_blank">Victoria, Australia</a>; <a href="http://www.histpop.org/ohpr/servlet/PageBrowser2?ResourceType=Census&ResourceType=Legislation&ResourceType=Essays&ResourceType=Registrar%20General&ResourceType=TNA&SearchTerms=australia%201901&simple=yes&path=Results&active=yes&treestate=expandnew&titlepos=0&mno=136&tocstate=expandnew&display=sections&display=tables&display=pagetitles&pageseq=280&zoom=5" style="font-family: inherit;" target="_blank">New South Wales, Australia</a>; <a href="http://www.histpop.org/ohpr/servlet/PageBrowser2?ResourceType=Census&ResourceType=Legislation&ResourceType=Essays&ResourceType=Registrar%20General&ResourceType=TNA&SearchTerms=australia%201901&simple=yes&path=Results&active=yes&treestate=expandnew&titlepos=0&mno=136&tocstate=expandnew&display=sections&display=tables&display=pagetitles&pageseq=309&zoom=5" style="font-family: inherit;" target="_blank">South Australia</a>; <a href="http://www.histpop.org/ohpr/servlet/PageBrowser2?ResourceType=Census&ResourceType=Legislation&ResourceType=Essays&ResourceType=Registrar%20General&ResourceType=TNA&SearchTerms=australia%201901&simple=yes&path=Results&active=yes&treestate=expandnew&titlepos=0&mno=136&tocstate=expandnew&display=sections&display=tables&display=pagetitles&pageseq=313&zoom=5" style="font-family: inherit;" target="_blank">Western Australia</a>; <a href="http://www.histpop.org/ohpr/servlet/PageBrowser2?ResourceType=Census&ResourceType=Legislation&ResourceType=Essays&ResourceType=Registrar%20General&ResourceType=TNA&SearchTerms=wexford%201901&simple=yes&path=Results&active=yes&treestate=expandnew&titlepos=0&mno=452&tocstate=expandnew&display=sections&display=tables&display=pagetitles&pageseq=209&zoom=4" style="font-family: inherit;" target="_blank">Ireland</a>; <a href="http://www.histpop.org/ohpr/servlet/PageBrowser2?ResourceType=Census&ResourceType=Legislation&ResourceType=Essays&ResourceType=Registrar%20General&ResourceType=TNA&SearchTerms=partick%201901&simple=yes&path=Results&active=yes&treestate=expandnew&titlepos=0&mno=110&tocstate=expandnew&display=sections&display=tables&display=pagetitles&pageseq=252&zoom=5" style="font-family: inherit;" target="_blank">Municipal & Police Burghs of Scotland</a>;</div>
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5. 1. Darling & son Ltd, (1901). <i style="font-family: inherit;">Census of the British Empire.</i> London, England. Retrieved from the <a href="http://ia700408.us.archive.org/22/items/cu31924030396067/cu31924030396067.pdf" style="font-family: inherit;" target="_blank">Cornell University Library</a> and <a href="http://www.histpop.org/ohpr/servlet/Show?page=Home" style="font-family: inherit;" target="_blank">Histpop</a>.</div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">1. 18. Biguzzi, A. (2013) <i>World city pop.</i> Retrieved from: </span><u><a href="http://worldcitypop.com/1_data.asp">http://worldcitypop.com/1_data.asp</a></u><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; text-align: center;">2. 9. Rand McNally and Company. (1903). </span><i style="font-family: inherit; text-align: center;">Rand McNally & Co.'s Enlarged Business Atlas and Shippers' Guide.</i><span style="font-family: inherit; text-align: center;"> Retrieved from the David Rumsey Collection. </span><span style="font-family: inherit; text-align: center;">Text pages with population data: </span><a href="http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~37836~1210926:Text-Page--Central-America--South-A?sort=Pub_List_No_InitialSort%2CPub_Date%2CPub_List_No%2CSeries_No" style="font-family: inherit; text-align: center;" target="_blank">Central and South America</a>;<span style="font-family: inherit; text-align: center;"> </span><a href="http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~37837~1210927:Text-Page--Europe-?sort=Pub_List_No_InitialSort%2CPub_Date%2CPub_List_No%2CSeries_No" style="font-family: inherit; text-align: center;" target="_blank">Europe</a>;<span style="font-family: inherit; text-align: center;"> </span><a href="http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~37838~1210928:Text-Page--Europe--Asia-?sort=Pub_List_No_InitialSort%2CPub_Date%2CPub_List_No%2CSeries_No" style="font-family: inherit; text-align: center;" target="_blank">Europe and Asia</a>;<span style="font-family: inherit; text-align: center;"> </span><a href="http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~37839~1220008:Text-Page--Asia--China-?sort=Pub_List_No_InitialSort%2CPub_Date%2CPub_List_No%2CSeries_No" style="font-family: inherit; text-align: center;" target="_blank">Asia and China</a>;<span style="font-family: inherit; text-align: center;"> </span><a href="http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~37840~1210931:Text-Page--Korea--Philippines-?sort=Pub_List_No_InitialSort%2CPub_Date%2CPub_List_No%2CSeries_No" style="font-family: inherit; text-align: center;" target="_blank">Korea and the Philippines</a>;<span style="font-family: inherit; text-align: center;"> </span><a href="http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~37841~1210932:Text-Page--Philippines--Africa-?sort=Pub_List_No_InitialSort%2CPub_Date%2CPub_List_No%2CSeries_No" style="font-family: inherit; text-align: center;" target="_blank">The Philippines and Africa</a>; <a href="http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~37842~1210933:Text-Page--Oceania-?sort=Pub_List_No_InitialSort%2CPub_Date%2CPub_List_No%2CSeries_No" style="font-family: inherit; text-align: center;" target="_blank">Oceania</a>;</div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">3. 6. Lahmeyer, J. (2006). </span><i style="font-family: inherit;">Population statistics.</i><span style="font-family: inherit;"> Retrieved from </span><a href="http://www.populstat.info/" style="font-family: inherit;">http://www.populstat.info/</a><br />
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4. 2. <a href="http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/33405927v1ch08.pdf" target="_blank">U.S. Bureau of the Census (1900).</a> Data sheets: <a href="http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0027/tab01.txt" target="_blank">Urban Centres that have Ranked within the Top One-Hundred from 1790-1990</a>. Related <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largest_cities_in_the_United_States_by_population_by_decade" target="_blank">Wikipedia article</a>.<br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">6. 25. </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Abrams, L., & Brown, C. G., (2010). </span><i style="font-family: inherit;">A history of everyday life in twentieth century Scotland.</i><span style="font-family: inherit;"> Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh University Press Ltd. Retrieved from <a href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=M9lAuP9NgdMC&pg=PA20&lpg=PA20&dq=paisley+scotland+population+1901&source=bl&ots=VVN5UYlMRI&sig=AH0tcPuuUWPIWMLwixOo_OtEQcU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1rvbUP-cF-Tc2AXv14DYAw&ved=0CFQQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=paisley%20scotland%20population%201901&f=false" target="_blank">Google Books</a>.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">7. 26. Candler, T., (1974). </span><i style="font-family: inherit;">Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth.</i><span style="font-family: inherit;"> St. David's University Press. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit; text-align: center;">10. 27. Stanford, E. (1900). </span><i style="font-family: inherit; text-align: center;">Stanford's library map of the world on Merctor's projection.</i><span style="font-family: inherit; text-align: center;"> Retrieved from the </span><a href="http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/detail/RUMSEY~8~1~201946~3000983:Stanford-s-Library-Map-Of-The-World?sort=Pub_List_No_InitialSort%2CPub_Date%2CPub_List_No%2CSeries_No" style="font-family: inherit; text-align: center;">David Rumsey Collection</a><span style="font-family: inherit; text-align: center;">. </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">12. 28. University of Michigan. (2006). </span><i style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">Population growth over human history.</i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"> Retrieved from </span><a href="http://globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/human_pop/human_pop.html" style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;">globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/human_pop/human_pop.html</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"> </span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">13. 29. University of Botswana History Department. (2000). <i>Estimated world population, 1800-1950.</i> Retrieved from: </span></span><a href="http://thuto.org/ubh/ub/h202/wpop1.htm" style="font-family: inherit;">thuto.org/ubh/ub/h202/wpop1.htm</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Wikipedia sources: </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_urban_community_sizes" style="font-family: inherit;">Historic urban community sizes</a><span style="font-family: inherit;">. </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_towns_and_cities_in_England_by_historical_population" style="font-family: inherit;">List of towns & cities in England by historical population</a><span style="font-family: inherit;">. </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_population" style="font-family: inherit;">World population</a><span style="font-family: inherit;">. </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_by_population" style="font-family: inherit;">List of urban area by population</a><span style="font-family: inherit;">. </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cities_proper_by_population" style="font-family: inherit;">List of cities by proper population</a><span style="font-family: inherit;">. </span></div>
Billy Wilsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00650540049798713387noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7158284719665231341.post-47639453620693143662013-03-05T23:59:00.000-08:002014-08-21T20:54:56.688-07:00North America's Great Pre-1900 BuildingsIn my <a href="http://www.thebillywilson.com/2013/02/using-population-data-google-street.html" target="_blank">previous post</a> I shined light on how North America did have a great amount of infrastructure for quite a large population by 1900. In this post I want to highlight some of the greatest buildings that we had. Some of them are still standing today and hopefully this post will lead to greater knowledge and appreciation of what we have. All of the following examples are currently standing and I've provided links to Google Maps and Wikipedia for additional information.<br />
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Philadelphia City Hall</h3>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHv4jMguLWcnEztrClIrLBdAcwye2Q5Msyp4CnBy22A7VUL0438ebkllBqs7kM-PLYjKUDQqzDFVnm_jhTklMJAMushrFQDLDKzPS25n51LMYFn9_XKvyXRTCvnjR-J7UWqGvh9ueI8mr7/s1600/QBLOG.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHv4jMguLWcnEztrClIrLBdAcwye2Q5Msyp4CnBy22A7VUL0438ebkllBqs7kM-PLYjKUDQqzDFVnm_jhTklMJAMushrFQDLDKzPS25n51LMYFn9_XKvyXRTCvnjR-J7UWqGvh9ueI8mr7/s1600/QBLOG.jpg" height="416" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>Location:</b> Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.<span class="geo-default" style="display: inline;"><span class="geo-dms" style="display: inline;" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="longitude" style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span></span></span><a href="https://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&ll=39.953554,-75.163282&spn=0.001678,0.002642&t=h&z=19&layer=c&cbll=39.953554,-75.163282&panoid=cNYt20X1Nrsh98ubw-QQ5A&cbp=12,195.46,,0,-18.73" style="text-align: center;" target="_blank">View on Google Maps</a></div>
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<b>Built:</b> 1871-1901</div>
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<b>Cost:</b> $24 million</div>
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<b>Size:</b> 548 feet (167 metres) tall, walls around 22 feet (6.7 metres) thick of masonry, 700 rooms </div>
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<b>Notable Facts: </b><span style="text-align: center;">Currently still the world's tallest stone masonry building. It was constructed between 1871-1901 at a cost of $24 million with the goal of being the world's tallest building. From 1901-1908 it was the world's tallest inhabitable building and the first secular building to hold this title since all previous buildings had been religious structures. It consists of more than 700 rooms, is the largest municipal building in the United States and one of the largest in the world. The building was considered for demolition in the 1950's but at the time the cost of demolishing the stone masonry structure would have bankrupted the city. </span></div>
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<span style="text-align: center;"><b>More Information:</b> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_City_Hall" style="text-align: center;" target="_blank">Wikipedia</a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDCB-BhSP6jfT5AD7H5hdDHNkoByfR_yUVUi87EM2kkRzLukBr3k6dvY714YRTvV4rrHfJ25HtB1GfaJkQMJ68QPiUx_WcPmdAPz7ibn_uFH7IfnpGblQz8B1mdQnS6f0QnZjrUPQV3n0t/s1600/Philly+City+hall.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDCB-BhSP6jfT5AD7H5hdDHNkoByfR_yUVUi87EM2kkRzLukBr3k6dvY714YRTvV4rrHfJ25HtB1GfaJkQMJ68QPiUx_WcPmdAPz7ibn_uFH7IfnpGblQz8B1mdQnS6f0QnZjrUPQV3n0t/s1600/Philly+City+hall.jpg" height="640" width="518" /></a></div>
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Philadelphia City Hall as seen c.1899. Image from the United States Library of Congress. </div>
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Park Row Building</h3>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHaoieP4TuJ4qaPyhBfzeKOrEyDoeG3SzVCwFZH7e3wOZRNovEBaJmvpksNd-AummmNcwmoQHCqMPf3qHrfC2DCK2ViLHy1yX8qY2Ftc4xgxhWZmeOPQNlPmICZKHRKuITpSbcHdeRGdmx/s1600/Park+Row+Building.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHaoieP4TuJ4qaPyhBfzeKOrEyDoeG3SzVCwFZH7e3wOZRNovEBaJmvpksNd-AummmNcwmoQHCqMPf3qHrfC2DCK2ViLHy1yX8qY2Ftc4xgxhWZmeOPQNlPmICZKHRKuITpSbcHdeRGdmx/s1600/Park+Row+Building.jpg" height="364" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>Location:</b> New York City, New York, USA. <span class="geo-default" style="display: inline;"><span class="geo-dec" style="display: inline;" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"> </span></span><a href="https://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&ll=40.711956,-74.008171&spn=0.001173,0.002642&t=h&z=19&layer=c&cbll=40.711956,-74.008171&panoid=VwrXSt6b-gBaUzK67qj5rw&cbp=12,164.91,,0,-29.6" style="text-align: center;" target="_blank">View on Google Street View</a><br />
<b>Built:</b> 1896-1899<br />
<b>Cost:</b> $2.4 million<br />
<b>Size:</b> 391 feet (119 metres) tall, 30 Floors, 15,000 square foot base (1,400m), contains 8,000 tonnes of steel<br />
<b>Notable Facts:</b> It was the tallest office builidng in the world from 1899-1908 and was one of the first structures to be called a "skyscraper". Built with 950 separate offices each with a capacity for 4 people. The average work day is thought to have had 25,000 people pass through the building. It was part of what was then known as "Newpaper Row" which was the centre of the newspaper industry for 80 years since 1840. </div>
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<b>More Information:</b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Row_Building" target="_blank">Wikipedia</a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqp5XMDqIYpe0yxjPXUcCD2bUvyNobx4g1mOgNb-ilpo7X7zQ6-VKIPpLy-_Pp0r7M0IUrynGu6RJlvQG8Md2aCtR2AfU-rLFw_z3VYi9x86tvG4EuvFw3utQr2Bo54sCvVLxH54lWB7Ga/s1600/Park+Row+1912.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqp5XMDqIYpe0yxjPXUcCD2bUvyNobx4g1mOgNb-ilpo7X7zQ6-VKIPpLy-_Pp0r7M0IUrynGu6RJlvQG8Md2aCtR2AfU-rLFw_z3VYi9x86tvG4EuvFw3utQr2Bo54sCvVLxH54lWB7Ga/s1600/Park+Row+1912.jpg" height="640" width="514" /></a></div>
Park Row Building as seen in 1912. Image from the United States Library of Congress.<br />
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Potter Building</h3>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsi0Y6SqlW2SfYETYKeRv398sbTslMSGgol2cplZyuySiIMjGkpOZwOUmMHIuwLCOVHavMMag5OvMksxrzsK_URKpUjDaVPLcRMzPlOvi7DA9c3StMQMIWCRhyO_TQIdzzx1hiKoIhQzMV/s1600/Park+Row+Buildingb.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsi0Y6SqlW2SfYETYKeRv398sbTslMSGgol2cplZyuySiIMjGkpOZwOUmMHIuwLCOVHavMMag5OvMksxrzsK_URKpUjDaVPLcRMzPlOvi7DA9c3StMQMIWCRhyO_TQIdzzx1hiKoIhQzMV/s1600/Park+Row+Buildingb.jpg" height="364" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>Location:</b> New York City, New York, USA.<b> </b><a href="https://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&ll=40.71176,-74.00701&spn=0.001181,0.002642&t=h&z=19&layer=c&cbll=40.711712,-74.0072&panoid=_LuXNYtGXZKoZKAxkGicRA&cbp=12,117.84,,0,-21.76" target="_blank">View on Google Street View</a></div>
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<b>Built:</b> 1883-1886</div>
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<b>Cost:</b> ?</div>
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<b>Size:</b> ?</div>
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<b>Notable Facts: </b>It employed the most advanced fireproofing methods then available; rolled iron beams, cast-iron columns, brick exterior walls. The building's walls are 40 inches (100cm) thick at ground level. Currently converted into apartments. This building is just down the street from the Park Row Building.</div>
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<b>More Information:</b><span style="text-align: left;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potter_Building" style="text-align: left;" target="_blank">Wikipedia</a></div>
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<h3>
Dundurn Mansion</h3>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUrWSZ6dIWG5Kp26Ay047KKlX4Nj5lp9C9BIpCL3MdLwr6XvHVjQeOvOxrKhPdpDdfqvhzoBMXAQMMF42JQLLXIPhVk22yNRkNu1mDwNFKsKuRYazexXih82VgGK2SLmfGW1Q0ul83pfBQ/s1600/Dundurn+2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUrWSZ6dIWG5Kp26Ay047KKlX4Nj5lp9C9BIpCL3MdLwr6XvHVjQeOvOxrKhPdpDdfqvhzoBMXAQMMF42JQLLXIPhVk22yNRkNu1mDwNFKsKuRYazexXih82VgGK2SLmfGW1Q0ul83pfBQ/s1600/Dundurn+2.JPG" height="480" width="640" /></a></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
Image from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DundurnCastleSummer.JPG" target="_blank">Wikipedia Commons</a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><br /></b>
<b>Location: </b>Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. <span class="geo-default" style="display: inline;"><span class="geo-dec" style="display: inline;" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.269481°N 79.884649°W</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Built:</b> Completed 1835 </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Cost:</b> $175,000</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Size:</b> 18,000 square foot (1,700 metres square), 72 rooms</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Notable Facts:</b> Built with gas lighting and running water. The mansion was built for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_MacNab" target="_blank">Sir Allen McNab, 1st Baronet</a> who was the last prime minister of the united <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Canada" target="_blank">Province of Canada</a> (1854-1856). It has entertained famous guests including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" target="_blank">Sir John A. MacDonald</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom" target="_blank">King Edward VII</a>. The mansion's grounds also include an aviary building used for raising pigeons. The mansion has the title of "castle" which I refuse to use since I think it's a marketing tactic, I'd rather call it a "palace", a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_architecture" target="_blank">regency</a> palace. </div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b style="text-align: center;">More Information:</b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundurn_Castle" target="_blank">Wikipedia</a></div>
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Image from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dundurn_Castle_Back.JPG" target="_blank">Wikipedia Commons</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundurn_Castle" target="_blank">Wikipedia</a></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;">_________________________________________________________________________________</span></div>
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<br />
<h3>
Milwaukee City Hall</h3>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Location:</b> Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA. <a href="https://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&ll=43.040489,-87.909363&spn=0.0016,0.002642&t=h&z=19&layer=c&cbll=43.040601,-87.909416&panoid=RPNjE-R9SsMmIlLKGfTC5g&cbp=12,357.04,,0,-25.31" target="_blank">View on Google Maps</a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Built:</b> Completed 1895</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Cost:</b> ?</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Size:</b> 353 feet (108 metres) tall</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Notable Facts:</b> The tallest habitable building in the world from 1895 to 1899 when it was passed by the Park Row Building mentioned earlier in this post. It was Milwaukee's tallest building until the First Wisconsin Centre was built in 1973. Taller than Big Ben (now called Elizabeth Tower) in London, England by 38 feet.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b style="text-align: center;">More Information: </b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee_City_Hall" target="_blank">Wikipedia</a></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;">_________________________________________________________________________________</span><br />
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<h3>
</h3>
<h3>
Saint Patrick's Cathedral</h3>
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Image from <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Patrick's_Cathedral_by_David_Shankbone.jpg" style="text-align: left;" target="_blank">Wikipedia Commons - David Skankbone</a></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><br /></b>
<b>Location:</b> New York City, New York, USA. <a href="https://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&ll=40.758871,-73.976966&spn=0.004722,0.010568&t=h&z=17&layer=c&cbll=40.75871,-73.97708&panoid=H8CdNQ1_tlvSsrpQllJ5Xg&cbp=12,109.96,,0,-16.99" target="_blank">View on Google Maps</a><span style="font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 19.5px;"> </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Built:</b> 1858-1878</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Cost:</b> ?</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Size:</b> Spires 330 feet above street level, at transepts 332 feet long and 174 feet wide, can accommodate 2,200 people. </div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b>Notable Facts:</b> <span style="text-align: center;">Takes up an entire New York City block between 50th and 51st street and Madison and Fifth Avenue. The chancel organ has 3,920 pipes and the grand gallery organ has 5,918 pipes, together 9,838 pipes. Listed as one of the </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_churches_in_the_world" style="text-align: center;" target="_blank">tallest churches in the world</a>.</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b style="text-align: center;">More Information:</b> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_New_York" target="_blank">Wikipedia</a></div>
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Image from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NewYorkStPatrick03.jpg" target="_blank">Wikipedia Commons - J.M.Luijt</a></div>
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View the interior on <a href="https://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&ll=40.758724,-73.976594&spn=0.000293,0.00066&t=h&z=21&layer=c&cbll=40.758724,-73.976594&panoid=E_1fHJcwaJp2kITv5ZMA-A&cbp=12,115.89,,0,-4.2" target="_blank">Google Maps</a><br />
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<h3>
Ellicott Square Building</h3>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5FQwZN2C0zBHRlMx2V1ksheH_-Sd6-0IuMWwAM1FmB_Z4mssxBzu0pL6Lfh9M-eutGboLbfZjsLq6DkK4qXcJJzN08CXChgX8L-f-r4qBkHOAGTZw578vyMVzNP7jlvsLt9asPvgEqCab/s1600/Ellicot.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5FQwZN2C0zBHRlMx2V1ksheH_-Sd6-0IuMWwAM1FmB_Z4mssxBzu0pL6Lfh9M-eutGboLbfZjsLq6DkK4qXcJJzN08CXChgX8L-f-r4qBkHOAGTZw578vyMVzNP7jlvsLt9asPvgEqCab/s1600/Ellicot.jpg" height="364" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>Location:</b> Buffalo, New York, USA.<b> </b><a href="https://maps.google.com/maps?hl=en&ll=42.881857,-78.875527&spn=0.003208,0.005284&t=h&z=18&layer=c&cbll=42.881894,-78.875766&panoid=a4HAWYhJe3YMuwnKjNhUlQ&cbp=12,63.48,,0,-21.65" style="text-align: center;" target="_blank">View on Google Maps</a></div>
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<b>Built:</b> Completed 1896, construction lasted less than 1 year.</div>
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<b>Cost:</b> $3.5 Million </div>
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<b>Size:</b> 10 stories, 447,000 square feet (41,500 square metres), </div>
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<b>Notable Facts:</b> At the time of its completion it was the largest office building in the world. Held the title of the largest office building in the world by floor area until 1908 when the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Terminal" target="_blank">Hudson Terminal</a> was opened. Has a marble mosaic floored courtyard imported from Italy in 23 million pieces. </div>
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<b>More Information: </b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellicott_Square_Building" style="text-align: center;" target="_blank">Wikipedia</a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2N6FDAFyd3mt1nrSiSWCwrqhT0dHYJqCIYcJUPXJfjndxv6J9X0-ddR1c0fkuH2gx8Kwv3MRY_rxcR96E1IxlSFLabodeBf4jCUsnZq1XQhQt3RIh2HVWUimYTuI3dmrAec6DXjT9DVGA/s1600/ellicott2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2N6FDAFyd3mt1nrSiSWCwrqhT0dHYJqCIYcJUPXJfjndxv6J9X0-ddR1c0fkuH2gx8Kwv3MRY_rxcR96E1IxlSFLabodeBf4jCUsnZq1XQhQt3RIh2HVWUimYTuI3dmrAec6DXjT9DVGA/s1600/ellicott2.jpg" height="366" width="640" /></a></div>
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For links to all of my related writings you can visit my <a href="http://www.thebillywilson.com/p/population-data-articles.html" target="_blank">Population Data and Architecture Articles</a> page.<br />
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I've also curated a number of Pinterest boards over the past year of historic architecture in Australia, Britain, Canada, Ireland, and the United States that would interest you if you enjoyed this post:</div>
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<a href="http://pinterest.com/billywilson/victorian-skyscrapers/" target="_blank">Victorian Skyscrapers</a></div>
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<a href="http://pinterest.com/billywilson/pre-1900-public-buildings/" target="_blank">Pre-1900 Public Buildings</a></div>
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<a href="http://pinterest.com/billywilson/victorian-buildings/" target="_blank">Victorian Buildings</a></div>
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<a href="http://pinterest.com/billywilson/victorian-mansions/" target="_blank">Victorian Mansions</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><em>Billy</em></span><br />
<a 0="" 116865428289255716443="" href="https://www.blogger.com/%7Bhttps://plus.google.com/u/0/+BillyWilson/posts%7D%3EBilly%20Wilson%3C/a%3E%3Ca%20href=" https:="" plus.google.com="" rel="author" u=""><span style="font-size: x-small;">about Billy</span></a> Billy Wilsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00650540049798713387noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7158284719665231341.post-30754728103036787412013-02-26T15:56:00.000-08:002014-08-21T20:55:12.894-07:00Using Population Data & Google Street View to Illustrate how many of North America's Beautiful Buildings were Destroyed & What we can do Now<h3>
What Historical Populations can Show us</h3>
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I'm in love with pre-1900 architecture. Today, we tend to look to Europe for old buildings but we often forget the amount of old (pre-1900) buildings we had in North America. What happened to the buildings? What can we do to help our cities? I get to that a bit further down, but first I want to show that the United States and Canada had quite the number of people by 1900 that they needed infrastructure for. I've been working on collecting the populations of every single incorporated place in the world from the year 1900 and a couple of months ago I published one of my lists showing the <a href="http://www.thebillywilson.com/2012/12/the-population-of-every-city-in-canada.html" target="_blank">895 most populated incorporated communities in Canada & the United States in 1900</a>. This information shines light onto the amount of infrastructure different communities would have had at the time for the number of people living there. Also, looking at the populations of countries around 1900 can shine light on the possible amount of infrastructure at a national level. Let's first look at things from a national perspective.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiS-eVVQ9CdbrmVHiyQQY_WM3_CXWii-yqPHdy-RawPEzDI5BVGNCV2RtjWasK3zx3_xGcY5GJjo2oe_WQX4Ub_tr0qvFuNj0d7ARyTK7Cc0WSfwkyBx4ndE9e6KSDKlP3pFEwmvQwLHv1/s1600/BLOG+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiS-eVVQ9CdbrmVHiyQQY_WM3_CXWii-yqPHdy-RawPEzDI5BVGNCV2RtjWasK3zx3_xGcY5GJjo2oe_WQX4Ub_tr0qvFuNj0d7ARyTK7Cc0WSfwkyBx4ndE9e6KSDKlP3pFEwmvQwLHv1/s1600/BLOG+1.jpg" height="424" width="640" /></a><br />
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Rochester Savings Bank, 1884, Rochester, New York. Now demolished<br />
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<h3>
<b>Most Populated Countries in 1900: </b></h3>
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Including their current population, rank, change in rank relative to today.<br />
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<span style="color: blue;">Increase</span>/<span style="color: red;">Decrease</span><br />
<b>1. China: 415,000,000</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b> </b></span>| Current population: <span style="color: blue;">1,354,040,000</span> & Rank: <b>#1</b>, 0 <br />
<b>2. India (British Empire): 271,306,000</b> <span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b> </b></span>| Current population: <span style="color: blue;">1,210,193,422</span> & Rank: <b>#2</b>, 0 <br />
<b>3. Russia: 132,000,000</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b> </b></span>| Current population: <span style="color: blue;">143,369,806</span> & Rank: <b>#9</b>, <span style="color: red;">-7</span> <br />
<b>4. United States: 76,212,168</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b> </b></span>| Current population: <span style="color: blue;">315,568,000</span> & Rank: <b>#3</b>, <span style="color: blue;">+1</span> <br />
<b>5. Germany: 56,000,000</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b> </b></span>| Current population:<b> </b><span style="color: blue;">81,946,000</span> & Rank: <b>#16</b>, <span style="color: red;">-11</span><b> </b><br />
<b>6. Austria-Hungary: 51,356,465</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b> </b></span>| Current population: <span style="background-color: #eeeeee;">doesn't exist</span> & Rank: N/A<br />
<b>7. Dutch East Indies (Dutch Empire, Indonesia): 45,500,000</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b> </b></span>| Current population: <span style="color: blue;">237,641,326</span> & Rank: <b>#4</b>, <span style="color: blue;">+3</span><br />
<b>8. Japan: 42,000,000</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b> </b></span>| Current population: <span style="color: blue;">127,400,000</span> & Rank: <b>#10</b>, <span style="color: red;">-2</span><br />
<b>9. United Kingdom (included Ireland): 38,000,000</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b> </b></span>| Current population: <span style="color: blue;">63,181,775</span> & Rank: <b>#22</b>, <span style="color: red;">-13</span><br />
<b>10. France: 38,000,000</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b> </b></span>| Current population: <span style="color: blue;">65,635,000</span> & Rank: <b>#21</b>, <span style="color: red;">-11</span><br />
<b>11. Italy: 32,000,000</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b> </b></span>| Current population: <span style="color: blue;">60,870,745</span> & Rank: <b>#23</b>, <span style="color: red;">-12</span><br />
<b>12. Ottoman Empire: 30,860,000</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b> </b></span>| Current population: <span style="background-color: #eeeeee;">doesn't exist</span> & Rank: N/A<br />
<b>13. Spain: 20,750,000</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b> </b></span>| Current population: <span style="color: blue;">46,815,916</span> & Rank: <b>#28</b>, <span style="color: red;">-15</span><br />
<b>14. Brazil: 17,000,000</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b> </b></span>| Current population: <span style="color: blue;">193,946,886</span> & Rank: <b>#5</b>, <span style="color: blue;">+9</span><br />
<b>15. Mexico: 12,050,000</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b> </b></span>| Current population: <span style="color: blue;">116,901,761</span> & Rank: <b>#11</b>, <span style="color: blue;">+4</span><br />
<b>16. Korea: 12,000,000</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b> </b></span>| Current population: <span style="background-color: #eeeeee;">doesn't exist</span> & Rank: N/A<br />
<b>17. Burma (British Empire, Myanmar): 9,606,000</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b> </b></span>| Current population: <span style="color: blue;">48,724,000</span> & Rank: <b>#26</b>, <span style="color: red;">-9</span><br />
<b>18. Northern Nigeria (British Empire): 8,500,000</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b> </b></span>| Current population: <span style="background-color: #eeeeee;">doesn't exist</span> & Rank: N/A<br />
<b>19. Egypt (British Empire): 8,000,000</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b> </b></span>| Current population: <span style="color: blue;">83,964,000</span> & Rank: <b>#15</b>, <span style="color: blue;">+4</span><br />
<b>20. Philippines (United States): 8,000,000</b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b> </b></span>| Current population: <span style="color: blue;">92,337,852</span> & Rank: <b>#12</b>, <span style="color: blue;">+8</span><br />
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Looking at the information above you can get a sense that the United States by 1900 was already a substantially large country in population. It was already the fourth most populated country in the world and in 113 years has only moved up one spot. An interesting comparison to note is that the United States had about the same number of people in 1900 as the United Kingdom and France combined. Now let's look at things from a city perspective.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfexNKjVynBEVidBNQ2RlWRZt9WP6aTmJMJNPkTTD6e_WZ1OPOrdDq4_3Wvcn55adhH1EYjBaGsRONZZYuKMfgbQ9jc4PBprtyLE5wC56xBzUuKszCUEi7lnEp-ENP4u5ivL9Ka1LmH_-3/s1600/BLOG+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfexNKjVynBEVidBNQ2RlWRZt9WP6aTmJMJNPkTTD6e_WZ1OPOrdDq4_3Wvcn55adhH1EYjBaGsRONZZYuKMfgbQ9jc4PBprtyLE5wC56xBzUuKszCUEi7lnEp-ENP4u5ivL9Ka1LmH_-3/s1600/BLOG+2.jpg" height="614" width="640" /></a></div>
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St. James Street, Montreal, Quebec. At one point the financial heart of Canada. This building is now demolished.<br />
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<h3>
Most Populated Cities in Canada & the USA in 1900</h3>
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Including their current population, rank, and change in rank relative to today. These are actual municipal populations and don't reflect the suburban area.<br />
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b>1. New York City, New York, USA: 3,437,202 </b></span>| Current population: <span style="color: blue;">8,244,910</span> & Rank: <b>#1</b>, 0<br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b>2. Chicago, Illinois, USA: 1,698,575 </b></span>| Current population: <span style="color: blue;">2,707,120</span> &<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b> </b></span>Rank: <b>#3</b>, <span style="color: red;">-1</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b>3. Philadelphia, PA, USA: 1,293,697</b></span> | Current population: <span style="color: blue;">1,536,471 </span>&<span style="color: blue;"> </span>Rank: <b>#7</b>, <span style="color: red;">-4</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b>4. St. Louis, Missouri, USA: 575,238</b></span> | Current population: <span style="color: red;">318,069</span> & Rank: <b>#73</b>, <span style="color: red;">-69</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b>5. Boston, Massachusetts, USA: 560,892</b></span> | Current population: <span style="color: blue;">625,087</span> & Rank: <b>#28</b>, <span style="color: red;">-23</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b>6. Baltimore, Maryland, USA: 508,957</b></span> | Current population: <span style="color: blue;">619,493</span> & Rank: <b>#31</b>, <span style="color: red;">-25</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b>7. Cleveland, Ohio, USA: 381,768</b></span> | Current population: <span style="color: blue;">393,806</span> & Rank: <b>#60</b>, <span style="color: red;">-53</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b>8. Buffalo, New York, USA: 352,387</b></span> | Current population: <span style="color: red;">261,025</span> & Rank: <b>#90</b>, <span style="color: red;">-82</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b>9. San Francisco, California, USA: 342,782</b></span> | Current population: <span style="color: blue;">812,826</span> & Rank: <b>#18</b>, <span style="color: red;">-9</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b>10. Cincinnati, Ohio, USA: 325,902</b></span> | Current population: <span style="color: red;">296,223</span> & Rank: <b>#80</b>, <span style="color: red;">-70</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b>11. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA: 321,616</b></span> | Current population: <span style="color: red;">307,484</span> & Rank: <b>#76</b>, <span style="color: red;">-65</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b>12. New Orleans, Louisiana, USA: 287,104</b></span> | Current population: <span style="color: blue;">360,740</span> & Rank: <b>#66</b>, <span style="color: red;">-54</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b>13. Detroit, Michigan, USA: 285,704</b></span> | Current population: <span style="color: blue;">706,585</span> & Rank: <b>#24</b>, <span style="color: red;">-11</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b>14. Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA: 285,315</b></span> | Current population: <span style="color: blue;">597,867</span> & Rank: <b>#36</b>, <span style="color: red;">-22</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b>15. Washington, DC, USA: 278,718</b></span> | Current population: <span style="color: blue;">617,996</span> & Rank: <b>#32</b>, <span style="color: red;">-17</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b>16. Montreal, Quebec, CA: 267,730</b></span> | Current population: <span style="color: blue;">1,649,519</span> & Rank: <b>#5</b>, <span style="color: blue;">+11</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b>17. Newark, New Jersey, USA: 246,070</b></span> | Current population: <span style="color: blue;">277,540</span> & Rank: <b>#85</b>, <span style="color: red;">-68</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b>18. Toronto, Ontario, CA: 208,040</b></span> | Current population: <span style="color: blue;">2,615,060</span> & Rank: <b>#3</b>, <span style="color: blue;">+15</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b>19. Jersey City, New Jersey, USA: 206,433</b></span> | Current population: <span style="color: blue;">250,323</span> & Rank: <b>#93</b>, <span style="color: red;">-74</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;"><b>20. Louisville, Kentucky, USA: 204,731</b></span> | Current population: <span style="color: blue;">602,011</span> & Rank: <b>#35</b>, <span style="color: red;">-15</span><br />
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A major thing to note in the data above is just how much many of these cities have declined in rank relative to today, I'll be getting to that in the next section. Another interesting thing to note is just how populated the cities in the United States were in 1900 relative to the world. Within the ten largest cities in the world New York City was the second most populated, Chicago the fifth, and Philadelphia the tenth. The only city in the world at the time being more populated than NYC was London, England at 4,536,541. In 1900 Singapore then part of the British Empire only had 193,089 people and wouldn't have even made our top 20 list above. Prague had 200,000, Venice 171,000, Bangalore, India just 161,000. Zürich, Switzerland had 150,700, <span style="background-color: white;">Baghdad, Iraq had 150,000, Athens, Greece around 123,000, Helsinki, Finland 93,600, Seville, Spain 148,000, Jerusalem 55,000, Cordoba, Spain 52,000, Casablanca 11,000. Putting this into perspective you can see just <a href="http://www.thebillywilson.com/2012/12/the-population-of-every-city-in-canada.html" target="_blank">how big many cities</a> were in the United States. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCo3GmbAQoRwO9G8z0Ng3kG4OF6PM-fX14eHfxsANFzHZWzDYMDwfPqSdlFzhvpyD9RxM_JtKw7fNn5O7GuvW_8PH1-Pqih5tGVzy1HibhdENokyfGIcRWmmeqKSCAKniKMb8qcioU0TAN/s1600/Newspaper+Row+1906+NYC.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCo3GmbAQoRwO9G8z0Ng3kG4OF6PM-fX14eHfxsANFzHZWzDYMDwfPqSdlFzhvpyD9RxM_JtKw7fNn5O7GuvW_8PH1-Pqih5tGVzy1HibhdENokyfGIcRWmmeqKSCAKniKMb8qcioU0TAN/s1600/Newspaper+Row+1906+NYC.JPG" height="478" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: center;">Above is Lower Manhattan's </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Row_(Manhattan)" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: center;" target="_blank">Newspaper Row</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: center;"> before 1903. Already at this time there were skyscrapers. I have compiled a <a href="http://pinterest.com/billywilson/victorian-skyscrapers/" target="_blank">Pinterest board</a> of 120 of them so far that were built before 1900. The buildings in this picture: </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Hall" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: center;" target="_blank">city hall</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: center;"> in front (still standing), and from left to right "</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_World_Building" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: center;" target="_blank">New York World Building</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: center;">" built 1890 (demolis</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: center;">hed), "</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Tribune_Building" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: center;" target="_blank">New York Tribune Building</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: center;">" built 1875 (demolished), "</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Tract_Society" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: center;" target="_blank">American Tract Society Building</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: center;">" built 1894-95 (still standing), and the "</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times_Building_(41_Park_Row)" style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: center;" target="_blank">New York Times Building</a><span style="background-color: white; font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: center;">" built 1889 (still standing) Source: Wikipedia</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">Why aren't Cities getting Larger and Where are all of the Beautiful Buildings?</span></h3>
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<span style="background-color: white;">One very interesting trend you might notice in the population data above is how nearly every single city in our top 20 aside from the Canadian cities and NYC has declined in ranking. Some have even declined in population. This trend is related to current culture in English speaking North American society (also in Britain) that's tied to the decline in the perception and the amount of older architecture. Our population data clearly shows us that the United States and at least 2 Canadian cities (Montreal & Toronto) were quite large by 1900. This does indicate that there were probably many beautiful cities and buildings in 1900 and through historical research you can easily find loads of beautiful architecture in the United States, Canada, and also Australia (Melbourne & Sydney would have fit into our top 20 above at 496,079 & 487,932 people</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: white;">respectively</span><span style="background-color: white;">). So what happened to much of this beautiful architecture? The answer is simple, we <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_renewal" target="_blank">purposefully and also carelessly destroyed it</a>. This answer is illustrated in pictures below:</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmacYqT9DeSQXSzHPnQTV06H7PBg3ccX_SY7jcXD7NSUmOzzN4mxIo70bSFzACGUpRQ_DCbAIPtYDT6S-gpUf7unllkjx_KqsT2zFmaAJPNaM19QozUrqlIFGizrSwl2mibOdk0cGE9a0Z/s1600/BLOG+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmacYqT9DeSQXSzHPnQTV06H7PBg3ccX_SY7jcXD7NSUmOzzN4mxIo70bSFzACGUpRQ_DCbAIPtYDT6S-gpUf7unllkjx_KqsT2zFmaAJPNaM19QozUrqlIFGizrSwl2mibOdk0cGE9a0Z/s1600/BLOG+1.jpg" height="364" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Many downtown areas in the United States were bulldozed for simple parking lots. Detroit, Michigan. <a href="https://maps.google.com/maps?q=detroit&hl=en&ll=42.337817,-83.055428&spn=0.003236,0.005284&sll=42.337026,-83.054857&sspn=0.001618,0.002642&t=h&hnear=Detroit,+Wayne,+Michigan&z=18&layer=c&cbll=42.337657,-83.055308&panoid=aqdCPKIzROOWO7Twx4NsRw&cbp=12,160.83,,0,9.59" target="_blank">View on Google Maps</a> </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh82oeNqq8i2jMMdk9Uhc7GnBTRPaVJnroReHaNOCo17mXV0zrya__6I0TnyzNIoMdT5kRLP3ymuAmfFs_NmfgQClRAasAXwtI22v_6erG_dkJr2Warykn8yMrF0tFx0p79IFXEpdh_JIhT/s1600/BLOG+7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh82oeNqq8i2jMMdk9Uhc7GnBTRPaVJnroReHaNOCo17mXV0zrya__6I0TnyzNIoMdT5kRLP3ymuAmfFs_NmfgQClRAasAXwtI22v_6erG_dkJr2Warykn8yMrF0tFx0p79IFXEpdh_JIhT/s1600/BLOG+7.jpg" height="368" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Some people wanted to live in the suburbs so they left the inner city neighbourhoods (leading to lower inner city populations).</span><span style="background-color: white;"> Black people moved up from the southern United States to work in factories and escape the harsher racial climate of the south (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" target="_blank">Great Migration</a>). During the 1960's and 1970's there were racial tensions in larger cities like Detroit (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit_Riot_of_1967" target="_blank">1967 Riot</a> destroyed a lot of infrastructure) & Cleveland that lead to even more white people moving to the suburbs </span><span style="background-color: white;">(</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_flight" target="_blank">white flight</a><span style="background-color: white;">)</span><span style="background-color: white;">. Above is a black inner city neighbourhood in Baltimore, Maryland. </span><a href="https://maps.google.com/maps?q=Baltimore,+MD,+United+States&hl=en&ll=39.295567,-76.635286&spn=0.004791,0.010568&sll=43.805241,-79.46578&sspn=0.004499,0.010568&oq=balti&t=h&hnear=Baltimore,+Maryland&z=17&layer=c&cbll=39.295567,-76.635286&panoid=GSqcI7jj3CgfHpX5fmMX5Q&cbp=12,209.3,,0,-2.01" target="_blank">View on Google Maps</a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmqs6pBA9YKa1EW6-vr-eiWGwQPfZ5j7jeFzZwCu_7ucHs2C3Jmk4LLepjCSCQ2DmhcYSbebg-fwvxeIGWPhjsd8-_3LOW2U-MqCBoFiwCel2tXSshITatDMsezU_m1KVG3ohmkfblIKUi/s1600/BLOG+4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmqs6pBA9YKa1EW6-vr-eiWGwQPfZ5j7jeFzZwCu_7ucHs2C3Jmk4LLepjCSCQ2DmhcYSbebg-fwvxeIGWPhjsd8-_3LOW2U-MqCBoFiwCel2tXSshITatDMsezU_m1KVG3ohmkfblIKUi/s1600/BLOG+4.jpg" height="364" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: white; text-align: center;">In many large cities, there were areas occupied by lower income families that became labelled as "slums" and demolished to make way for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_housing" target="_blank">social housing</a> towers in the 1950's & 1960's that didn't turn out to be helpful in eliminating poverty. You're poor whether you live in a tower or a Victorian worker's cottage. Many of these social towers themselves <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruitt%E2%80%93Igoe" target="_blank">failed</a> and have been demolished. Above is Toronto's </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent_Park_(Toronto)" style="text-align: center;" target="_blank">Regent Park</a><span style="background-color: white; text-align: center;"> development, Canada's oldest and largest social housing project. </span><a href="https://maps.google.com/maps?q=toronto&hl=en&ll=43.658908,-79.359044&spn=0.002239,0.005284&sll=42.335033,-83.06532&sspn=0.004608,0.010568&t=h&hnear=Toronto,+Toronto+Division,+Ontario,+Canada&z=18&layer=c&cbll=43.658908,-79.359044&panoid=o0dM3uZn2EPcJwj2JqIrQA&cbp=12,242.34,,0,0" style="text-align: center;" target="_blank">View on Google Maps</a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie-NI6CnfhEXi6zv1AjNhjqosjqqqtpGicAQHm9wN88wdzhlxXR4xXZ8lndVwMct2_VJur9k5vxBn8bJ_RyeM52yVeC-_UKJOosD_ZJVhlFIGvRnuF7wsqjtCTvyiBxlciXgTsMPZ6asnq/s1600/Old+Comparison2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEie-NI6CnfhEXi6zv1AjNhjqosjqqqtpGicAQHm9wN88wdzhlxXR4xXZ8lndVwMct2_VJur9k5vxBn8bJ_RyeM52yVeC-_UKJOosD_ZJVhlFIGvRnuF7wsqjtCTvyiBxlciXgTsMPZ6asnq/s1600/Old+Comparison2.jpg" height="331" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">People also wanted freeways so they could drive their cars from all the way out in the suburbs. To do this they ploughed new freeways right through the hearts of many neighbourhoods, often poorer inner city neighbourhoods with large black demographics. Cincinnati, Ohio above is illustrated above. The freeway to the left went right through a poorer <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End,_Cincinnati" target="_blank">West End</a> neighbourhood that was completely demolished after WWII and replaced with social housing that also was impoverished and itself was demolished and today we're left with a lot of empty space.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjonFzvecg2rdzNbMIyVjjJ5Mtq6d0tZagZx6odKMIuZ2kD89MzA0C91Ef6Mg2gTgPDi7vmjFh8lc-laioI84hf24v5rwx5kgJVAMLLRaARJwQR9c_n0pOl8H8ilE_r2ZHQw3dx5FJUuJPl/s1600/BLOG+8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjonFzvecg2rdzNbMIyVjjJ5Mtq6d0tZagZx6odKMIuZ2kD89MzA0C91Ef6Mg2gTgPDi7vmjFh8lc-laioI84hf24v5rwx5kgJVAMLLRaARJwQR9c_n0pOl8H8ilE_r2ZHQw3dx5FJUuJPl/s1600/BLOG+8.jpg" height="312" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">New construction in urban centres followed a new modern ideal to aesthetically separate new structures from the "silly" ornate past that had nothing to do with the structure of the building. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_architecture" target="_blank">modern thought</a> some academics went as far as to call </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornament_and_Crime" target="_blank">all ornamentation a crime</a><span style="background-color: white;">. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brutalism" target="_blank">Brutalism</a> came to the forefront between 1950-1970. One of its greatest examples is from the Montreal Expo 67 as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_67" target="_blank">Habitat 67</a> shown above. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-modern_architecture" target="_blank">Postmodern Architecture</a> of today has begun a slow return to ornament and context, although still quite recognizably "modern".</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJ1fh09hJoGTNJjft6do1pmnSXCPkg64G9o0pG3NYzG1QmfmP1zdmi2vh2tg3m1GmyeJPrurGHI45JO1iJ0x00qfo_lRWqcrPznnO-ZfzJYwiT_Yri6UCFFOpkTMuyC2IzQaqkR4tmZ4pG/s1600/BLOG+0.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJ1fh09hJoGTNJjft6do1pmnSXCPkg64G9o0pG3NYzG1QmfmP1zdmi2vh2tg3m1GmyeJPrurGHI45JO1iJ0x00qfo_lRWqcrPznnO-ZfzJYwiT_Yri6UCFFOpkTMuyC2IzQaqkR4tmZ4pG/s1600/BLOG+0.jpg" height="366" width="640" /></a></div>
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Eventually factories closed down unable to compete with cheaper products from China. This lead to unemployment and migration from formerly industrial cities (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rust_Belt" target="_blank">Rust Belt</a>) to different cities. Above is an abandoned automobile factory in Detroit, Michigan. <a href="https://maps.google.com/maps?q=detroit&hl=en&ll=42.377905,-83.028676&spn=0.004573,0.010568&sll=39.295567,-76.635286&sspn=0.004824,0.010568&t=h&hnear=Detroit,+Wayne,+Michigan&z=17&layer=c&cbll=42.377905,-83.028676&panoid=iTpDcivEH-pW_GlJ_bEIqA&cbp=12,24.62,,0,-3.65" target="_blank">View on Google Maps</a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipGWA3gxXTouVIOqU9npIgj4j_EeWWteZTO4lhhuW_pEEsQpNHFVJRnqZvWh4usXMM_in4JmDRRj22rp9Rb18zQQLIUsvd9ZDrf58ZLewQ9iZocCCK0E2xCzXY3OU44p7jmS1cjo0JKtNQ/s1600/BLOG+11.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipGWA3gxXTouVIOqU9npIgj4j_EeWWteZTO4lhhuW_pEEsQpNHFVJRnqZvWh4usXMM_in4JmDRRj22rp9Rb18zQQLIUsvd9ZDrf58ZLewQ9iZocCCK0E2xCzXY3OU44p7jmS1cjo0JKtNQ/s1600/BLOG+11.jpg" height="364" width="640" /></a></div>
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Eventually no one wanted to live in the old inner cities so they were left vacant to deteriorate until the municipal government steps in and orders them to be demolished before causing safety hazards (or crack houses). People began to associate old buildings with decay and the need to demolish and build something new (we could restore them). Just take a close look at your community's politics and you'll see this kind of thinking (primarily if you live in English speaking North America). Above is an abandoned Baltimore, Maryland row house, there were most likely houses on either side that have been demolished. Notice the tacky fake stone that's was all the rage 50 or so years ago.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoocHyeMLLuiKdg-Vp80YqGKaZGnHPDUsKCp0mmdjThNv71JXaNGyjJ-W3aBWi5Tqh9z1FTKxOSgv3S_YZu345i4HpgdGsHGuDLqwpuFExNUu5gORE16DWjW0SuwG6wnYy8zn7gbBInvys/s1600/BLOG+12.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoocHyeMLLuiKdg-Vp80YqGKaZGnHPDUsKCp0mmdjThNv71JXaNGyjJ-W3aBWi5Tqh9z1FTKxOSgv3S_YZu345i4HpgdGsHGuDLqwpuFExNUu5gORE16DWjW0SuwG6wnYy8zn7gbBInvys/s1600/BLOG+12.jpg" height="366" width="640" /></a></div>
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Once many structures have been demolished urban centres look uch like this satellite image of an inner city Detroit neighbourhood. Notice the freeway at the bottom.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxLXw1UUhTcSnN6O0DyZlLu08MPiYEfI-BaGpUUeiHZAZrSB1xR9Y2nBISRwg7KevC39azG52NYelAsBPbeOwgu25Ix8BBIkyI6qjdRqidkJEbEQnUOwPys1_044eItDFS7Jdk9Xp2yBpc/s1600/BLOG+13.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxLXw1UUhTcSnN6O0DyZlLu08MPiYEfI-BaGpUUeiHZAZrSB1xR9Y2nBISRwg7KevC39azG52NYelAsBPbeOwgu25Ix8BBIkyI6qjdRqidkJEbEQnUOwPys1_044eItDFS7Jdk9Xp2yBpc/s1600/BLOG+13.jpg" height="366" width="640" /></a></div>
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Once enough buildings have been demolished "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_prairie" target="_blank">urban prairie</a>" occurs making inner cities look more like a place to farm rather than to live. St. Louis, Missouri is in the images above and below. The top image is a satellite image, the bottom is street view, both in the same area. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhA4RKE12TWfUuivYtnztcu5MAK7IwcTD7r71VLy5feiK3h8TZCUp6r751b20Asgio-6Hs-DG8W5ex1hs4ONdModXity9MMTMMahfv4rN6NZyklUl6MmCrDzMtG8jv3K-fsmXVGvH6lVDNk/s1600/BLOG+14.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhA4RKE12TWfUuivYtnztcu5MAK7IwcTD7r71VLy5feiK3h8TZCUp6r751b20Asgio-6Hs-DG8W5ex1hs4ONdModXity9MMTMMahfv4rN6NZyklUl6MmCrDzMtG8jv3K-fsmXVGvH6lVDNk/s1600/BLOG+14.jpg" height="366" width="640" /></a></div>
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Urban prairie in St. Louis, Missouri. <a href="https://maps.google.com/maps?q=St.+Louis,+MO,+United+States&hl=en&ll=38.648561,-90.208423&spn=0.003419,0.005284&sll=39.298172,-76.644314&sspn=0.003411,0.005284&oq=st.+louis&t=h&hnear=St+Louis,+Missouri&z=18&layer=c&cbll=38.648561,-90.208423&panoid=ppybZeEvqZkO38r1lvuq9w&cbp=12,220.08,,0,0.09" target="_blank">View on Google Maps</a></div>
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So today many cities are basically a ring around a former core and we build more and more infrastructure in the suburban areas (strip malls, hospitals, offices, industrial parks). Many people have suggested (and have tried) that they might as well start farming in decayed urban centres where urban prairie is present. The top 20 cities in North America in 1900 haven't really declined as much as our list showed if you take into consideration the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_statistical_areas" target="_blank">suburban populations</a> of the metropolitan areas. Some of the urban destruction has been unavoidable. Much has been consumed in fire, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_earthquake" target="_blank">earthquakes</a>, and other natural disasters. Some needed to go to make way for newer structures due to design flaws or the changing needs of society. It would be nice if new structures took more of their aesthetic appeal and environment into consideration (the technology to do so is there). Overall, it's more costly in time, infrastructure, and resources to sustain a city that is shaped like a donut and this is something we should try to address. So how do we address this situation? What have other areas in the world been doing?<br />
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<h3>
Comparison to other Cities in the World</h3>
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In continental Europe the most expensive real estate is typically near the urban core, trying to get an apartment near the centre of Paris would be extremely expensive. The poorest people tend to live at the very edge of the cities. In many other places in the world like in Latin America the edges of the city are where slums are built especially when people are migrating from rural areas for work.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaB0q3BAYrlFB7lZWJ8fBkdhT1oBYD87hGDtg65EoopKlGpz2AWlbr-ENgZOArmQ3_cSSG44PJupkoheWpY4D922N3kHCvZ8o1r6zACZHd0srfbf3rGYxBKL28CcgRx84PmM9AmkGJ78pt/s1600/BLOG+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaB0q3BAYrlFB7lZWJ8fBkdhT1oBYD87hGDtg65EoopKlGpz2AWlbr-ENgZOArmQ3_cSSG44PJupkoheWpY4D922N3kHCvZ8o1r6zACZHd0srfbf3rGYxBKL28CcgRx84PmM9AmkGJ78pt/s1600/BLOG+3.jpg" height="366" width="640" /></a></div>
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Where in this Google Earth satellite image of Paris, France do you see a freeway? The large straight roads were implemented by Napoleon III in the 1800's and give much of the character of the Paris we know of today. The idea of this project "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haussmann%27s_renovation_of_Paris" target="_blank">Haussmann's renovation of Paris</a>" was to make a more navigable city that ploughed through the old compact medieval infrastructure and made straight large boulevards, public squares, and better infrastructure. One thing to keep in mind is that already by 1900 NYC had nearly a million more people than Paris. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW7D7gXSd8ghieirDiHxCu56WR1TMweIPE8rsQGxqC4naFiS0AwCtP_5BMJ0knWCDADX-ZbcL21XCCI1JoaCrA_UiSKf_tz23K4QFMD7GkkGggA-UcnjWcuT_SpplcmmHTp02AqKeUHB3D/s1600/BLOG+4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhW7D7gXSd8ghieirDiHxCu56WR1TMweIPE8rsQGxqC4naFiS0AwCtP_5BMJ0knWCDADX-ZbcL21XCCI1JoaCrA_UiSKf_tz23K4QFMD7GkkGggA-UcnjWcuT_SpplcmmHTp02AqKeUHB3D/s1600/BLOG+4.jpg" height="552" width="640" /></a></div>
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a view of Boulevard Haussmann in Paris. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Eug%C3%A8ne_Haussmann" target="_blank">Haussmann</a> directed the reconstruction of Paris under Napoleon III. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheornhQ41X6EvuJu_NXJc1yLL7GgTyBD2RmIE-Epj28VP1mAraIHvcpGzNOe5v9MMkcM5gKYBguMvaY8kmc_otO4UGsR4EK990tnr_WwqZZBRVdkjNIZgu3onX8GO43hpxiPXeehEHRarK/s1600/BLOG+7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheornhQ41X6EvuJu_NXJc1yLL7GgTyBD2RmIE-Epj28VP1mAraIHvcpGzNOe5v9MMkcM5gKYBguMvaY8kmc_otO4UGsR4EK990tnr_WwqZZBRVdkjNIZgu3onX8GO43hpxiPXeehEHRarK/s1600/BLOG+7.jpg" height="364" width="640" /></a></div>
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A slum built into the side of a mountain in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. With many other cities in the world the poorest people live at the periphery. Here's a <a href="http://www.360cities.net/image/favela-do-morro-dos-prazeres-rio-de-janeiro?utm_source=google_earth&utm_medium=all_images#0.00,0.00,70.0" target="_blank">panorama</a> I found taken from the slum, they have a beautiful view of the ocean. You can get a sense of how dense and poorly constructed these structures are. The image below is a street view image of the area taken from the only drivable road in this dense slum. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7BYWL3FKkX4oRzUCf1rBKMTDeYCRNYV06afQupAkB2Ox7_wFgZ2xfatiYcrslM3at8vXSu_6b-9u98cGrgAfiJUEjFrRSSQfgtBDJPyDSybvEpVXERJyQdSxOq2CQLPDkiP5Slfv4Jy-u/s1600/BLOG+6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7BYWL3FKkX4oRzUCf1rBKMTDeYCRNYV06afQupAkB2Ox7_wFgZ2xfatiYcrslM3at8vXSu_6b-9u98cGrgAfiJUEjFrRSSQfgtBDJPyDSybvEpVXERJyQdSxOq2CQLPDkiP5Slfv4Jy-u/s1600/BLOG+6.jpg" height="364" width="640" /></a></div>
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Rio de Janeiro slum. <a href="https://maps.google.com/maps?q=Rio+de+Janeiro,+Brazil&hl=en&ll=-22.933474,-43.202577&spn=0.001425,0.002642&sll=-14.235004,-51.92528&sspn=47.799238,86.572266&oq=rio&t=h&hnear=Rio+de+Janeiro,+Brazil&z=19&layer=c&cbll=-22.93333,-43.202826&panoid=Ee1TSzM84AQMxbg4HzyFhQ&cbp=12,267.56,,0,-11.42" target="_blank">View on Google Maps</a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIdO6u0SFRUC-PjHIZ9xSnBKkvczX9UfRjJB4-a161OqSf-5IWC0M-CZ87xnOnQQqkIq0xK2VTigLbTCIbrfmfhYknBBeeLkY2mp9pggD7gO-DX2aOKtIDZMBY-uAhLQIIJBIlZNvubH6C/s1600/BLOG+8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIdO6u0SFRUC-PjHIZ9xSnBKkvczX9UfRjJB4-a161OqSf-5IWC0M-CZ87xnOnQQqkIq0xK2VTigLbTCIbrfmfhYknBBeeLkY2mp9pggD7gO-DX2aOKtIDZMBY-uAhLQIIJBIlZNvubH6C/s1600/BLOG+8.jpg" height="364" width="640" /></a></div>
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Many parts of Europe heavily use public transportation. Above is Prague in the Czech Republic. Unfortunately most places in North America eliminated street cars (trams/trollies) that used to be ubiquitous in nearly every community. Prague also has the most used <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague_Metro" target="_blank">metro system</a> in the world on a per capita basis. <a href="https://maps.google.com/maps?q=Prague,+Czech+Republic&hl=en&ll=50.085993,14.41435&spn=0.003972,0.010568&sll=-22.93333,-43.202826&sspn=0.001435,0.002642&oq=prag&t=h&hnear=Prague,+Czech+Republic&z=17&layer=c&cbll=50.085993,14.41435&panoid=NPr23jHpTwodeKES-HSa5g&cbp=12,11.92,,0,0.27" target="_blank">View on Google Maps</a></div>
<h3>
<span style="background-color: white;">Have a say in Your Urban Landscape</span></h3>
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What we have left of historical buildings is endangered and if we don't speak up against current trends, advocate <a href="http://gentrification/" target="_blank">gentrification</a> of old neighbourhoods (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabbagetown,_Toronto" target="_blank">Cabbagetown</a> in Toronto is still here because of gentrification), and show the cultural and aesthetic importance of old buildings and the benefits of higher density living opposed to living in a "donut" city things will just continue as they are. Back in 2010 an immense portion of Brantford, Ontario's downtown was demolished and currently all that has replaced it is grass. The buildings demolished included Georgian, Victorian, and Beaux-Arts buildings that were important in the history of Canada's early economic past.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp4aQTR826-Cxr1gkGVcZXQVT1FImOnyymz-5RyO3v-vKJkS18rWtEstISrk_9MLN_U9r_4NlQ18PuoikGLTOtwuZ9Ha68ytBouZD8M1jm38lWasaAtLhSIKlfFNmrbo1kxkBNVHH-_Eam/s1600/BLOG+15.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhp4aQTR826-Cxr1gkGVcZXQVT1FImOnyymz-5RyO3v-vKJkS18rWtEstISrk_9MLN_U9r_4NlQ18PuoikGLTOtwuZ9Ha68ytBouZD8M1jm38lWasaAtLhSIKlfFNmrbo1kxkBNVHH-_Eam/s1600/BLOG+15.jpg" height="366" width="640" /></a></div>
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Highlighted in red, absolutely all of these buildings were demolished in 2010. 80 buildings in total. The following was said by Lloyd Alter of the Architectural Conservatory of Ontario "These buildings were part of the birth of commerce and industry in Ontario.... They should be preserved." With the demolition of these buildings also goes a lot of independent businesses that are constantly losing all opportunity to succeed and their role will likely be replaced by larger big box stores at the edge of the city. When investigating the reasons surrounding the demolition of these buildings I came across an explanation that said a landlord had purchased all of these buildings a few decades ago. They rented them out, made money, but never maintained them. Eventually when they were worn out they sold the land to the government for millions of dollars and let them demolish it. The city government had the idea of replacing some of the land with a recreational centre. People who practice these methods are referred to as "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slumlord" target="_blank">slumlords</a>".</div>
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Now because of these pressures facing architecture and in my opinion poor urban planning and style choices I want to stand up for conserving the wonderful buildings we have, better planning in new and existing neighbourhoods, and more focus on style for the sake of my sanity (hopefully your's too). My surroundings are important to me. I'd rather feel proud about the world I live in than feel like it's disposable like a suburban Walmart warehouse & store. It honestly does something to me mentally. In order to be more of an advocate for this I'm going to start posting a new series of images from Google Street View. I'm also looking at starting a new show where I broadcast virtual tours of significant/interesting/unknown marvels of architecture and urban planning around not only North America but the world on Google Street View. All the while I'll be animating these stories and tours with historical population data.<br />
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For links to all of my related writings you can visit my <a href="http://www.thebillywilson.com/p/population-data-articles.html" target="_blank">Population Data and Architecture Articles</a> page.<br />
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><em>Billy</em></span><br />
<a 0="" 116865428289255716443="" href="https://www.blogger.com/%7Bhttps://plus.google.com/u/0/+BillyWilson/posts%7D%3EBilly%20Wilson%3C/a%3E%3Ca%20href=" https:="" plus.google.com="" rel="author" u=""><span style="font-size: x-small;">about Billy</span></a> Billy Wilsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00650540049798713387noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7158284719665231341.post-35761538550922197272013-02-24T18:57:00.000-08:002013-02-26T17:19:20.266-08:00Everyone Jump Now!<h3>
It's Time to Break Free</h3>
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This is the second image in my "<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/billy_wilson/sets/72157632574456760/" target="_blank">Right Now Series</a>". The first image is called "<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/billy_wilson/8399795413/in/photostream" target="_blank">Jump Free</a>". I have big plans for this series and each image is going to be even more surprising than the previous one. This series will push my boundaries and put me outside of my comfort zone. I have some interesting posts in the works. Some that deal with many questions in life. I also have loads of population data that I've been recording and I'm going to be highlighting some architecturally awesome cities in a while. The ones no one really hears about but they should! </div>
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<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-M8NBHu4yLCQ/USrKl5bl1_I/AAAAAAACGdM/FbOurWlENFQ/s1600/Everyone+Jump+NowWEB.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-M8NBHu4yLCQ/USrKl5bl1_I/AAAAAAACGdM/FbOurWlENFQ/s1600/Everyone+Jump+NowWEB.jpg" height="618" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><em>Billy</em></span><br />
<a 0="" 116865428289255716443="" href="https://www.blogger.com/%7Bhttps://plus.google.com/u/0/+BillyWilson/posts%7D%3EBilly%20Wilson%3C/a%3E%3Ca%20href=" https:="" plus.google.com="" rel="author" u=""><span style="font-size: x-small;">about Billy</span></a> Billy Wilsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00650540049798713387noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7158284719665231341.post-51256190800385410992013-01-31T20:17:00.000-08:002013-01-31T20:17:18.251-08:00Why I went Creative CommonsYou post your work online so you can be found, right?<br />
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<h3>
Blogs, Sites, Search Engines, & Social Media = Sources of Traffic</h3>
Like most other people for a long time I was afraid of having my images stolen, I disabled the ability for people to download my photos and included a copyright notice with all of my images. I've seen people use massive watermarks and demand that no one can even mention their work on a blog without permission. I've been posting images on <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/billy_wilson/" target="_blank">Flickr</a> since November 2008, that's over 4 years and in that time I've been known for my extremely <a href="http://thomashawk.com/2010/08/flickr-restricting-accounts-for-excessive-faving.html" target="_blank">high levels of activity</a> in the community. You'd imagine that through my interaction in the Flickr community it would lead to Flickr itself being my highest source of traffic on Flickr, but it isn't. Flickr itself only constitutes 30%-45% of my daily traffic while search engines, blogs, forums, and other websites like Reddit and StumbleUpon contribute the majority of my traffic. Social media has also proven to have an immense effect on the number of views I get. Sharing a link to one of my photos on <a href="https://plus.google.com/u/0/+BillyWilson/posts" target="_blank">Google+</a> or <a href="https://twitter.com/BillyWilson14" target="_blank">Twitter</a> creates a massive spike in traffic. Also from passively allowing my content to sit on Flickr and absorb views over years has brought me offers for licencing my work. This has lead me to realize the importance of making my material appealing for people to share online.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGLyB0H2QcQE2ZNpQCh_3jz21zMLLGXoWcUDi4gXYW16t-dRUWQ_6zTYF0kj4LJwl8WoHA_wr4C0UhHsh3wlYB-4gFHmVAL8M3lrNuYMqyrQhIXsS8HL2QVdh1vWSgi2QgRzXJFJCvG3kn/s1600/Shared+on+G+.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGLyB0H2QcQE2ZNpQCh_3jz21zMLLGXoWcUDi4gXYW16t-dRUWQ_6zTYF0kj4LJwl8WoHA_wr4C0UhHsh3wlYB-4gFHmVAL8M3lrNuYMqyrQhIXsS8HL2QVdh1vWSgi2QgRzXJFJCvG3kn/s1600/Shared+on+G+.jpg" height="252" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>After Sharing on Google+</b></div>
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The other day I <a href="https://plus.google.com/u/0/105706178492556563330/posts/Hf555Gd5Vk6" target="_blank">posted</a> about one of my most viral Flickr postings ever; my <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/billy_wilson/4196098808/" target="_blank">Canon lens collage</a>. I included a link back to Flickr telling people how to view the image bigger and so far it's given me a spike of traffic with a tail end going over a couple of days.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSxYzjPxAFS8-2BCMG5lmO78neSWxk3L1oraL6P6e-k6OS1Hp2jYFTPGT0kV7H3TAmdZ61vCEhv_9_KBLGO7INT89vGQDWiq4toVHrYW7g4QTKABpExJGBwH_otBN0EuJS7bQwOQ_4ReMy/s1600/Shared+on+Twitter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSxYzjPxAFS8-2BCMG5lmO78neSWxk3L1oraL6P6e-k6OS1Hp2jYFTPGT0kV7H3TAmdZ61vCEhv_9_KBLGO7INT89vGQDWiq4toVHrYW7g4QTKABpExJGBwH_otBN0EuJS7bQwOQ_4ReMy/s1600/Shared+on+Twitter.jpg" height="290" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>After Sharing on Twitter</b></div>
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I haven't traditionally been keen on <a href="https://twitter.com/BillyWilson14" target="_blank">Twitter</a>, but over the past several days I've been sharing my photos through the Twitter share button on Flickr. Every time I Tweet any of my photos it causes a massive spike in views as shown above.</div>
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<h3>
What I've Chosen to do</h3>
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I've chosen to make my work more appealing for people to share, use, and pass around online. I've chosen to license my work as "<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/deed.en_CA" target="_blank">Attribution-NonCommercial Creative Commons</a>". Under this licence people may share or remix and adapt my work under the conditions that they attribute it to me and that it isn't used commercially. Doing this helps make my work more appealing to those who'd want to share it knowing that I won't come after them and extract my vicious revenge on their family. This isn't the only thing I've done, over the years I've made it so my work is more and more available to people. Right now on Flickr I have it set so anyone can download the full resolution original files of all of my work, that's right all of it, 100%, and without any watermarks at that! (my name is in the metadata though) Before you call me insane, two of the largest photographers on social media <a class="g-profile" href="https://plus.google.com/105237212888595777019" target="_blank">+Trey Ratcliff</a> & <a class="g-profile" href="https://plus.google.com/104987932455782713675" target="_blank">+Thomas Hawk</a> both offer all of their images under Creative Commons and <span style="text-align: center;">can be downloaded at full resolution without watermarks</span>. Doing all of this will help my content go more viral since the basis of going viral is through the sharing of content that people will talk about and recommend to others. All while making sure that I'm attributed to help ensure everything is traced back to me.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggKXcRycJ97n5iNdKeCnXAgKv4WLemaUp-FEC2cLonQrrmYx9-wBXDvcQ_IujA3v-C4n2ua8iXnqHWAz_x8T8gRq9pwCIEGDXflVTdKgxyAfFD5bxa-gIOiIpVaGdKG0oOd_vfqrXq_IqA/s1600/Trey+Ratcliff.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggKXcRycJ97n5iNdKeCnXAgKv4WLemaUp-FEC2cLonQrrmYx9-wBXDvcQ_IujA3v-C4n2ua8iXnqHWAz_x8T8gRq9pwCIEGDXflVTdKgxyAfFD5bxa-gIOiIpVaGdKG0oOd_vfqrXq_IqA/s1600/Trey+Ratcliff.jpg" height="316" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>Trey Ratcliff's Work</b></div>
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All of <a href="http://www.stuckincustoms.com/" target="_blank">Trey's</a> work can be downloaded at full resolution without watermarks. In this screenshot is a photo he posted on <a href="https://plus.google.com/u/0/105237212888595777019/posts/FjgmHhSLNzT" target="_blank">Google+</a>.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGlNzWwxbRtHZ46SgevCXf-HDrG9IpVy9E8E_aT993baGx6dJqyEwKsHaNti4eNmZF0nqK-2nnhPaf2_ZOQKLx58aGFHRoDkMCORWNyhu9vGQ6lMG-6Pgs0D7Ug5JDH3JtVZgoOFwqtnwo/s1600/Thomas+Hawk.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGlNzWwxbRtHZ46SgevCXf-HDrG9IpVy9E8E_aT993baGx6dJqyEwKsHaNti4eNmZF0nqK-2nnhPaf2_ZOQKLx58aGFHRoDkMCORWNyhu9vGQ6lMG-6Pgs0D7Ug5JDH3JtVZgoOFwqtnwo/s1600/Thomas+Hawk.jpg" height="316" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>Thomas Hawk's Work</b></div>
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All of <a href="http://thomashawk.com/" target="_blank">Thomas'</a> work can be downloaded at full resolution without watermarks as well. In this screenshot is a photo he posted to <a href="https://plus.google.com/u/0/104987932455782713675/posts/XZAP8QXS5Mn" target="_blank">Google+</a>.</div>
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<h3>
Billy, Are You Insane?</h3>
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Maybe a little, but for the longest time my fears of switching to Creative Commons have prevented me from doing so. I've known <a href="http://thomashawk.com/" target="_blank">Thomas Hawk</a> for years and for all that time I've known him he's been a proponent of Creative Commons. It's only through my own experiences online that I've come to the conclusion that it's the better licence to deal with when it comes to this online sharing environment if you want to get your stuff out there. There's of course the fear of having your work stolen, which is everyone's fear when they first post something online. We've all heard of crazy horror stories but in the years that I've been putting my work up online have I ever seen it used commercially without me being compensated? No, but under this Creative Commons licence that would be a violation since I don't give permission for people to use my material commercially. What I have seen though are people who'll use something I made as a profile pic or post it to their friends or sharing it on their Tumblr. Do you know what this has done for me? It has gotten me thousands of views! I want to encourage people to do this since it brings in more people who will actually buy a print, watch my show, ask for a Tibby T-shirt, and become friends. Sure you might have something stolen along the way but opening yourself up will help you make a greater return in the long run.</div>
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In closing, I'd like to share a quote from <a class="g-profile" href="https://plus.google.com/104987932455782713675" target="_blank">+Thomas Hawk</a> about his views on the copyright of his images that's been in my head since I first read it. </div>
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<i>"<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.59375px; text-align: justify;">I look at my photography like this. When I make an image it belongs to me. It belongs to me while I take the photo. It belongs to me while it sits in my camera. It belongs to me while I process it on my Mac. It belongs to me while I let it sit in an archive folder waiting to be uploaded to the internet.</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.59375px; text-align: justify;"><br /></span></i></div>
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<i>Then I upload it to the internet and it’s like I’m taking a bird and opening my window and letting it go. Off she goes. Her song to be enjoyed by the entire world — certainly no longer mine.</i></div>
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<i>There’s a wild band of parrots that flies around San Francisco. They squawk and make beautiful noise in the trees above the city. I think someone made a movie about them once. They are far more beautiful and interesting than the parrots who live in the cages at the pet store." </i> -<a href="http://thomashawk.com/2008/03/on-copyright-infringement.html" target="_blank">Thomas Hawk</a></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><em>Billy</em></span><br />
<a 0="" 116865428289255716443="" href="https://www.blogger.com/%7Bhttps://plus.google.com/u/0/+BillyWilson/posts%7D%3EBilly%20Wilson%3C/a%3E%3Ca%20href=" https:="" plus.google.com="" rel="author" u=""><span style="font-size: x-small;">about Billy</span></a> Billy Wilsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00650540049798713387noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7158284719665231341.post-73578160842632559732012-12-22T22:30:00.000-08:002012-12-22T22:35:55.339-08:00Personal Reflections on 2012Now that the year is coming to a close I've been reflecting upon the past year and what to focus on in the following year. This year has had a lot happen, I've made connections with people from all over the world thanks to <a href="https://plus.google.com/u/0/+BillyWilson/posts" target="_blank">Google+</a>, gained a larger audience than ever, started a weekly variety show, created a blog, and developed myself quite a bit.<br />
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<h3>
My Work and its Audience</h3>
This year my audience has exploded (Around 1.3M) and that has made me consider what my audience wants even more. I want to know that I'm giving great content to the people who follow me. I know that you shouldn't feel pressured to change who you are and not worry about what other people think, but one of the great things that I've found online is that I feel like I'm part of something since I've had a number of <a href="https://plus.google.com/u/0/+BillyWilson/posts/6LB3pwk1cVw" target="_blank">problems</a> socializing in real life. I want to listen to those following me and be part of a dynamic with them.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje9I-HWXM-jx_NwuLXEzwRxgPN-IcrvpQi8hqBkhVrAIjDIue_CwopQepjHn1RgIXViG-3SgMiziQDfo_xU1DshjHKeH4HglbMKK39-qAbN_fGF3fs-CYDqWqBRpOKpotswkhak7f619cz/s1600/Fine+Be+That+WayWEB.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje9I-HWXM-jx_NwuLXEzwRxgPN-IcrvpQi8hqBkhVrAIjDIue_CwopQepjHn1RgIXViG-3SgMiziQDfo_xU1DshjHKeH4HglbMKK39-qAbN_fGF3fs-CYDqWqBRpOKpotswkhak7f619cz/s1600/Fine+Be+That+WayWEB.jpg" height="614" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>Fine, Be That Way</b></div>
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The <a href="http://billywilson.smugmug.com/Art/Random-Concepts/21939541_MVVH8J#!i=2286390832&k=wQ7gMWj&lb=1&s=L" target="_blank">photo</a> above I did for Halloween 2012, it's a stand alone image part of a concept surrounding not fitting </div>
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in and being left out. (It also creeps the hell out of some people :) ) </div>
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Wanting to be part of this dynamic means that I want to connect with people in a personal way. I'm sometimes insecure about how much I'm able to relate on an emotional level. My outwards appearance by some I've heard described as cold, but the truth is I'm a bit shy. I also come from a science background that has kind of effected my personality in that I try to take a more rational approach. I do come out more in some of my work as shown below by the craziness. I feel that I'm able to rationally deliver information to people but I've been thinking lately about how to affect them more emotionally. So one of the things I aim to do in the new year is learn how to better express myself emotionally. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3ok6lwDf5-pvKwTHU6olNdLY0wmLm057wlrVCIoOlWTMNURiZOAOji-ni5q0FUkFaxLOQLEFRlRu51kcuplQL5ZJqlXtuiDUTK0HrIHw3mP1ahyphenhypheno_NS7REqQZqxoX7XGyah0VgSY1EHYG/s1600/It's+Party+Time+Web.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3ok6lwDf5-pvKwTHU6olNdLY0wmLm057wlrVCIoOlWTMNURiZOAOji-ni5q0FUkFaxLOQLEFRlRu51kcuplQL5ZJqlXtuiDUTK0HrIHw3mP1ahyphenhypheno_NS7REqQZqxoX7XGyah0VgSY1EHYG/s1600/It's+Party+Time+Web.jpg" height="640" width="464" /></a></div>
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<b>It's Party Time!</b></div>
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This is a photo from my "<a href="http://billywilson.smugmug.com/Art/Scientist-Series-Limited/25414111_BsVn6c#!i=2091665430&k=gLtTHqZ" target="_blank">Scientist Series</a>" that depicted stereotypes of the science world. This one points fun at the thought that people in this area can't have any fun. </div>
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All in all I want to maintain originality and character in my work that stays true to what I want to do. This is a hard thing to balance when you are trying to listen to an audience and work off of inspirations at the same time. I also find it difficult to stick to one conventional thing, but I feel that my work has developed a particular character. I still love landscapes, architecture, and dramatic self portraiture and putting them all together and creating a conceptual series. I feel that instead of being able to conform to a trend I've kind of made up an entirely new thing. I'm kind of proud in one way, but I feel it's harder to build an audience off of than something that people are familiar with. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizKzO0ayJhzKArq47leUZ6jvHyZ6xlAFK7ZiXyuAEhrZHP-Iyz8TghWdOl_gTmCXionMEj8VBMl18dEeKsMPYzJ-pLuHIYBMUAYR83cREMS9fsaVH3ME93VrMwIx1clbvTuO0EFjMrZxJS/s1600/Run+Like+Hell+G+.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizKzO0ayJhzKArq47leUZ6jvHyZ6xlAFK7ZiXyuAEhrZHP-Iyz8TghWdOl_gTmCXionMEj8VBMl18dEeKsMPYzJ-pLuHIYBMUAYR83cREMS9fsaVH3ME93VrMwIx1clbvTuO0EFjMrZxJS/s1600/Run+Like+Hell+G+.jpg" height="426" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>Run Like Hell</b></div>
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Part of the "<a href="http://billywilson.smugmug.com/Art/Run-Series-Limited-Edition/25413083_zDvrZg#!i=2091533877&k=CQVnhrz" target="_blank">Run! Series</a>" that depicted the journey through life and how people need to pause for reflection before they've run through their entire life without even stopping to think.</div>
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During this year <a class="g-profile" href="https://plus.google.com/108215644829092784557" target="_blank">+Ron Clifford</a> bestowed upon me a credit for a train ride for 2 people from my city of Sault Ste. Marie 114 miles north into the Algoma wilderness all the way up to the Agawa Canyon. It was the first time I had ever experienced such an adventure and I brought my mother along with me. It was a lot of fun and I ended up taking many pictures. If it hadn't been for Google+ this would never have happened. </div>
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<b>Morning</b></div>
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Above is a photo taken during the beginning of the train tour crossing the Bellevue Trestle in the morning. There were pretty clouds floating around the hills.</div>
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One of the new things I took up this year was drawing of architecture. I drew my own building designs from scratch using a pen, ruler, calculator, compass, protractor, paper, whiteout, and a lot of time. I've also been working on ideas for a book surrounding my observations and findings surrounding art, architecture, design, and trends in society. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfOMiNYUJLY-HraTAIKWn6-wgyUmYl7MCFx8kffvaOL1hLZShg7Ba_bGVyuARfHuaMHWMsiE4FTIl9a4rm2iqxIqiHFrETGRO-nvOVWNbNZZ5utvi99BIYjFs7m3KRL1rHRv6aF3aqDJJD/s1600/Empire+CottageWEB.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfOMiNYUJLY-HraTAIKWn6-wgyUmYl7MCFx8kffvaOL1hLZShg7Ba_bGVyuARfHuaMHWMsiE4FTIl9a4rm2iqxIqiHFrETGRO-nvOVWNbNZZ5utvi99BIYjFs7m3KRL1rHRv6aF3aqDJJD/s1600/Empire+CottageWEB.jpg" height="640" width="494" /></a></div>
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<b>Empire Cottage</b></div>
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A design by me inspired by Victorian Second Empire worker's cottages in Toronto and some architectural elements found in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colmar" target="_blank">Colmar, France</a>. The house is designed to have a working class charm with a bit of ambition wrapped in a small package. <a href="http://billywilson.smugmug.com/Art/Architectural-Drawings/27218736_HcfqxC#!i=2286609117&k=xJSZ6j2" target="_blank">New Drawing Print Gallery</a><br />
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<h3 style="text-align: start;">
That Show with Billy Wilson (TSBW)</h3>
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I'm absolutely amazed that I've started a show. I'm used to shying away from people, interaction, and public speaking, but somehow I decided to start a show and I will have done <a href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLE43ADD012C0F37B7&feature=mh_lolz" target="_blank">39 episodes</a> before this year is over! It all started with regular hangouts and finally getting enough courage to hop into <a href="https://plus.google.com/u/0/105706178492556563330/posts/59jeS6noiKm" target="_blank">one</a>. Eventually Google got the idea to make it so we could be broadcast hangouts and record them to Youtube afterwards. I believe I was the first person in Canada to officially be given the ability while it was still only available to a small group of beta testers. Since then I've had 200 different people who have been on the show. I've had <a href="https://plus.google.com/u/0/b/108595299975404341987/108595299975404341987/about" target="_blank">all kinds of people</a> from the Youtube <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/peterhollens" target="_blank">a cappella sensation</a> <a class="g-profile" href="https://plus.google.com/104234493106498742164" target="_blank">+Peter Hollens</a> to astronomer and publisher of <a href="http://www.universetoday.com/" target="_blank">Universe Today</a> <a class="g-profile" href="https://plus.google.com/110701307803962595019" target="_blank">+Fraser Cain</a>! The show occurs weekly on Fridays at 10:00pm ET (NYC) on my <a href="https://plus.google.com/u/0/+BillyWilson/posts" target="_blank">personal profile</a> and is an hour in duration featuring a live musical performance!</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5PKozdxGjyfjAexDAoDbW_WM6ZzWz6JJ7E8MZEGIWGQQ_EI4DR0oGMwAi7MmESUtRzcofvkgBlT6Se7HaNKZx3UVCv9zN9cw6mcPfi4fZiwJSWV-_F33mWIHFJTIwPgwxAxqNm7WazuiT/s1600/CORRECT+ONE.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5PKozdxGjyfjAexDAoDbW_WM6ZzWz6JJ7E8MZEGIWGQQ_EI4DR0oGMwAi7MmESUtRzcofvkgBlT6Se7HaNKZx3UVCv9zN9cw6mcPfi4fZiwJSWV-_F33mWIHFJTIwPgwxAxqNm7WazuiT/s1600/CORRECT+ONE.jpg" height="188" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>TSBW Banner </b></div>
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The banner used to promote my show featuring screenshots of guests taken during the show.</div>
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It has been amazing to watch myself and my show grow over time and I can't wait to see where it will take me in the new year. I'm looking towards getting more and more fun and interesting creative people in art, film, and music in the new year.<br />
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<h3>
The People</h3>
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During this year I've been able to meet so many new people and strengthen connections with them. I organized my first ever photowalk, HIRLed (Hangout In Real Life) with someone that I had met on G+, and stayed up until the sun came up talking to people from around the world.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe1QF6YFWbGLIOgzfSD84gGI72I28qPQnJ8fQhs0fVNp9XrtYdU2LG20EUvSPya5ynJ7bmuDWRDF0m_2YaCtHCWP2DEN7RVzc9y0dFc2Sv5LZ3GnKgMyPbxG9WLb2hyU3Ui7VbvY0Co7Gt/s1600/It's+Jordan+Oram!WEB.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhe1QF6YFWbGLIOgzfSD84gGI72I28qPQnJ8fQhs0fVNp9XrtYdU2LG20EUvSPya5ynJ7bmuDWRDF0m_2YaCtHCWP2DEN7RVzc9y0dFc2Sv5LZ3GnKgMyPbxG9WLb2hyU3Ui7VbvY0Co7Gt/s1600/It's+Jordan+Oram!WEB.jpg" height="458" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>Jordan Oram & I </b></div>
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A photo snapped of myself and <a class="g-profile" href="https://plus.google.com/104723167398398004122" target="_blank">+Jordan Oram</a> meeting in person in a HIRL for the first time. He happened to have a brief bus layover while passing through.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjepLO-vNTfF5oQFierMDWP26q2GWK4vEBiec0ggDGyKzibD1MAws8XPAaAcWr-rCTRSr0aHOZuEsy-unw68LWLjZxzJLml-pljr-OPhAsPLUVmmQdYijch5UZuTmgOMu-yLWhZPvCZ69Hm/s1600/Meet+DougWEB.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjepLO-vNTfF5oQFierMDWP26q2GWK4vEBiec0ggDGyKzibD1MAws8XPAaAcWr-rCTRSr0aHOZuEsy-unw68LWLjZxzJLml-pljr-OPhAsPLUVmmQdYijch5UZuTmgOMu-yLWhZPvCZ69Hm/s1600/Meet+DougWEB.jpg" height="640" width="438" /></a></div>
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<b>Meet Doug</b></div>
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Here's a photo from the photowalk I organized in my city for the Worldwide G+ 1 Year Anniversary Photowalk. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBzt7vWdMy1qh8CweDU84I_VNUwqAhDrW4EG2Zi6F7i8ehRmgB1hO-NCA1ajZRnKGAV3dWrdJKYdJ7kyFuSExYoXoicDb3DCg9An-Yr_1QWVQg9Y6CxtFRscSupzgndfqclTHF5CgTIYqe/s1600/Show+Episode+Four+After+Show+14.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBzt7vWdMy1qh8CweDU84I_VNUwqAhDrW4EG2Zi6F7i8ehRmgB1hO-NCA1ajZRnKGAV3dWrdJKYdJ7kyFuSExYoXoicDb3DCg9An-Yr_1QWVQg9Y6CxtFRscSupzgndfqclTHF5CgTIYqe/s1600/Show+Episode+Four+After+Show+14.jpg" height="358" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>Connections in Hangouts</b></div>
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<a class="g-profile" href="https://plus.google.com/107982618909749811163" target="_blank">+Amanda Blain</a> and everyone else during the after show for the fourth episode of TSBW.</div>
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Other people have also started shows on G+. <a class="g-profile" href="https://plus.google.com/112873520313436899309" target="_blank">+John Voshell</a> recently did a <a href="https://plus.google.com/u/0/105706178492556563330/posts/W3s7mSKPaqb" target="_blank">Music Festival</a> where he stayed up for 32 hours doing a series of broadcast hangouts on air featuring 64 musicians from all around the world! It was even featured in the <a href="https://plus.google.com/u/0/+googleplus/posts/hd4aCzaTnFr" target="_blank">Google+ Weekly Newsletter</a> along with <a class="g-profile" href="https://plus.google.com/116792953962445337353" target="_blank">+Tyra Banks</a>' latest hangout. It was one of the most awesome experiences I've had yet with hangouts! </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqhydxgm3n6qnCf9VrPIVSP87MgtpNLFpA84nMU3Ttuslaa04phDYDOU9FmPtqI3k_rscC-aKYrNbt-RsAXVPfXk6Kiv7lujU3XFCbmRN_BZCjL9tnunsONtQPxENbRSoVrH_kP6B_moZK/s1600/AITP+Music+Festivalbr.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqhydxgm3n6qnCf9VrPIVSP87MgtpNLFpA84nMU3Ttuslaa04phDYDOU9FmPtqI3k_rscC-aKYrNbt-RsAXVPfXk6Kiv7lujU3XFCbmRN_BZCjL9tnunsONtQPxENbRSoVrH_kP6B_moZK/s1600/AITP+Music+Festivalbr.jpg" height="358" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>Music Festival </b></div>
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<a class="g-profile" href="https://plus.google.com/102930828748586005355" target="_blank">+Julia Price</a> playing with <a class="g-profile" href="https://plus.google.com/104512939554821050751" target="_blank">+Danni Rosner</a> in the background during the <a class="g-profile" href="https://plus.google.com/103083353388507768122" target="_blank">+Artists In The Plus</a> (AITP) Music Festival. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUgPXqBieNibv2BiBMgO131N-30WkuI2AmULjJE75UyWK1DYzmQLqLi4EsDVQsYrkDF5WGgAaP8TRQnmjzLo_r0zeiqeO0jguQHeVPqewI5Z7Lo1TfR6Cw5GbQm11LkK-wnWLGghtSGfZj/s1600/Progressive+Insurance+Hangoutrdddfhjdhhddrfdf.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUgPXqBieNibv2BiBMgO131N-30WkuI2AmULjJE75UyWK1DYzmQLqLi4EsDVQsYrkDF5WGgAaP8TRQnmjzLo_r0zeiqeO0jguQHeVPqewI5Z7Lo1TfR6Cw5GbQm11LkK-wnWLGghtSGfZj/s1600/Progressive+Insurance+Hangoutrdddfhjdhhddrfdf.jpg" height="358" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>Flo from Progressive Insurance</b></div>
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Larger entities have been making a splash onto G+. In the image above I was lucky enough to be in <a class="g-profile" href="https://plus.google.com/104375753734524612611" target="_blank">+Progressive Insurance</a>'s first ever hangout on air!</div>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-s1hlwwtCcJ8/T437cd0PNVI/AAAAAAAALeU/F0MPAGSqQVs/s1600/Upload+Tibby.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-s1hlwwtCcJ8/T437cd0PNVI/AAAAAAAALeU/F0MPAGSqQVs/s1600/Upload+Tibby.jpg" height="640" width="496" /></a></div>
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<b>Tibby!</b></div>
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<a class="g-profile" href="https://plus.google.com/111188574736819390850" target="_blank">+Tibby</a> got his very own page this year as well and starred in 2 episodes of "That Show with Tibby (TST)" so far! There are other plans for more Tibby shows!</div>
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I'm really excited for what the new year has in store for me. I hope to develop myself further and to make a deeper emotional connection with my audience and friends, "Billy Wilson" is becoming clearer. I'm also excited to see what kinds of amazing guests I'll be getting on the show. I have a number of fun episodes already planned out for 2013! I want to thank everyone who's reading this for being part of this journey with me and for your support, I wish you all a happy 2013!</div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><em>Billy</em></span><br />
<a 0="0" 116865428289255716443="116865428289255716443" href="https://www.blogger.com/%7Bhttps://plus.google.com/u/0/+BillyWilson/posts%7D%3EBilly%20Wilson%3C/a%3E%3Ca%20href=" https:="https:" plus.google.com="plus.google.com" rel="author" u="u"><span style="font-size: x-small;">about Billy</span></a> Billy Wilsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00650540049798713387noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7158284719665231341.post-13202059991070625742012-12-01T19:36:00.000-08:002016-01-19T18:14:01.462-08:00Part I: Visualizing Urbanizational and Architectural Trends in the Developed English Speaking World: Around the Year 1900, An Analysis Using Municipal Populations (1,000+ Threshold), Railway, and Transportation Data Along with Maps<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large; white-space: pre-wrap;">Contents</span></h3>
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1 Introduction<br />
<ul>
<li>1.1 Abstract</li>
<li>1.2 How to Read these Articles</li>
<li>1.3 Why is 1900 an Important Year?</li>
<li>1.4 What is Meant by "Developed English Speaking World (DESW)"?</li>
<li>1.5 What I have not Included as Part of the DESW</li>
<li>1.6 Theories, Definitions, and Exceptions</li>
</ul>
2 Methods of Collection<br />
<ul>
<li>2.1 Sources of Data</li>
</ul>
3 Legend<br />
<ul>
<li>3.1 Column Headers </li>
<li>3.2 Abbreviations </li>
<li>3.3 Railway Key </li>
</ul>
4 Population Data and Interactive Maps<br />
5 Observations<br />
<ul>
<li>5.1 General Observations</li>
<li>5.2 United States Specific Observations</li>
<li>5.3 Distribution Map Observations</li>
<li>5.4 Architectural Observations</li>
</ul>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<ul>
<li>British Derived Similarities</li>
</ul>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<ul>
<li>Victorian Era Eclectic Neoclassical Stone Architecture</li>
<li>Victorian Era Municipal Buildings, Capitols, and Other Public Buildings</li>
<li>Victorian Era Working Class Residential Architecture</li>
<li>Victorian Era Residential Architecture of the Wealthy</li>
<li>Georgian Era (Largely Meaning pre-1860 here) Residential Architecture of the Wealthy</li>
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<li>Differences Derived from other Colonial Powers</li>
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<li>Dutch Derived</li>
<li>French Derived</li>
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6 Further Reading and Related Articles<br />
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7 References: <a href="http://www.thebillywilson.com/p/to-simplify-things-i-use-this-one.html">Complete External List</a><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">1 Introduction</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;">1.1 Abstract</span></h3>
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This body of work analyzes architectural and urbanizational trends along with their political influencers and elicited social effects, observed in the developed English speaking world (DESW) from the year 1800 to 2010 primarily through the aggregation of municipal population data along with data regarding the different forms of transportation and services available to these municipalities during the analyzed time. This body of work also proposes theoretical framework to analyze the information collected.<br />
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Through the aggregation of population data and the studying of architectural and urbanizational trends, you gain insight into the factors that shape urban centres physically, through the analysis of architecture and technology, and politically, through the analysis of municipal boundaries. Also, the factors that facilitate population growth and contribute to depopulation which influence a municipality’s absolute and relative population magnitude, can also be observed. All of this can be inferred due to the fact that the presence of municipal governments, which are the governing political body of an urban entity, and architecture, which make up the physical component of an urban entity, are dependent on the presence of humans, who are represented by the population figures, who create them.<br />
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With this analysis, the body of work critically examines the trends that have occurred architecturally, politically, socially, and urbanizationally during the analyzed time period with a focus on social inequality. Some of the primary topics include overpopulation, suburbanization and white flight, sanitation, gentrification, imperialism, public transit, ethnic ghettos, and urban aesthetics.<br />
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With the world becoming ever more urbanized to an extent that has never before been witnessed, an analysis of the progression of urbanization is important to reflect upon. Needless to say, the promulgation of this work to the general public for educational purposes is important, with this work having many applications for intellectuals, researchers, students, policy makers, historians, and urban planners.<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">1.2 How to Read these Articles</span></h3>
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This article is part of a <a href="http://www.thebillywilson.com/p/population-data-articles.html" target="_blank">series of articles</a> which constitute a body of work that I consider to be a treatise. It is constantly in progress and from time to time you may notice revisions. Although I strive to make all of my work coherent in style and flow to ensure easier understanding, since revisions can take a significant amount of time, some parts of this work may be updated before other parts which may cause some temporary inconsistency as I work on updating other sections. </div>
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For every image or map in this article there will be a link to the original full resolution source located in the description located below them. You can use this for closer examination. </div>
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In trying to keep everything simplified, I use one universal referencing list for all of the articles in this series which you can find <a href="http://www.thebillywilson.com/p/to-simplify-things-i-use-this-one.html" target="_blank">here</a>. Reference numbers in this article are expressed within [brackets].<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">1.3 Why is 1900 an Important Year?</span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">With the analyzed time range being 1800-2010, the year 1900 acts roughly as a median and is used as a baseline for comparison in this work. 1800-1900 represents an era in which many countries, particularly those in the DESW, </span>progressed technologically,<span style="font-family: inherit;"> industrialized, grew, and gained wealth. The later part of this range represents an era that some may note for its visual whimsy and delight known as the Victorian era (formally 1837-1901, for this article 1860-1900 to reflect architectural stylings). After this era more modern ideologies concerning art, aesthetics, and architecture began to take hold. </span>The days before 1900 are largely forgotten by modern society and obscured by popular culture. Disney, the Addams Family, Harry Potter, The Lord of the Rings, and fairly tales have all influenced how we view the past. Many people feel so distanced from the period before 1900 with the subsequent decades creating a buffer that even these decades themselves can feel like they were so long ago. Today, there aren't really people who were alive at that time who're still alive today who can remember living in this period. For my generation, the Cold War is a time before we can remember. 1900 is a pivotal year, a year amongst transition, a year beyond what most people remember. </div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg0REEZYqgRHc4z7mM_EEs0i0qN5XwpQIF6ENvRyi8L7HpSnVeD-8jfJDimCXW2iUEOcsNBa_4rc8WbZv12UqSuYqWjskF9TH_5phi8b943VF9sguRA9sSGYkih9nBmp3V8n1oNxmqLDxL/s1600/blog+Queen+Victoria.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg0REEZYqgRHc4z7mM_EEs0i0qN5XwpQIF6ENvRyi8L7HpSnVeD-8jfJDimCXW2iUEOcsNBa_4rc8WbZv12UqSuYqWjskF9TH_5phi8b943VF9sguRA9sSGYkih9nBmp3V8n1oNxmqLDxL/s1600/blog+Queen+Victoria.jpg" width="140" /></a></span><span style="font-family: inherit; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIZ6lTahg0nSVxRJKDD0-Hu_zX_Ld-eQYoJTJI1ieM4LVDbgD9rOqNmHBrzPgJIiSEMzrM9uDY1YWPsUlWso33SR-18ytRkMYy3hGYF4CXOGrmkmPgAlQdTumR4Vd63lbqTGkxcAmcirWF/s1600/Blog+NYC.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="143" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIZ6lTahg0nSVxRJKDD0-Hu_zX_Ld-eQYoJTJI1ieM4LVDbgD9rOqNmHBrzPgJIiSEMzrM9uDY1YWPsUlWso33SR-18ytRkMYy3hGYF4CXOGrmkmPgAlQdTumR4Vd63lbqTGkxcAmcirWF/s1600/Blog+NYC.jpg" width="200" /></a></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhu6y97HdMSE0cD_PC4EO5hBA984Lta-6XMAoPh1tlOnE-TpfHXk6NVgQBxm31G4Qln8UPjKyXlZB0WFni3CLbGNFw7OxhWFFGZi8txE9VXQ33v_p5cdT_uMek4jsoI2n5SROpxmDMDSBj/s1600/Blog+Newpaper+Row.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" height="149" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhu6y97HdMSE0cD_PC4EO5hBA984Lta-6XMAoPh1tlOnE-TpfHXk6NVgQBxm31G4Qln8UPjKyXlZB0WFni3CLbGNFw7OxhWFFGZi8txE9VXQ33v_p5cdT_uMek4jsoI2n5SROpxmDMDSBj/s1600/Blog+Newpaper+Row.JPG" width="200" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">Above, from left to right: (1) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria" target="_blank">Queen Victoria</a> in 1882 Source: Wikipedia; (2) </span>5th Avenue north of 66th Street, New York City, New York, around 1900. From the Witteman Collection [57]. (3) <span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;">Lower Manhattan's </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Row_(Manhattan)" style="line-height: 18px;" target="_blank"><i>Newspaper Row</i></a><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"> in 1906 from the Times photo archive showing </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Hall" style="line-height: 18px;" target="_blank">city hall</a><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;"> in front (still standing), and from left to right "</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_World_Building" style="line-height: 18px;" target="_blank">New York World Building</a><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;">" built 1890 (demolished), "</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Tribune_Building" style="line-height: 18px;" target="_blank">New York Tribune Building</a><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;">" built 1875 (demolished), "</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Tract_Society" style="line-height: 18px;" target="_blank">American Tract Society Building</a><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;">" built 1894-95 (still standing), and the "</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times_Building_(41_Park_Row)" style="line-height: 18px;" target="_blank">New York Times Building</a><span style="background-color: white; line-height: 18px;">" built 1889 (still standing) Source: </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Row_(Manhattan)#mediaviewer/File:Newspaper_Row,_1906.JPG" style="line-height: 18px;" target="_blank">Wikipedia</a></div>
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Maps and bird's eye views from the 19th century hold an incredible amount of information. Below are some examples of accurate (close to reality compared to what we have for reference today) bird's eye views. A lot of industry and new technologies can be seen such as steam boats, trains, factories; electric streetcars, rapid transit systems (Chicago Loop, NYC Subway), skyscrapers, and so on.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZwzmz6Z6zuIxRV07tittaqGqqMAQ0wj2eht94vtOvyhek9HZp9KOwWuBkAKPgmctYA-QtsrvS1jS6ynt3cvW5bGgQ8S_swkyjPNtNWxa1ao-h4swMAxGqslXv0cwaxa84auHtGXWub5O7/s1600/1899+Boston+Bird's+Eye+View+crop.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="168" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZwzmz6Z6zuIxRV07tittaqGqqMAQ0wj2eht94vtOvyhek9HZp9KOwWuBkAKPgmctYA-QtsrvS1jS6ynt3cvW5bGgQ8S_swkyjPNtNWxa1ao-h4swMAxGqslXv0cwaxa84auHtGXWub5O7/s1600/1899+Boston+Bird's+Eye+View+crop.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbqsm2IA4XMPwwxVw6BNXo1vXH4RIJr3RrnW3fPn_AAZyx8EOQ_eIJMqcV3VcCqQ9WRoAqhwTHhl90GwdnOTiQgwj_w69x1kRf0neSTmWCkZvgaGcqQoJo-xfq8ceotWeJqEd6vg2vcdUu/s1600/1898+Chicago+Central+Business+District+Bird's+Eye+View+CROPPED.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="118" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbqsm2IA4XMPwwxVw6BNXo1vXH4RIJr3RrnW3fPn_AAZyx8EOQ_eIJMqcV3VcCqQ9WRoAqhwTHhl90GwdnOTiQgwj_w69x1kRf0neSTmWCkZvgaGcqQoJo-xfq8ceotWeJqEd6vg2vcdUu/s1600/1898+Chicago+Central+Business+District+Bird's+Eye+View+CROPPED.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZc54LRxkfWaUjt-ROKuf_h5R6hDXerxnuQOBw2nCz3pYMufZJdoq7etDGAi5jiXBu6YW-apwWu2STR5yqObKso1y5N-2OR4muVc14amupKctR6v_pBFAFgExGL7JXzmmvl_tP0q4UxvFy/s1600/1885+Great+East+River+Suspension+Bridge+CROPPED.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="139" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZc54LRxkfWaUjt-ROKuf_h5R6hDXerxnuQOBw2nCz3pYMufZJdoq7etDGAi5jiXBu6YW-apwWu2STR5yqObKso1y5N-2OR4muVc14amupKctR6v_pBFAFgExGL7JXzmmvl_tP0q4UxvFy/s1600/1885+Great+East+River+Suspension+Bridge+CROPPED.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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Above, from left to right: (1) Boston in 1899, via <a href="http://www.bigmapblog.com/2011/us40-10-boston-massachusetts-birdseye-map-1899-walker/" target="_blank">Big Map Blog</a> [20]. (2) Business district of Chicago in 1898, via <a href="http://www.bigmapblog.com/2013/birdseye-view-of-the-business-district-of-chicago/" target="_blank">Big Map Blog</a> [21]. (3) Brooklyn Bridge c. 1885, via <a href="http://www.bigmapblog.com/2011/brooklyn-bridge-by-currier-and-ives-1885/" target="_blank">Big Map Blog</a> [22].</div>
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The skyscraper is said to have been invented in Chicago around the 1880's and by 1900 the city already boasted a skyline defined not by the heights of church spires or monuments, but by tall habitable buildings with many exceeding seven stories in height by utilizing a steel-frame construction. Interestingly, the phenomenon of early skyscrapers is isolated nearly exclusively to Canada, the United States, and Australia. Europe seemed to oppose them obstructing their urban landscape. For more examples, here's my Pinterest board for <a href="http://pinterest.com/billywilson/victorian-skyscrapers/" target="_blank">Victorian skyscrapers</a>.</div>
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Visible in the second image of the three above is the above grade level rapid-transit system known as "The Loop" already functioning in the 1890's. Electric streetcars can be seen on the streets as well. In the year 1900 Chicago was home to 1,698,575 inhabitants making it the third most populated municipality in the DESW and also the sixth most populated municipality in the world (my article for <a href="http://www.thebillywilson.com/2014/04/every-city-in-world-with-more-than.html" target="_blank">the world in 1900</a>).</div>
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The Great East River Suspension Bridge (Brooklyn Bridge) was opened on the 21st of May, 1883 between the cities of New York and Brooklyn (now a borough of the former). In the year 1900 New York City was home to 3,437,202 inhabitants, making it the second most populated municipality in the DESW and the second most populated in the world only behind London. </div>
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Below are illustrations of banks, insurance companies, businesses, etc. that were drawn around the border of a map produced by Burk and Mcfetridge in 1886 [23]. In the year 1900 Philadelphia was home to 1,293,697 inhabitants making it the fourth most populated municipality in the DESW and the ninth most populated in the world.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCpndppY2fSUaoOSxfW_TrZuQivpm2WiUx5ifUwO0tFlYGzw6XAPO-GFPEsV6THyAUTwtU-WlMFJs6KOmHH3a_DnH8KKN3EZLdacQ5ryttBS-EpauR9BB9L_MAPTPth6kkQOs96gbTUxU9/s1600/1886+Philadelphia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="104" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCpndppY2fSUaoOSxfW_TrZuQivpm2WiUx5ifUwO0tFlYGzw6XAPO-GFPEsV6THyAUTwtU-WlMFJs6KOmHH3a_DnH8KKN3EZLdacQ5ryttBS-EpauR9BB9L_MAPTPth6kkQOs96gbTUxU9/s1600/1886+Philadelphia.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUdPPz0nvewWGIZJhgtsDrrpWp0QX_sSfpYEPKLzs3MVvYSe0Kyqk39TJ2zfOBH-5J1rOxZYtkqq_B_tGbAzHK0Uh3kM5MKjjWI-Tcva-5NKaHKYnvWN5FjojHsSvBXyzMml5SuqzEZTBn/s1600/1886+Philadelphia2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="95" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUdPPz0nvewWGIZJhgtsDrrpWp0QX_sSfpYEPKLzs3MVvYSe0Kyqk39TJ2zfOBH-5J1rOxZYtkqq_B_tGbAzHK0Uh3kM5MKjjWI-Tcva-5NKaHKYnvWN5FjojHsSvBXyzMml5SuqzEZTBn/s1600/1886+Philadelphia2.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBbCsX5l-OLdq2IRdgD5p6lO44oXcuqnlL-hGlSymNgAwiAUq7z7ZHANdsI-vJw1wYYWcqwWwBMORz8Yp5X2jbaxBy2cPNrf5bwH73GOqUzzJU546eJ4-2cxfxklQQsBYsm2wc-ah82GpV/s1600/1886+Philadelphia3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="98" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBbCsX5l-OLdq2IRdgD5p6lO44oXcuqnlL-hGlSymNgAwiAUq7z7ZHANdsI-vJw1wYYWcqwWwBMORz8Yp5X2jbaxBy2cPNrf5bwH73GOqUzzJU546eJ4-2cxfxklQQsBYsm2wc-ah82GpV/s1600/1886+Philadelphia3.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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(1) National Bank of the Republic, 313 Chestnut St. | Pennsylvania Warehousing and Safe Deposit Co., Girard Building 3rd St. below Chestnut. Cash Advances on Staple Articles of Merchandise. (2) German Fire Ins. Co. of Philadelphia, 412 Walnut St. | The Beneficial Saving Fund, 12th and Chestnut Sts. (3) The Providence Life and Trust Co., 409 Chestnut St. | Merchant's National Bank, 108 South 4th St. <span style="text-align: left;">Retrieved from the </span><a href="http://www.bigmapblog.com/2012/b-and-m-birdseye-of-philadelphia-1885/" style="text-align: left;" target="_blank">Big Map Blog</a> <span style="text-align: left;">[23].</span></div>
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<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">1.4 What is Meant by "Developed English Speaking World (DESW)"?</span></h3>
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It would appear that where Europeans immigrate, a privilege immigrates with them. Beginning in the 1500's Europeans have come to control much of the land on the planet at some time or another. The British and Spanish Empires have been referred to as "the empires on which the sun never sets" due to their global reach. It was in Britain that the industrial revolution began around 1760 which furthered its wealth and power. Within the British Empire different areas had different levels of British settlement with some of them being made settlement colonies where more immigration may have occurred. It's in these areas, particularly the United States, Canada, Newfoundland, Australia, New Zealand, and to some extent the British controlled areas in southern Africa, white immigration was most active bringing more wealth to these areas and subsequently more impressive architecture due to a growing bourgeoisie. Since the British Isles were at the head of the empire which controlled at different times even more places than those analyzed in this article, they experienced an immense amount of wealth and power.<br />
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In this article, the "developed English speaking world" or "DESW" for short, is used to refer to these places collectively. Other European empires also had possessions where many people from the parent country immigrated to these possessions but this article focuses largely on the ones that have been related to Britain. This is to build an idea about the characteristics of British derived architecture and power and to later compare it to the architecture from other empires that will be analyzed in subsequent articles.<br />
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Both the British controlled areas in southern Africa and Quebec might be the most objectionable inclusions in this data. Both of them had a lot of British influence by 1900, Quebec having been under British control since 1763 and the Cape Colony since 1814. Despite this, most of Quebec still spoke French aside from the major city of Montreal which since the late eighteenth century until the latest couple of censuses had been the most populated city and the financial and industrial capital of Canada. Due to the city having such a pull for immigrants and power, this caused the city to have a significant English speaking population by 1901.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRVIS7hrtDWFupWlJynT_H1C6YZhB43N_R7EfHdrHGVWlpu5mHMWV8Vxizok8Spat7Vh-EJFwUAxDFl9-ytl2RyE2GwNqTIkb28rZMJHUUcFYHyZzCJNBdkiHM2w2ZE1FwcLcEreJEGF-B/s1600/Montreal+NEW.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="436" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRVIS7hrtDWFupWlJynT_H1C6YZhB43N_R7EfHdrHGVWlpu5mHMWV8Vxizok8Spat7Vh-EJFwUAxDFl9-ytl2RyE2GwNqTIkb28rZMJHUUcFYHyZzCJNBdkiHM2w2ZE1FwcLcEreJEGF-B/s1600/Montreal+NEW.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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A scene showcasing 19th century architecture in Old Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@45.5052414,-73.5541831,3a,49.3y,152.3h,111.74t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1scrXUy5njv4WHzp6wOSkXaQ!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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By the 1904 census, the British colonies in the southern region of Africa had also pulled a number of British, and before British rule, Dutch settlers to colonize the area as is illustrated in the table below. It lists seven of the eight most populated urban agglomerations in the area of contemporary South Africa in 1904 and details how many were white and what percentage of the total population was white. An asterisk means an agglomeration population is used opposed to the population proper.<br />
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="185" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/14n7vWR6H9PNto5MN1MAT_vt_WRA8QGTFAymO5IItQkQ/pubchart?oid=338164894&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe></div>
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A breakdown of seven of the eight most populated urban agglomerations in the area of South Africa in 1904 [1].</div>
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My hypothesis as to why there was more European settlement in southern Africa than in areas like India or Malaysia is because they viewed the land usage of the indigenous people as inferior because they were hunter-gatherers [72]. The Europeans appropriated the arable land and confined the indigenous population to reserves on land that was deemed as less productive so they could farm the more productive land [72]. This process wasn't possible in India and many other parts of the British Empire due to the land already being under cultivation. The other areas included in the DESW also attracted white settlement which prompted indigenous resettlement like that observed in the southern parts of the African continent. These include all of North and South America, Australia, and New Zealand.<br />
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Although many languages are spoken in contemporary South Africa with speakers who use English as a first language only making up 9.6% of the population and despite the fact that South Africa isn't currently considered to be a developed country (although noted for being "on the rise"), it is due to the abundance of British influence, especially on its pre-1900 architectural stock that leads to its inclusion in this article.<br />
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One might wonder why there would be a greater stock of infrastructure built by the British in the southern areas of the African continent than among their other possessions even in Africa itself. There are a couple of likely reasons as to why this is so. One, British settlement was encouraged to help keep control of these territories which pushed the original Dutch settlers away from the original Cape Colony to new locations where they formed their own republics (notably the Orange Free State, the South African Republic, and Natalia, all were eventually conquered by the British) that also built infrastructure. Two, gold, diamonds, and other valuable resources were discovered in the area which lead to more infrastructure such as railroads being built to help extract them. Below are two maps from 1907. The first one illustrates grazing land and industrial districts (legend in lower right). Railways are also included but the second map illustrates the principle railways clearer with red lines (legend lower left).<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWgNbms4qMcelE5_rrHvqcFbMaDMOBrAu5yZ1lcCKLomDfC2qzj4mSK5PHd1LVKCmizuoMb7zFt_yro3Il0tAdBJdKXhyphenhyphen2q-zDmT26nn1yU16ImF_uijxIHmp1j8LXbekr8Lf4rgZyitka/s1600/South+Africa+Resources.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWgNbms4qMcelE5_rrHvqcFbMaDMOBrAu5yZ1lcCKLomDfC2qzj4mSK5PHd1LVKCmizuoMb7zFt_yro3Il0tAdBJdKXhyphenhyphen2q-zDmT26nn1yU16ImF_uijxIHmp1j8LXbekr8Lf4rgZyitka/s1600/South+Africa+Resources.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="text-align: start;">A map illustrating the industries present in southern Africa. Bartholomew, J. G. (1907). </span><i style="text-align: start;">Atlas of the World's Commerce.</i><span style="text-align: start;"> [71]. <a href="http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/s/9xxqn8" target="_blank">Examine original map</a>. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPGMK2Sw6SJgSjLzEOSRawgey8-e5MgR5PW9hkDTlIGMk2n_wlyLnYepYRURFZScr6-3IED-b8qetI0yB3W7VFtaTunp72V_CTzT-5RMvw0uJUKGm0NE7qazDe3paHHsWHAYgDnHcxOzef/s1600/South+Africa+Railway.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="346" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPGMK2Sw6SJgSjLzEOSRawgey8-e5MgR5PW9hkDTlIGMk2n_wlyLnYepYRURFZScr6-3IED-b8qetI0yB3W7VFtaTunp72V_CTzT-5RMvw0uJUKGm0NE7qazDe3paHHsWHAYgDnHcxOzef/s1600/South+Africa+Railway.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="text-align: start;">A map clearly displaying the railways present in southern Africa. Bartholomew, J. G. (1907). </span><i style="text-align: start;">Atlas of the World's Commerce.</i><span style="text-align: start;"> [71]. <a href="http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/s/z7085t" target="_blank">Examine the original map</a>. </span></div>
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The infrastructure and urbanizational trends that are present in the area of southern Africa are more in line with those of Canada and Australia than they are with the rest of Sub-Saharan Africa. Most of the other British controlled areas of Africa weren't even given a formal census around 1900 despite some of them having considerable urban populations. Below is a piece of the same map by Bartholomew above that clearly shows the railways present in 1907. This view is of the area of the continent north of the southern areas being analyzed in this article to form a comparison as to how developed other parts of Africa were at the time.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoTffLza0YoHy6PSzmL0m9X75eHMzj8jfD9imFFCoSfLdpTGnwSvDSRUOymwi7mUljepJIvOJRp7s6ltQGqs5Pyo9MgZi_Zc9F1XCP4yzS7H1bF-0cVtoph25gYPZwwwYDh6wLVPHZdEWu/s1600/Africa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="350" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgoTffLza0YoHy6PSzmL0m9X75eHMzj8jfD9imFFCoSfLdpTGnwSvDSRUOymwi7mUljepJIvOJRp7s6ltQGqs5Pyo9MgZi_Zc9F1XCP4yzS7H1bF-0cVtoph25gYPZwwwYDh6wLVPHZdEWu/s1600/Africa.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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A map clearly displaying the railways present north of the southern areas of Africa. <span style="text-align: start;">Bartholomew, J. G. (1907). </span><i style="text-align: start;">Atlas of the World's Commerce.</i><span style="text-align: start;"> [71]. <a href="http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/s/z7085t" target="_blank">Examine the original map</a>.</span></div>
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In the map above there are minor railways that can be seen going from the African shores inland slightly penetrating the continent. The two most noticeable railways are likely the ones in British East Africa (modern day Kenya on the east coast) and the one following the Nile River in Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (modern day Sudan and Egypt). Other than this, the rest of this section of the African continent is vastly underdeveloped in terms of railroad development compared to the analyzed parts of southern Africa. Within North Africa, Algeria and Tunisia were substantially more developed in this regard as shown in Bartholomew's map below with the same field of view as the above map sections.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDA54BAL6RFZXpysxMHFmPjxTUDfGWYHyhgtoc7qYgCgQJMTQnvCFpMwAOViMVoPu_b8dhw2mxpjWRjsPQETGYPjSh1QYXijWTQtTfwKvZb1h62UBeEyG8VvtLVu4JNyvOHiGjzJPLkT5B/s1600/North+Africa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="350" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDA54BAL6RFZXpysxMHFmPjxTUDfGWYHyhgtoc7qYgCgQJMTQnvCFpMwAOViMVoPu_b8dhw2mxpjWRjsPQETGYPjSh1QYXijWTQtTfwKvZb1h62UBeEyG8VvtLVu4JNyvOHiGjzJPLkT5B/s1600/North+Africa.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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A map clearly displaying the railways present in North Africa and southern Europe. <span style="text-align: start;">Bartholomew, J. G. (1907). </span><i style="text-align: start;">Atlas of the World's Commerce.</i><span style="text-align: start;"> [71]. <a href="http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/s/z7085t" target="_blank">Examine the original map</a>.</span></div>
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With the British being the primary ones in power over the area and developing its infrastructure, this lead to a number of architectural similarities with the rest of the DESW. It is also important to take into account the influence of the original Dutch settlers who also left a mark on some of the architecture which can be seen in many areas (discussed later in article).<br />
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<img border="0" height="361" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVYsVJhbB5rDtydBrff1Bol_Dgivbfpwgp2ibx07leDRU9lm9lumqjW680akDvQJ-0mW2XwaHIyiThgy1-4JLMCFpNwd3UAR_WVX6e7ltsEG6bPjO2DsGnObrigstcciQOLwrX7fomwygM/s1600/Grahamstown,+South+Africa+1.jpg" width="640" /></div>
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Graham's Town, Cape of Good Hope (South Africa). It bears a close resemblance to Australia and New Zealand, all of which have a strong British influence and are located in warm climates. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@-33.309623,26.528034,3a,75y,256.06h,99.32t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sphGdiZCjdHyJZvHw83KL6g!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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In extending the definition of the DESW to include the areas found in South Africa I mean to use the definition to highlight a privileged white English speaking class that has had direct power and influence in an area opposed to whether or not the entirety of a political entity would be considered to be "developed". This extension extends across present day Lesotho, Swaziland, Botswana, and Zimbabwe. The first two are enclaves mostly surrounded by contemporary South Africa while the last two are located to the north. The northern two were connected to contemporary South Africa by a rail line that can be seen on the maps shown earlier in this article. Zimbabwe attracted white settlers due to its good farming lands, who drove the original populations to reserves and appropriated their land.<br />
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<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">1.5 What I have not Included as Part of the DESW</span></h3>
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There are a couple of areas that although they were under the control of Britain, developed and obtained a considerable amount of wealth, they are not included in this article. Mainly Hong Kong (1901 pop. 283,978) and Singapore (1901 pop. 193,089). In their cases, they didn't attract much white settlement and they developed a bit of a different kind of architectural style than that of which observed in much of the rest of the DESW.<br />
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In Singapore and much of Malaysia, a fusion of Eastern and Western architecture occurred creating something unique. Here, what are commonly known as "shophouses" developed. They are similar in concept to other places in the world where a business is located on the first storey and subsequent stories up are usually for residences or offices. The difference here is mostly in the style and how identifiable they are in this area of the world.<br />
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<img border="0" height="113" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiErvZgyP7EVuDgBKc7yXa1zUJjH9KltX2bGUB38YAjUEgNdeb0KjbKdY9KUW9htEEs_dtVi9zgylaOpyyMAtX4Qhax0TjTWzZ31vEXbELeGl70ueshsxlpiTSoCUPYE7cSl7C6-9gM_diB/s1600/Singapore+2.jpg" width="200" /><img border="0" height="113" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE8_34_zKlap1_EI2SXbb4WWzk2k-jmM3ySj7k6cK3cU2Ia-L0OWVX5Wh_qip08dxJxsx30veHMUYMPdMVN-Mjd5tFEcN1tp8Z3XtsIdGjWqZEKnNqdCvFAxGRrCG755fxn3Sg9hFd-DcD/s1600/Singapore+1.jpg" width="200" /><img border="0" height="113" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD90yOutBlywniDU7xyH1V83Gc_e-MhgV6cnUbfwX84E4i7FepAI_EjXMpVFH_Ylo11ZPVB29UwpN8P5iJwJq8OT-gbm1AqvBKOGHZSjcc5ImA9NMNhoCoaNfqY0WeZ_8F8pawN3qKLapC/s1600/Hong+Kong+1.jpg" width="200" /></div>
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(1) A common nineteenth century street in Singapore lined with shophouses. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@1.278393,103.843254,3a,75y,27.04h,80.38t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1smPE3thClI6NNKTMZjyy32g!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>. (2) Old Parliament House, Singapore. Built in 1827 in the Neo-Palladian style (a very Western example). It was initially intended to be a private residence for a Scottish merchant. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@1.288777,103.851515,3a,66.6y,274.83h,97.36t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1s-zxXDY8PKPStp4jwG2H2eQ!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>. (3) Sai Ying Pun Hospital Building, Hong Kong. Built in 1892. Due to much of Hong Kong having been redeveloped, finding historic architecture in the present day is difficult. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@22.285122,114.143525,3a,75y,134.56h,106.48t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sqLKUhHwAflbFj8eJvxo_Hw!2e0">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">1.6 Theories, Definitions, and Exceptions</span></h3>
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To help describe the population data analyzed in this article, I have created and use some of my own theories and definitions. I break key concepts up into the following:</div>
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<ul style="text-align: start;">
<li style="text-align: left;"><b><u>Abstract:</u> </b></li>
</ul>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: start;">
<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b>Urban Entity:</b> A general term to refer to anything that could be considered urban. </li>
</ul>
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<ul style="text-align: start;">
<li style="text-align: left;"><b><u>Morphological:</u> </b></li>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b>Urban Area/Urban Centre/Built-Up Area:</b> The continuous physical urban area with a single primary urban core (monocentric). This definition is independent of formal municipal incorporations. </li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><u>Components of Urban Morphology:</u></li>
</ul>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b>Urban Core:</b> The heart of a morphological urban centre. Traditionally it is typically complete with many services that are necessary for an independent entity to function (e.x., municipal government buildings, commercial buildings, office buildings, and factories). </li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b>Peripheral Node:</b> Is a minor urban core within an urban area. It may include pre-1900 structures or completely modern structures (e.x., Downtown Brampton, Ontario is a peripheral node of metropolitan Toronto). </li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b>Neighbourhood:</b> A distinct component of a morphological area. </li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b><u>Political:</u> </b></li>
</ul>
<blockquote class="tr_bq" style="text-align: start;">
<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b>Municipality:</b> The formal incorporation of an entity. This includes a political boundary marking the limits of the incorporation (e.x., city limits). Commonly bestowed the title of village, town, borough/burgh, or a city. I refer to these as a "municipal designation". Populations are typically dependent on municipal boundaries, with the area within which they represent. </li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b>Ward:</b> An administrative division of a municipality. </li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><u>Terms related to the concept of a municipality:</u></span> </b></li>
</ul>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<ul>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b>Municipal Relationship:</b> The entity's relation to nearby municipalities. In general I describe the relationship as being dependent or independent and I break down this relationship further in the article. Municipal relationships are not static and can change over time. </li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b>Amalgamation:</b> The process of combining or uniting multiple entities into one form. The act is often referred to as a "consolidation" or "merger". For example, Port Arthur and Fort William, Ontario amalgamated to form the new City of Thunder Bay. </li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b>Annexation:</b> The acquisition of smaller entities that are absorbed by a significantly larger dominant entity. For example, the cities of Saint-Henri and Sainte-Cunégonde have been annexed by the city of Montréal (Example elucidated further in this section). </li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b>Primary Predecessor Municipality:</b> The dominant independent municipality that existed during a time prior that absorbed other dependent municipalities through the process of annexation. Almost always the name of the dominant municipality is retained while the names of the annexed municipalities are lost through this processes. </li>
</ul>
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<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<ul></ul>
</blockquote>
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<li style="text-align: left;"><b><b> <u>Relationship Between Urban Areas and Municipalities:</u></b></b></li>
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<li style="text-align: left;"><b>Agglomeration (Small-Scale Urban Morphology):</b> If the urban area is composed of more than one municipality with just one primary urban core (monocentric) the collective of these municipalities is called an "agglomeration" (e.x., the Greater Toronto Area is comprised of the municipalities of Toronto, Mississauga, Brampton, etc.). A highly populated urban area or agglomeration is often referred to as a "metropolis" or "metro" for short. It can also be referred to as the "Greater Area" as in the "Greater Toronto Area".</li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b>Conurbation (Regional Urban Morphology):</b> An area with more than one primary core (polycentric) that is highly interdependent (e.x., the Minneapolis-St. Paul Combined Statistical Area). These tend to transcend many municipalities. </li>
<li style="text-align: left;"><b>Megalopolis (Large-Scale Urban Morphology):</b> A large scale morphological trend observed among an area with more than one primary core (polycentric) (e.x., the Northeast Megalopolis). These tend to transcend a vast number of municipalities.</li>
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<li style="text-align: left;"><b><b><b><b><u>Sociological:</u></b></b></b></b></li>
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<li style="text-align: left;"><b>Community:</b> The group associations between people that take place. </li>
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Although it would be nice to simply be able to rely on figures collected for municipalities many times they do not necessarily correlate with morphological urban areas. For example, below is a section from <i>Rand McNally & Co.'s Enlarged Business Atlas and Shippers' Guide.</i> (1903). [9] of the City of Montréal and surrounding municipalities. The pink on the right side of the map denotes the area within Montréal's municipality and the pieces on the left that are in orange, yellow, and pink are separate municipalities. The City of Saint-Henri is in pink in the upper left and was home to 21,192 inhabitants in the year 1901 making it the eleventh most populated municipality in Canada and the 212th most populated out of the data analyzed in this article. Between it and Montréal is the City of Sainte-Cunégonde which is another municipality which was home to 10,912 inhabitants in 1901 making it the 24th out of Canada and 411th out of the data analyzed in this article.</div>
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The western end of the City of <span style="text-align: start;">Montréal</span> from <i>Rand McNally & Co.'s Enlarged Business Atlas and Shippers' Guide.</i> (1903). [9] <a href="http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/s/b6aou7" target="_blank">Examine the original map</a>.</div>
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Between these three municipalities there's not much morphological distinction between them. If you didn't know any better you wouldn't know that you have left the City of Montréal and passed through the City of Sainte-Cunégonde and entered the City of Saint-Henri. This is where the concept of a morphological urban centre comes in. Morphologically we can consider all of these municipalities which have likely experienced much economic and urban development due to their proximity to Montréal as a morphological part of Montréal.</div>
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With the morphological, functional, and developmental association between these municipalities comes what I refer to as a relationship. Montréal is morphologically and functionally independent as a municipality in that its existence as a municipality is not contingent on the existence of another nearby entity. The surrounding municipalities on the other hand have a dependent relationship in that a large degree of their existence is contingent on the existence of Montréal being nearby. Municipalities that possess a dependent relationship like this may often lack the characteristics found in independent municipalities like a formal urban core. Conversely, these municipalities may benefit from the services located within the municipality they are dependent on. For example, the proliferation of electric streetcars in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries promoted the growth of streetcar neighbourhoods and politically independent municipalities which had a dependent functional relationship with a primary municipality.</div>
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Within all of this there may be communities of people that associate with each other. To the south of the middle of the map section above is an area of Montréal called Pointe-Saint-Charles (not seen in the above view) that was an Irish working class neighbourhood. Although it is politically part of the municipality of Montréal and it is also very much so within its morphological structure, it was distinct in its community.</div>
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Another point to note is that not all morphological urban areas (or not all parts of them) are incorporated as municipalities. For instance, Mount Holly, New Jersey which is the county seat of Burlington county was unincorporated in 1900 and subsequently doesn't rank among the data in this article despite having signs of having had a population that would have likely had it rank if it was incorporated.</div>
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A scene along High Street in Mount Holly, New Jersey. It is home to many townhouses. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@39.9956955,-74.7882804,3a,75y,329.49h,108.65t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1szAoD5MiSrZ6c_5_Exxp7rQ!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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Like how not all urban areas are municipalities, not all municipalities are conterminous with an urban area. This was a great problem regarding data aggregation for New England's urban areas since nearly all of its surface area is divided into municipalities called "towns" that all possess a town hall but are not necessarily conterminous at all with urban areas. Unlike the other areas analyzed in this article, New England towns were similar to townships and frequently included forest, rural area, hamlets, or even larger urban areas. Politically they took on responsibilities usually given to both municipalities and counties leaving county governments either weak or non-existent. Below is a piece of a map published in 1891 of showing the municipal boundaries of some New England towns in red.</div>
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A section of a composite map of Massachusetts published in 1891 by Geo. H. Walker & Co. [56]. <a href="http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/s/g211ft" target="_blank">Examine original map</a>.</div>
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Since there is not necessarily any correlation between a New England town and an urban area, most New England towns are excluded from the data analyzed in this article. The ones that are included are the ones that the U.S. Bureau of the Census indicated as municipalities that reflected urban areas in 1900.</div>
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Due to this, the distribution of municipalities by population for much of New England appears unnatural and different from the other areas analyzed in this article. While other administrative divisions have plenty of municipalities in the lower range of their data, Massachusetts' least populated municipality that ranked in the data was home to 12,062 inhabitants in 1900, for Rhode Island it was 18,167, and New Hampshire 5,846. For these states the only formal municipal incorporations belonged to the more populated urban centres like Boston, Providence, Portland, and Worcester.</div>
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A screenshot from the interactive Google map included in this article showing the lack of less populated municipalities in the New England area. The icon colours other than solid red or yellow indicate a municipality with less than 5,000 inhabitants. The yellow circle is highlighting the area in question.</div>
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On the opposite end of the spectrum of the issue observed in New England is the one observed in London, England and many of the urban areas of Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. Some urban areas happen to be larger than their municipal incorporations on such a scale that an agglomeration population is used opposed to that within the limits of the municipality proper.</div>
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A number of Australian, New Zealand, and South African agglomeration population figures came from the census of the British Empire (1901) [1], since even in 1901 the formal boundaries weren't considered to be representative of the actual population of these urban areas. For the municipalities of Adelaide, Charters Towers, Melbourne, and Perth the population within a ten mile radius of their post offices is used as their agglomeration population by the census sources used. For some of the smaller municipalities I added up the individual municipalities [58] [59] [60] [61] [63] [64] [65] [66] myself to come up with an agglomeration figure.</div>
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The table below highlights all of the municipalities in Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa that are used as components for agglomeration populations in this article (including the primary municipality they are added to). The first column contains the name of the municipality (the primary municipality is marked by an asterisk) and the second the name of the agglomeration it is included as part of. The third and fourth columns are used to identify its location. The fifth column is the population of the municipality proper and the sixth is of the agglomeration's population and is only stated for the primary municipality.</div>
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If the population of an agglomeration as quoted by the source is greater than that of the municipalities listed then a "(Rest of Vicinity)" row is added. Sometimes the population source quoted the population of the districts surrounding the primary municipality and these are included instead of a "(Rest of Vicinity)".</div>
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="642" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/14n7vWR6H9PNto5MN1MAT_vt_WRA8QGTFAymO5IItQkQ/pubchart?oid=1260139382&format=interactive" width="639"></iframe></div>
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All of the municipalities in Australia and New Zealand that are part of agglomerations in this data. </div>
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Below is a map of London, England in 1901. The grey areas are urban "built-up" areas which are conterminous with Inner London, the boundary of which is marked by a thin red line. In the middle of the grey area is a small area that is marked in yellow, this is the City of London's municipal boundaries. Outside of Inner London is Outer London which is marked by the pink area and the periphery by a thicker red line than the Inner London boundary.</div>
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Stanford's 1901 atlas map of London, England [67]. <a href="http://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/s/8hcubx" target="_blank">Examine original map</a>. </div>
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The City of London proper contained a mere 26,923 inhabitants at the 1901 census. This is vastly under representative of the actual population associated with what was considered the most populated urban area in the world at the time. It is due to this that in this article I use Inner London's population of 4,536,541 which is more conterminous with the urban area. Below is a table breaking down Inner London which is conterminous with the County of London by boroughs ordered by population.</div>
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<iframe frameborder="0" height="631" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/14n7vWR6H9PNto5MN1MAT_vt_WRA8QGTFAymO5IItQkQ/pubchart?oid=1260615623&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe></div>
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A breakdown of the boroughs that made up London, England in 1901 by population.</div>
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In the United Kingdom the secondary administrative divisions that fall below counties are urban and rural districts. As one would imagine urban districts are incorporations usually around urban areas and rural districts are incorporations around rural areas. An issue arises since some urban districts in England and Wales particularly, do not strictly conform to just one or necessarily any urban area although most do. In these cases sometimes an urban district may have incorporated a several urban cores within an interconnected area like the Rhondda coal mining valley in Wales. Rhondda, which is included in this article was home to 113,735 inhabitants in 1901.</div>
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Part of an Ordnance Survey sheet of the Rhondda Valley [68]. Information c. 1950. <a href="http://maps.nls.uk/geo/explore/index.cfm#zoom=12&lat=51.65854&lon=-3.4689&layers=10" target="_blank">Examine the full resolution overlay</a>.</div>
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In the map above you can see the two valleys that make up the Rhondda Valley; the larger Rhondda Fawr Valley and the smaller Rhondda Fach Valley which the urban district of Rhondda was based on.</div>
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Sometimes when two or more urban areas that make up an urban district in the United Kingdom it is reflected in the district's name. For example; Kings Norton and Northfield; Denny and Dunipace; Alvaston and Boulton. Other times urban districts may not be very urban in character lacking any noticeable urban core. This tends to occur the most in England within the county of Yorkshire (West Riding) particularly, but also in the county of Lancashire. This particular area is quite dense with many highly populated municipalities, suburbs, and factory towns. My hypothesis is that due to the density of the population this increased the number of urban districts despite many areas lacking a well defined urban core.</div>
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Another thing to keep in mind regarding the municipalities found within the British Isles is that they tend to have a higher population threshold necessary for incorporation as an urban district to take place. It is due to this that a number of urban areas that may have had more than 1,000 inhabitants in 1901 may not be present in this data because they didn't happen to be incorporated as an independent urban district.</div>
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One thing to note regard the Cape of Good Hope Colony is that it did not report a population figure for municipalities with less than 2,000 inhabitants. Due to this, that range is nearly entirely absent from the data aside from a few figures from Encyclopædia Britannica's municipality specific articles.</div>
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An exception to note concerning the American population data is that although St. Joseph, Missouri's official population figure for 1900 was 102,979 inhabitants I have calculated a different figure of approximately 68,000 inhabitants. I did this because the official number was questionable since the civic leaders at the time tried to artificially inflate St. Joseph's population count [55]. When one looks at the trends for St. Joseph, the population in 1890 was 52,324 and in 1910 it was 77,403. There is no known explanation for why the population would have lost 25,576 inhabitants during the first decade of the twentieth century. This is a very significant decline especially at that time since many municipalities were still growing.</div>
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Another exception to note is that although the United States Bureau of the Census cites the population of Caroleen, North Carolina as 1,706 inhabitants, it appears to have been an error.</div>
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Although Hawaii isn't part of North America, I include it in the data since it is currently a constituent state of the United States. I exclude Puerto Rico and other United States possessions that still retain the status of territory in the United States today. United States territorial possessions in the Americas around 1900 are included in my <a href="http://www.thebillywilson.com/2014/04/every-urban-centre-in-north-america.html" target="_blank">Americas article</a> though. One thing to note about Honolulu is that although it is an incorporated municipality, it is coextensive with a district and likely was larger in area than the average American municipality potentially including more rural population.</div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">2 Methods of Collection</span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: large;">2.1 Sources of Data</span></h3>
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In this article I almost exclusively aggregate and analyze municipalities that were present in the year 1900 for the United States and the year 1901 for Canada and the rest of the British Empire (except southern Africa, which is for 1904) since Britain, its dominions, and its colonies did censuses during the second year of each decade opposed to the United States which did them during the first year. There is an exception though. The primary source used for Canada's population, Dept. of the Interior, Canada. (1906). <i>Atlas of Canada.</i> [7] included eleven unincorporated urban areas with a population of more than 1,000 inhabitants in the data that it provided. I still included these areas although they weren't incorporated.<br />
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The data for the United States which came from the United States Bureau of the Census. (1900). [2] only cited formally incorporated municipalities. <i>Rand McNally & Co.'s Enlarged Business Atlas and Shippers' Guide.</i> (1903). [9] contained population data that correlated with that from the United States Bureau of the Census. (1900). [2] but it also included figures for unincorporated places in the United States. I realized that these figures were typically too large for the urban areas they specified and they likely included the surrounding rural population so these were not included in the data used in this article.<br />
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Newfoundland's data is very difficult to come by since it was a colony and not yet part of Canada at the time. Several good figures were found for the urban areas with more than 5,000 inhabitants from Darling & son Ltd. (1901). <i style="font-family: inherit;">Census of the British Empire.</i> [1] I'm pretty certain that all that had more than 5,000 inhabitants are included in this article. Some of those under this threshold were estimated based on populations before and after the year 1900.<br />
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The Census of the British Empire was also used for all of the data for the British Isles but only the major municipalities for Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. For Australia I had to find reports that were state specific. Sources 58-66 all pertain to Australia and New Zealand. [59] for Tasmania, [60] for Queensland, [61] for Victoria, [63] for New South Wales, [64] for South Australia, [65] for Western Australia, and [66] for New Zealand. All were printed by each state's government printer.<br />
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For the four main colonies that made up South Africa, data for the more populated municipalities also came from the Census of the British Empire. For the less populated municipalities I utilized more specific censuses [69] and Encyclopædia Britannica [3] which appears to contain copies of the exact same information. Some of the data for Transvaal came from an article about the municipal engineers of South Africa which was published by Tampere University in Finland [70]. The censuses for all of the colonies in South Africa were taken in 1904 and the political entities listed in this article will reflect their statuses in 1904 (i.e., the South African Republic is the colony of Transvaal and the Orange Free State is the Orange River Colony).<br />
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Although Encyclopædia Britannica cites Barkly East in the Cape of Good Hope colony as having 8,490 inhabitants at the 1904 census, the Census of the British Empire does not list Barkly East when listing all municipalities with a population exceeding 5,000 inhabitants. It is because of this that Barkly East is excluded from the data.<br />
<br />
Bartholomew, J. G. (1899-1905). <i>J. G. Bartholomew & Son, Half.</i> [14] was a map used to help confirm the positions of municipalities in the British Isles.<br />
<br />
<i>Rand McNally & Co.'s Enlarged Business Atlas and Shippers' Guide.</i> (1903). [9] was used for the railway, county, and county seat data for Canada and the United States. <span style="background-color: white;">For railways that were under lease by larger railways, many of them were added under the lessee's data. The railway data from Rand's atlas is for around 1903 and if I know that a railway only opened between 1900-1903 I indicate so in parenthesis after the railway's name on the railway table in section 4.3.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white;">In collecting railway data for urban municipalities difficulties can arise. For instance, discerning whether or not a branch line that splits off 5 km outside of the municipality's formal boundaries should be included since it likely does provide a functional asset to the community despite being outside of the formal boundaries. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white;">Cram, G. F. (1901). </span><i style="font-family: inherit;">Cram's Standard American Railway System Atlas of the World.</i><span style="background-color: white;"> [5] was used to help add waterway data for Canada, the United States, and Newfoundland (all of Newfoundland's railway data too). It was also used to figure out the what counties the municipalities in Queensland, Victoria, and Western Australia belong to. It was also used to determine what provinces each municipality in New Zealand belonged to as well. </span><span style="background-color: white;">Stanford, E. (1901). </span><i>Stanford's London Atlas of Universal Geography.</i><span style="background-color: white;"> [67] was also used to help confirm counties as well including all of the administrative divisions for southern Africa. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white;">Information from <span style="text-align: center;">Dept. of the Interior, Canada. (1906). </span><i style="font-family: inherit; text-align: center;">Atlas of Canada.</i> [7] and </span><span style="text-align: center;">Dept. of the Interior, Canada. (1911). </span><i style="font-family: inherit; text-align: center;">Atlas of Canada.</i><span style="font-family: inherit; text-align: center;"> </span><span style="background-color: white;">[8] was used for the</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: white;">electric streetcar line data and also for Canada's waterway data. It was also used to corroborate the population data that has been collected for Canada. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white;"></span>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;">3 Legend</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white;"></span>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">3.1 Column Headers</span></h3>
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white;"></span><span style="background-color: white;">This section describes what each header on the population table in section 5 stands for from left to right. Indicated in parenthesis is what a header's short form stands for. </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white;"><b>NOTE:</b> Some columns aren't yet complete. These include:</span><br />
<ul>
<li>Railway data for every region but North America</li>
<li>Most of the waterway data for places other than North America. </li>
<li>Municipal relationship data and designations for the British Isles other than the most populated places analyzed in this article. </li>
<li>Modern primary administrative divisions for the United Kingdom. </li>
</ul>
<div>
<br /></div>
Currently, only the decennial censuses for around the year 1900 are included in the data. Although work is underway for expanding the data to cover every decennial census between 1800-2010, it is taking a significant amount of time since this is expanding the collection by twenty-one times.<br />
<div>
<br />
In time everything will be updated.<br />
<br />
<ul><span style="font-size: small;">
<li style="font-family: inherit;"><b><i>Untitled</i>:</b> This number column is permanent in its order and doesn't change as you sort by different columns. This can be used for reference as you're comparing data. </li>
<li style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b># (Number):</b> This column indicates the population rank of the municipality relative to all of the municipalities in this article. </span></li>
<li style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Municipality:</b> The name of the municipality is given. Alternative spellings are separated by "/". If the municipality has been renamed the new name will follow in (parentheses). "*" means that an agglomeration population was used due to the municipality proper being vastly under representative. </span></li>
<li><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">2</span>° Admin. (Secondary Administrative Division)</b><span style="font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold;">:</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"> The name of the secondary administrative division the municipality is located in (i.e., county, district, or parish [Louisiana]). If the secondary administrative division held the status of a district or division in 1900 the name is followed by "Dist." or "Div." respectively. If the secondary administrative division has changed name, amalgamated, </span>dissolved<span style="font-family: inherit;">, or reincorporated as a different entity, the new name will follow in (parentheses).</span></li>
<span style="font-size: small;">
<li><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">1</span>°<span style="font-family: inherit;"> Admin. (Primary Administrative Division):</span></b><span style="font-family: inherit;"> The name of the primary administrative division the municipality is located in (i.e., state, province, territory, administrative county in case of the UK aside from Ireland which has provinces, etc.). If the primary administrative division held the status of a territory in 1900 the name is followed by "Terr.". If the </span>primary administrative division has changed name, amalgamated, dissolved, or reincorporated as a different entity, the new name will follow in (parentheses).</li>
<li><b>Constituent Entity:</b> If the municipality is located within an entity that is part of a greater political entity the name of that constituent entity will be displayed in this column. (i.e., the constituent countries of the UK: England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales; the crown dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man).</li>
</span>
<li><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">2</span>° </b>Political Entity <b>(Secondary </b><b>Political Entity)</b>:</b> The name of the political entity that the municipality is located in. i.e., </span>United States (country), United Kingdom (country), Canada (dominion), Newfoundland (colony), Australia (commonwealth), New Zealand (colony), Transvaal (colony), Cape of Good Hope (colony), Natal (colony), or Orange River (colony).</li>
<li><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">1</span>°<span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></b><b>Political Entity <b><span style="font-family: inherit;">(Primary </span></b><b>Political Entity)</b>:</b> The name of the empire the political entity is located in. i.e., the British Empire (formal entity). </li>
<li><b>Pop. (Population):</b> The population of the municipality in 1900 if located in the USA, 1901 if located in the British Empire (except South Africa), or 1904 if located in what today makes up the country of South Africa.</li>
<li><b>MR (Municipal Relationship):</b> The municipality's relationship to nearby municipalities. These are listed with the highest order taking precedence over other relationships a municipality may have (e.x., if the municipality is a node within a conurbation "1°" this will override its relationship with other more nearby municipalities that it may be a peripheral node of "5°". Municipalities with relationships are typically interconnected by commuter rail systems (streetcar/tram or interurban rail) or ferries. The following degree system is used: </li>
</span></ul>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<ul><span style="font-size: small;">
<li><b>1° (Primary Urban Area):</b> If the municipality was independent a "1°" is displayed. If the municipality is the primary urban core of a relationship, the name of the name of that relationship will precede. <b><span style="font-weight: normal;">The example below is Wooster, Ohio [51]: <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0aSmKWdjhhJfpju5WiKJ_XqwbVKB2giBxyMGjfQznS3zVAcp1BWYFZwZ-i6awod_OGMl-9dVfISgjXF8Pa7SXkODUxZCSg5b-R9Hfd0fjO2dt79WTGGyvvDhjEgyKhvrsuKtm1kgqx_rm/s1600/Primary+Degee.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="136" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0aSmKWdjhhJfpju5WiKJ_XqwbVKB2giBxyMGjfQznS3zVAcp1BWYFZwZ-i6awod_OGMl-9dVfISgjXF8Pa7SXkODUxZCSg5b-R9Hfd0fjO2dt79WTGGyvvDhjEgyKhvrsuKtm1kgqx_rm/s1600/Primary+Degee.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
</span></b></li>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">
<li><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">2° (Twins, Triplets, </span>Quadruplets<span style="font-family: inherit;">, etc.):</span></b><span style="font-family: inherit;"> If the municipality was beside one or more municipalities of similar size to itself a "2</span><b style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">°" is displayed preceded by the name of the modern region, conurbation, or other municipality. These constitute polycentric conurbations. The example below is the relationship between Herkimer, Frankfort, Ilion, and Mohawk, New York<b><span style="font-weight: normal;"> [51]:</span></b> </span></b><span style="font-family: inherit;"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8DnadfyF_IKA943Doid0RYxobhfUw2xsM38fX8bOoMgmhSCrtbQ5mhju059f2KYs-JjqSNrRrJuPxkqoTz3ahSZWzNXwpXVK2lla00SpS75-xBIJmef67xEDbGoNfhjwji5Cp3j-X6-cE/s1600/Second+Degree+done.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="98" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8DnadfyF_IKA943Doid0RYxobhfUw2xsM38fX8bOoMgmhSCrtbQ5mhju059f2KYs-JjqSNrRrJuPxkqoTz3ahSZWzNXwpXVK2lla00SpS75-xBIJmef67xEDbGoNfhjwji5Cp3j-X6-cE/s1600/Second+Degree+done.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
</span></li>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">
<li style="font-family: inherit;"><b>3° (Semi-Autonomous Node):</b> If the municipality is noticeably dissociated from the morphological urban area but likely still part of it functionally to some extent, a "3°" is displayed preceded by the name of the municipality it is dependent on or the modern name of the agglomeration or amalgamation. the example below is Kirkwood's relationship with St. Louis, Missouri<b><span style="font-weight: normal;"> [51]:</span></b> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkMD85R2SPnkdk47hj5lydO6oCUueSuJGVPDzu0wBCMT-NiL2hyzpaxcOS78DXOiFAJqq6gSmHpMO8xSQPce0Qvj2Vi8Jk0KpohJKhfuJuI1NhSg0ilJQFCmKwL8kwTf2l4G3fNgaABfJL/s1600/Third+Degree+Done.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="95" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkMD85R2SPnkdk47hj5lydO6oCUueSuJGVPDzu0wBCMT-NiL2hyzpaxcOS78DXOiFAJqq6gSmHpMO8xSQPce0Qvj2Vi8Jk0KpohJKhfuJuI1NhSg0ilJQFCmKwL8kwTf2l4G3fNgaABfJL/s1600/Third+Degree+Done.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
</li>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">
<li style="font-family: inherit;"><b>4<b>° (Distinct Peripheral Node)</b>:</b> If the municipality was close enough to be used as a commuter suburb but not morphologically touching a more dominant municipality (with the exception of a natural barrier like the Hudson River between Jersey City and New York City) a "4°" is displayed preceded by the name of the more dominant municipality. the example below is Wauwatosa's relationship with Milwaukee, Wisconsin<b><span style="font-weight: normal;"> [51]</span></b>:<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4aJQUiK0sdVyND4J3pHpqXw0HNpVlwG8-bOirEDEA6obROVCbdNTKrryVZIp0Oe6BdJ_Il-bnX9176MJHzFhEzFg3xFrAEEC0JlTgnpYVM_7QgcplT2DxqylBX_p8ZDDhjlDhvpTWS6Rk/s1600/fourth+degree.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="105" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4aJQUiK0sdVyND4J3pHpqXw0HNpVlwG8-bOirEDEA6obROVCbdNTKrryVZIp0Oe6BdJ_Il-bnX9176MJHzFhEzFg3xFrAEEC0JlTgnpYVM_7QgcplT2DxqylBX_p8ZDDhjlDhvpTWS6Rk/s1600/fourth+degree.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
</li>
<span style="font-size: small;">
<li><b>5<b><b>° (Peripheral Node)</b></b>:</b> If the municipality was part of the morphological area of a dominant municipality of which it is dependent on, a "5°" is displayed preceded by the name of the dominant municipality. The example below is of Delray's relationship with Detroit, Michigan<b><span style="font-weight: normal;"> [51]</span></b>: <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ4F81WQ5QqHG2GyM1eeUIkqKBN-isjj5sjrxUwSDg1S0ZlsZ0Wf6uPGrpdUXig-W9ABQj4P5jSGBqmTAf7bHkoOYxxxKH7HxpWsWZ96Bid6lmP_NFH4swIc_xv5uiRFM3dhk83Cz7rsKW/s1600/fifth+degree.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="96" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZ4F81WQ5QqHG2GyM1eeUIkqKBN-isjj5sjrxUwSDg1S0ZlsZ0Wf6uPGrpdUXig-W9ABQj4P5jSGBqmTAf7bHkoOYxxxKH7HxpWsWZ96Bid6lmP_NFH4swIc_xv5uiRFM3dhk83Cz7rsKW/s1600/fifth+degree.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
</li>
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></ul>
</blockquote>
<ul><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">
<li style="font-family: inherit;"><b><b>MD (</b>Municipal Designation):</b> The municipality's formal designation. The following lists the designations used by order roughly from highest status.</li>
</span></span></span></span></span></span></ul>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<ul><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">
<li style="font-family: inherit;"><b>City:</b> Used most commonly in the United States. In Canada it was traditionally given to a municipality with more than 10,000 inhabitants. In the United Kingdom it is purely a ceremonial title.<span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></li>
<li><b>County Borough:</b> Used exclusively in the United Kingdom. It is a municipal incorporation that is independent of the surrounding county.</li>
<li><b>Municipal Borough:</b> Used exclusively in the United Kingdom. It is a municipal incorporation that has a higher status than an urban district which would rank below it. </li>
<li><b>Royal Burgh:</b> Used exclusively in Scotland. It is a municipal incorporation established by royal charter. </li>
<li><b>Urban District:</b> Used exclusively in the United Kingdom. It is a municipal incorporation of lower rank than municipal and county boroughs and it doesn't really carry any ceremonial prestige like the title of "city". Urban and rural districts were the level of administration below that of counties. </li>
<li><b>Town / Borough:</b> Both a town and a borough are municipal incorporations usually similar in population size. "Borough" comes up most often for the state of Pennsylvania. Colloquially, "town" is used to describe many places in the United Kingdom that do not possess the official title of "city". </li>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">
<li><b>Former Borough:</b> Used as a municipal designation exclusively in Australia. It refers to a borough that has amalgamated with a surrounding shire. </li>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">
<li><b> Uninc. City:</b> Used exclusively in Alaska. There were no formal incorporations for municipalities in Alaska in 1900, but the US Bureau of the Census quoted figures for urban areas and those above 1,000 inhabitants were unofficially referred to as "cities". </li>
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<li><b>Village:</b> Used officially most often in Canada and the United States. It is typically used to denote some of the smallest municipalities. It may also be used colloquially in the United Kingdom to describe a very small urban settlement.</li>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">
<li><b>Township:</b> Used as a municipal designation exclusively in Australia. It is equivalent to a village. </li>
</span></span></span></span></span></span>
<li><b>Hamlet:</b> A very rare title for a municipality that only occurs in four municipalities in Ohio. It is often used colloquially for an unincorporated rural settlement. </li>
<li><b>Unincorporated:</b> Used by 15 Canadian municipalities and five in Newfoundland. </li>
</span></span></span></span></span></span></ul>
</blockquote>
<ul><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">
<li style="font-family: inherit;"><b>R Pop. (Relationship Population):</b> The cumulative population of all of the municipalities that are dependent on the municipality around the year 1900. If there were no municipalities dependent then the morphological population will be identical to the municipality proper's population. No morphological population figure will be displayed for municipalities which are dependent. When it comes to municipalities of similar size (and typically amalgamated as a new entity), the morphological population will be stated only for the municipality that had the most people. </li>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">
<li><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">2</span>° Admin. Cap (Secondary Administrative Division Capital)<span style="font-family: inherit;">:</span></b><span style="font-family: inherit;"> If the municipality is the seat or capital of the secondary administrative division (i.e., county, district, or parish [Louisiana]) that it is located in a "Yes" is displayed. In Australia, there are counties used for division purposes but they do not have any political function and thus no capital so I indicate if it was the "largest" in the county. </span></li>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">
<li style="font-family: inherit;"><b><b>1<b>° </b>Admin.</b> Cap. (Primary Administrative Division Capital):</b> If the municipality is the capital of the primary administrative division (i.e., state, province, territory, etc.) that it is located in a "yes" is displayed.</li>
<li style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Constituency Cap. (Constituency Capital):</b> If the municipality is the capital of the constituency that it is located in (i.e., England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man) a "yes" is displayed. </li>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">
<li><b>2° <span style="font-family: inherit;">Political Cap. (Political Capital):</span></b><span style="font-family: inherit;"> If the municipality is the capital of the political entity (i.e., country, dominion, or colony) that it is located in a "yes" is displayed. Note: London, England takes precedent over colonial and dominion capitals.</span></li>
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
<li><b><span style="font-family: inherit;"># in </span>2° Admin.<span style="font-family: inherit;"> (Number in Secondary Administrative Division):</span></b><span style="font-family: inherit;"> The municipality's population rank relative to the other municipalities found within the same secondary administrative division (i.e., county, district, or parish [Louisiana]).</span></li>
<li><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Total in </span>2° Admin.<span style="font-family: inherit;"> (Total in <b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Secondary Administrative Division</span></b>):</span></b><span style="font-family: inherit;"> The total number of municipalities found in the same secondary administrative division (i.e., county, district, or parish [Louisiana]).</span></li>
<span style="font-size: small;">
<li><b><span style="font-family: inherit;"># 1</span><b>° <span style="font-family: inherit;">Admin.</span></b><span style="font-family: inherit;"> (Number in Primary </span><b style="font-family: inherit;">Administrative Division)</b><span style="font-family: inherit;">:</span></b><span style="font-family: inherit;"> The municipality's population rank relative to the other municipalities found within the same primary administrative division (i.e., state, province, territory, etc.). </span></li>
<li><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Total 1</span>°<span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span><b style="font-family: inherit;">Admin.</b><span style="font-family: inherit;"> (Total in <b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Primary</span></b> </span><b style="font-family: inherit;">Administrative Division)</b><span style="font-family: inherit;">:</span></b><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span>The total number of municipalities found in the same primary administrative division (i.e., state, province, territory, etc.).</li>
<li><b># in Constituency (Number in Constituency):</b> The municipality's population rank relative to the other municipalities found within the same constituency. (i.e., England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man)</li>
<li><b>Total in Constituency:</b> The total number of municipalities found in the same constituency (i.e., England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man). </li>
<li><b><span style="font-family: inherit;"># in </span>2° <span style="font-family: inherit;">Political Entity (Number Secondary in Political Entity):</span></b><span style="font-family: inherit;"> The municipality's population rank relative to the other municipalities found within the same primary political entity (i.e., country, dominion, or colony).</span></li>
<li><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Total in </span>2°<span style="font-family: inherit;"> Political Entity (Total in Secondary Political Entity):</span></b><span style="font-family: inherit;"> The total number of municipalities found in the same political entity (i.e., country, dominion, or colony).</span></li>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">
<li><b><span style="font-family: inherit;"># in 1</span>° <span style="font-family: inherit;">Political Entity (Number in Primary Political Entity):</span></b><span style="font-family: inherit;"> The municipality's population rank relative to the other municipalities found within the same primary political entity. i.e., the DES British Empire or the American Empire (completely informal entity).</span></li>
<li><b><span style="font-family: inherit;">Total in 1</span>°<span style="font-family: inherit;"> Political Entity (Total in Primary Political Entity):</span></b><span style="font-family: inherit;"> The total number of municipalities found in the same political entity (i.e., country, dominion, or colony).</span></li>
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<li style="font-family: inherit;"><b># in DES British Empire (Number in Developed English Speaking British Empire):</b> The municipality's population rank relative to the other municipalities found within the developed English speaking British Empire. </li>
<li style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Total in DES British Empire (Total in Developed English Speaking British Empire):</b> The total number of municipalities found in the developed English speaking British Empire. </li>
<li style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Region:</b> The name of the region that the municipality is found in (i.e., North America, British Isles, or Oceania). </li>
<li style="font-family: inherit;"><b># in Region (Number in Region):</b> The municipality's population rank relative to the other municipalities in this article located in the same region (i.e., Africa, British Isles, North America, or Oceania). </li>
<li style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Total in Region:</b> The total number of municipalities found in the region (i.e., Africa, British Isles, North America, or Oceania). </li>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">
<li style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Rail Companies:</b> </span>Which rail companies provided service to the municipality [9]. Each number corresponds to a rail company name in the table in section 4.3.</li>
<span style="font-size: small;">
<li><b>Navigable Waterbody:</b> The name of the navigable waterbody the municipality is on [5].</li>
<li><b>Great Lakes Waterway:</b> If the municipality is in some way connected to the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence River by a navigable route, a "Yes" is displayed. In 1900 the Mississippi River was connected connected to the Great Lakes by at least one operational canal that ran southwest from Chicago meaning that if you're connected to one you have a navigable water route to the other. Despite this I only indicate one or the other with the exception of those municipalities actually situated along the canals that connected the Great Lakes and the Mississippi transportation routes. The exact date some canals were completely nonoperational is vague so it is difficult to determine whether or not a number of municipalities still had access to water transportation as this mode had been phased out by the competition of rail [5]. </li>
<li><b>Mississippi River:</b> If the municipality is in some way (other than the exception stated above) connected to the Mississippi River by a navigable route a "Yes" is displayed. </li>
<li><b>Ocean:</b> If the municipality is on or is in some way connected to an ocean by a navigable waterway (naturally, by canal, or other engineering projects), the name of that ocean is displayed in this column. If the municipality is on a landlocked navigable waterbody "Inland" is displayed [5].</li>
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">
<li style="font-family: inherit;"><b>Sources:</b> The sources for the population figure. Each number corresponds to the numbers used in the reference section at the end of this article. </li>
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></ul>
</div>
<ul><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span></ul>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">3.2 Abbreviations</span></h3>
<br />
The following abbreviations are used in the primary data table.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/14n7vWR6H9PNto5MN1MAT_vt_WRA8QGTFAymO5IItQkQ/pubchart?oid=664966015&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe> <span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white;"></span></div>
<ul></ul>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">3.3 Railway Key</span></h3>
</div>
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<br />
<span style="background-color: white;">Below is a key for railway companies column found in the primary data table.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<iframe frameborder="0" height="619" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/14n7vWR6H9PNto5MN1MAT_vt_WRA8QGTFAymO5IItQkQ/pubchart?oid=325614329&format=interactive" width="725"></iframe></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
</div>
</div>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">4 Population Data and Interactive Maps</span></h3>
<div>
<br /></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 14.9499998092651px; white-space: pre-wrap;">In this section is one interactive table and four interactive Google Maps. The table </span>has its own independent scroll bars on the bottom and on the right of its interface. You can use them to navigate from column to column and row to row. You can also click on the different headers to sort by them.<br />
<br />
Beneath the table are the interactive Google Maps, close by to allow one to go back and forth easily. The first one is for North America, the second for the British Isles, and the third for Oceania. The icons mean the following:<br />
<ul>
<li>Gold Star: 100,000+ inhabitants.</li>
<li>Red Diamond 20,000-100,000 inhabitants.</li>
<li>Red Square 10,000-20,000 inhabitants.</li>
<li>Red Circle 5,000-10,000 inhabitants.</li>
<li>Pink Circle: 2,500-5,000 inhabitants.</li>
<li>Grey Circle: 1,500-2,500 inhabitants.</li>
<li>White Circle: 1,000-1,500 inhabitants.</li>
</ul>
When you click on an icon it will display the corresponding municipality's population and rank. Since initially making the map I've updated the ranking so it might be a little bit off the further you go down. The table is the most reliable source. There's a full screen option on the map in the upper right of its interface, that version has a search bar that you can use to search for any of the municipalities. On this version you may also be able to enable and disable map layers that represent different population ranges depending on the map selected.<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li>North America: <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@46.8871487,-111.9290382,6860186m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!6m1!1sz54SYH0JArBA.kDktRpkytqUY" target="_blank">Google Street View Enabled Version</a> (Unstable, reverts to normal map frequently).</li>
<li>British Isles: <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@52.4584715,-2.3757741,1858914m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!6m1!1sz54SYH0JArBA.kUuGFQTq9wlc" target="_blank">Google Street View Enabled Version</a> (Unstable, reverts to normal map frequently).</li>
<li>Oceania: <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@-34.0334784,149.8746361,7432778m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!6m1!1sz54SYH0JArBA.k6myqzhzJYRc" target="_blank">Google Street View Enabled Version</a> (Unstable, reverts to normal map frequently).</li>
<li>Southern Africa: <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@-29.2694079,25.2423407,3717188m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2!6m1!1sz54SYH0JArBA.kU2ZpUZkkAtU" target="_blank">Google Street View Enabled Version</a> (Unstable, reverts to normal map frequently).</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div>
<br />
- Information last updated 18/01/2015 <br />- NOTE: For an unknown reason, only 100 rows are showing up at any given time in the table below.<br />
<br />
<iframe frameborder="0" height="649" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/14n7vWR6H9PNto5MN1MAT_vt_WRA8QGTFAymO5IItQkQ/pubchart?oid=1496537295&format=interactive" width="880"></iframe><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<iframe height="480" src="https://mapsengine.google.com/map/embed?mid=z54SYH0JArBA.kDktRpkytqUY" width="640"></iframe></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<iframe height="480" src="https://mapsengine.google.com/map/embed?mid=z54SYH0JArBA.kUuGFQTq9wlc" width="640"></iframe></div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<iframe height="480" src="https://mapsengine.google.com/map/embed?mid=z54SYH0JArBA.k6myqzhzJYRc" width="640"></iframe> <span style="font-family: inherit; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<iframe height="480" src="https://www.google.com/maps/d/embed?mid=z54SYH0JArBA.kU2ZpUZkkAtU" width="640"></iframe> <span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;"><br /></span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">5 Observations</span></h3>
</div>
<div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>5.1 General Observations</b></span></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
Within this article there were in total, 67,863,817 people who lived in one of the 5,972 municipalities. The total number of people in all of these political entities combined adds up to 134,430,253, meaning that 50.5% of the population lived within a municipality. The cumulative population of all of the municipalities divided by two is 33,929,772 which is roughly the same population as the top 136 most populated municipalities combined. The average population for a municipality is 11,362.<br />
<br />
It's interesting to look at the data, how populated San Francisco, a west coast municipality was. Buffalo was all the way up at the 8th largest city in 1900 and today it only has 261,310 inhabitants. It's not just that some cities have lost population, but their character has also changed largely in that people enjoy living in the suburbs. The metropolitan population of Buffalo today is actually 1,135,509 people.<br />
<br />
<div>
Below are three tables. The first table compares the four different regions in this article, the second, compares all of the political entities, and the third compares all of the administrative divisions. In the third table, for the political entities that are found in southern Africa, both a total and white-only population are included for a comparison. Another exception in this table is that there are no administrative divisions included for Africa. This is because the colonies that would become administrative divisions in the future weren't united until the Union of South Africa in 1910 (this exception also applies for Newfoundland's relationship with Canada).<br />
<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<iframe frameborder="0" height="149" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/14n7vWR6H9PNto5MN1MAT_vt_WRA8QGTFAymO5IItQkQ/pubchart?oid=1458859342&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Regional comparison<br />
<br /></div>
</div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<iframe frameborder="0" height="408" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/14n7vWR6H9PNto5MN1MAT_vt_WRA8QGTFAymO5IItQkQ/pubchart?oid=1333202805&format=interactive" width="670"></iframe></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
When looking at the distribution of the white population in southern Africa in the table above, it appears to be pretty clear that the white population tended to build and live in urban centres.</div>
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<iframe frameborder="0" height="438" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/14n7vWR6H9PNto5MN1MAT_vt_WRA8QGTFAymO5IItQkQ/pubchart?oid=2095782325&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
An interesting thing to note is that although the county of London, England only contains one municipality, which it happens to be conterminous with, it ranks as the fourth most populated primary administrative division out of all of the DESW. </div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br />
Below is a chart displaying every municipality analyzed in this article that contained more than 100,000 inhabitants around the year 1900. </div>
<br /></div>
<div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<iframe frameborder="0" height="371" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/14n7vWR6H9PNto5MN1MAT_vt_WRA8QGTFAymO5IItQkQ/pubchart?oid=539184980&format=interactive" width="702"></iframe></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br />
<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">5.2 United States Specific Observations</span></h3>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
Below is a table listing all of the secondary administrative divisions that existed in the United States in the year 1900 by population from the most populated. Included are a number of attributes for each secondary administrative division including, from left to right:<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><b>Rank by Pop.:</b> The rank by total administrative division population.</li>
<li><b>Rank by # of Municipalities >1,000:</b>The rank by the number of municipalities with more than 1,000 inhabitants located within the secondary administrative division. </li>
<li><b>Rank by Inc. Pop. >1,000:</b> The rank by the cumulative population of all municipalities with more than 1,000 inhabitants located within the secondary administrative division.</li>
<li><b>2° Admin.:</b> The name of the secondary administrative division. </li>
<li><b>AD:</b> "Administrative designation", meaning what the secondary administrative division is referred to as. e.g., County, Parish (used in Louisiana), City (meaning the city is independent of any surrounding secondary administrative division government), Indian Reserve, Nation, or Park Reserve (Yellowstone National Park).</li>
<li><b>1° Admin.:</b> The name of the primary administrative division that the secondary administrative division is located in. </li>
<li><b>Established:</b> The year that the secondary administrative division was established.</li>
<li><b>2° Admin. Pop.:</b> The population of the secondary administrative division in the year 1900.</li>
<li><b>Area (km2):</b> The area of the secondary administrative division in kilometres cubed.</li>
<li><b>Density (km3):</b> The density of the secondary administrative division.</li>
<li><b>2° Admin. Cap.:</b> The name of the capital (typically referred to as a "seat") of the secondary administrative division.</li>
<li><b>Cap. Population:</b> The population of the capital of the secondary administrative division. Many times the seat itself wasn't incorporated in 1900, thus nothing may be stated for many municipalities in this column.</li>
<li><b># Municipalities >1,000:</b> The number of municipalities with more than 1,000 inhabitants found within the secondary administrative division in the year 1900.</li>
<li><b>Sum:</b> The sum of all of the municipalities with more than 1,000 inhabitants found within the secondary administrative division in the year 1900. </li>
<li><b>% Urban:</b> The percent of the secondary administrative division that was urban given the condition of having to be within a municipality above the 1,000 inhabitants threshold. </li>
<li><b>Etymology:</b> This column looks at the source of the secondary administrative division's name. It only focuses on those that were named after people. </li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<iframe frameborder="0" height="646" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/14n7vWR6H9PNto5MN1MAT_vt_WRA8QGTFAymO5IItQkQ/pubchart?oid=2051255267&format=interactive" width="880"></iframe>
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br />
It is interesting to note that secondary administrative divisions in the Midwest almost always contain a municipality with more than 1,000 inhabitants. Some in Texas hold very few inhabitants with Bailey as few as 4. Many times those with such low populations do not possess seats of government.<br />
<br />
Below is a table listing the names of all of the people who had secondary administrative divisions named after them in the United States in the year 1900.<br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<iframe frameborder="0" height="650" scrolling="no" seamless="" src="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/14n7vWR6H9PNto5MN1MAT_vt_WRA8QGTFAymO5IItQkQ/pubchart?oid=2097166617&format=interactive" width="600"></iframe>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">5.3 Distribution Map Observations</span></h3>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b>Regional Comparison</b></div>
<br />
The following is a series of screenshots from the interactive Google map. Each screenshot has the same field of view to allow for comparison.<br />
<br />
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<div style="text-align: center;">
The states of New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio along with surrounding areas. Note the corridors of municipalities radiating outwards from Pittsburgh along the industrialized river valleys. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcHYdal1fAqCb4dA71faVnqKYe4jG4ZKqLTAWlaivUMm92Zmktp6I8rpGzlDUWIBAzd127IiPVnHGBTKeCQ2hCnkpI1zdGxCUxoUCI6ycCb1bDNb5zzpmB-7dyBpqL3JpPugmKNqN2_BIv/s1600/11116.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="434" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcHYdal1fAqCb4dA71faVnqKYe4jG4ZKqLTAWlaivUMm92Zmktp6I8rpGzlDUWIBAzd127IiPVnHGBTKeCQ2hCnkpI1zdGxCUxoUCI6ycCb1bDNb5zzpmB-7dyBpqL3JpPugmKNqN2_BIv/s1600/11116.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
The American Midwestern states of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois along with the populated southern portions of Wisconsin and the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. St. Louis, Missouri is visible in the lower left too. Note the corridors of municipalities that followed railway lines particularly in Illinois. Chicago's streetcar suburbs are also apparent.</div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
Eastern Texas and Louisiana along with some surrounding states. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOODm0LAVcfzsXh_siXNCf51ZaCn7Epmrd-mZr4HKXFcicOUWPcg6QALTGXHwHB590r0Ymo7fJZVjBuU0aPqXv3dteCDyZ_8VtJfsrg2sroMR91vaobIuNV7Rqe0pRoPfQy4mA9pE61ehR/s1600/11112.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOODm0LAVcfzsXh_siXNCf51ZaCn7Epmrd-mZr4HKXFcicOUWPcg6QALTGXHwHB590r0Ymo7fJZVjBuU0aPqXv3dteCDyZ_8VtJfsrg2sroMR91vaobIuNV7Rqe0pRoPfQy4mA9pE61ehR/s1600/11112.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
All of Wales, the majority of England, and the south eastern portion of Ireland. Note the dense clusters of municipalities around London, south Wales, and Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds, and Sheffield, continuing to an extent down through Nottingham, Derby, Leicester, and over to Birmingham. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjezoJRNsknflP09fvbppBv4EPY47oPiy3YVBj2ukv2VeOjbq74XxRPABcN5uChV8zRIOty_8llzW-x6NLUScB6N2rLHpwR5VQjZ7OTmb3OMQ0G8dwstei58lYRTuePsswHObA6UaR4maOO/s1600/11114.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjezoJRNsknflP09fvbppBv4EPY47oPiy3YVBj2ukv2VeOjbq74XxRPABcN5uChV8zRIOty_8llzW-x6NLUScB6N2rLHpwR5VQjZ7OTmb3OMQ0G8dwstei58lYRTuePsswHObA6UaR4maOO/s1600/11114.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Northern England, the majority of Scotland, and northern Ireland. </div>
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Southern New South Wales and Victoria, Australia.</div>
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The southern portion of Western Australia which contains the majority of the population along with the capital, Perth. </div>
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The southern portion of the North Island of New Zealand along with the northern part of its South Island. Two of New Zealand's most prominent urban areas are visible; Christchurch on the South Island and the capital Wellington on the North Island.<br />
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Basutoland (Lesotho), Natal, Orange River, Swaziland, Transvaal, and Zululand all in the area of northeastern South Africa. </div>
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Ireland has a similar density to the denser areas found in North America.<br />
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<b>North America</b></div>
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Perhaps one of the most noticeable observations of all is just how few municipalities are present in the western half of the United States compared to the eastern half as can be seen in the figure below. Another visible trend can be seen in the state of Utah where municipalities seemingly make a path across the state. Also quite noticeable is the aggregation of municipalities along interior valley regions among the Pacific coast states. The following are do not all possess the same field of view.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCc5H_SAMdGW4E15-P72kJHIkYA1oGZApRYasISroNVzemJUjztuLGaplFgSiovm_eUly1gTs_5232fri8kX08oRzsM2YwYpv0VJSRbiioAQFujeVaVBVUT1BrvjKqMZz8PgM4mGLrD2w2/s1600/The+West.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="366" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCc5H_SAMdGW4E15-P72kJHIkYA1oGZApRYasISroNVzemJUjztuLGaplFgSiovm_eUly1gTs_5232fri8kX08oRzsM2YwYpv0VJSRbiioAQFujeVaVBVUT1BrvjKqMZz8PgM4mGLrD2w2/s1600/The+West.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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A screenshot of the Western United States and the populated parts of Western Canada from the interactive Google map found in this article.</div>
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The southern portion of the United States is noticeably less dense in municipalities as seen below. Some areas appearing completely absent of them particularly the Mark Twain National Forest (upper left in the figure below), many parts of West Virginia, and parts of Kentucky and Tennessee. Another noticeable trend is the lack of municipalities present along the Atlantic coast especially compared to those that are among the inland areas of those coastal states. There is also a very prominent north-south corridor visible in the state of Mississippi near the bottom middle of the image below. Also, the municipalities in Texas and Oklahoma Territory seemingly make a column that supports Kansas. The area around Joplin in the far southwestern portion of Missouri is also interesting in its density of municipalities.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh5LNroVqGUXiO5IWvtR6y-IaDxtudWjr7RFIU4aXkAfomX7xFz6xhnThXQwpRAHLao_Kz9Wq4zeSJ9vOg6-eL1YndnyCAZ0_rGzCO9S3CLVJeYK_ALOGjpYCmPoQGWhyHX_vPcH1bMDq2/s1600/The+South.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="364" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh5LNroVqGUXiO5IWvtR6y-IaDxtudWjr7RFIU4aXkAfomX7xFz6xhnThXQwpRAHLao_Kz9Wq4zeSJ9vOg6-eL1YndnyCAZ0_rGzCO9S3CLVJeYK_ALOGjpYCmPoQGWhyHX_vPcH1bMDq2/s1600/The+South.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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A screenshot of the general area of the American south from the interactive Google map found in this article.</div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">Waterways are a common physical geographical feature that urban areas are frequently found along. The Erie Canal (now known as the New York State Barge Canal System) is a very prominent feature on the map when only the </span>municipalities<span style="font-family: inherit;"> with more than 5,000+ inhabitants layer is enabled. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbecZS8d9MXpuyrfbHAMQeb9GbGiZZPlq8HIsKbZNrA730Tdkw5VZnlIy8TYaMTpudQdh09V379MeQLmqFZck-bPuStvQjIHpaJJ1U3jljDrNI0uteAKCAsZ_F_1JZuyM9LE_NyTQ5K-Cx/s1600/barge.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="366" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbecZS8d9MXpuyrfbHAMQeb9GbGiZZPlq8HIsKbZNrA730Tdkw5VZnlIy8TYaMTpudQdh09V379MeQLmqFZck-bPuStvQjIHpaJJ1U3jljDrNI0uteAKCAsZ_F_1JZuyM9LE_NyTQ5K-Cx/s1600/barge.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">A screenshot of the interactive Google map found in this article with only the 5,000+ inhabitants layer enabled. The Erie Canal has been highlighted in yellow.</span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">The Lackawanna River Valley around Scranton, Pennsylvania possesses a very noticeable trend as well. The valley is known for its coal mining and there were many municipalities all along the valley especially between Carbondale and Nanticoke. When all of the populations of these municipalities between the </span>aforementioned<span style="font-family: inherit;"> are added together it comes to 303,611 inhabitants distributed between 33 formally incorporated municipalities. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL-c_zo_t8B-cybH5TjrIxkVSN4H_-F_xu95fruSsFzlIFnFuwfzNvc-1Z0fVgkPMCpzjdTpKrmXaNNU2226Vy3yDxkGiTg9Gpd0mTXRs4_qP0lRsrZ3-j7mXXQQ-oFiL9Z6-Jodg2Q5YD/s1600/Lackawanna.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="364" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL-c_zo_t8B-cybH5TjrIxkVSN4H_-F_xu95fruSsFzlIFnFuwfzNvc-1Z0fVgkPMCpzjdTpKrmXaNNU2226Vy3yDxkGiTg9Gpd0mTXRs4_qP0lRsrZ3-j7mXXQQ-oFiL9Z6-Jodg2Q5YD/s1600/Lackawanna.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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A screenshot of the Lackawanna River Valley from the interactive Google map found in this article.<br />
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<h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">5.4 Architectural Observations</span></h3>
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<b>British Derived Similarities</b></div>
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Among the places being referred to as the DESW in this article there are a number of similarities regarding their architecture. For one, since English is the language of the privileged class, much of the terminology used to describe 19th century styles is similar although there are many vernacular variations too. For example, among all of these places the term "Victorian" (refers the British monarch at the time) might be used to describe many eclectic styles that came to prominence during the late 19th century. In the areas not controlled by the United States (since the term "Federalist" is used there instead) the term "Regency" might also be commonly used to described the styles of architecture built under the reign of the Prince Regent (King George IV of the United Kingdom). In areas that had British settlement before 1860 the term "Georgian" may be used to describe British derived architecture in the United States before the War of Independence and in the rest of the British Empire up until 1860 when the styles that propagated under the reigns of a successive line of monarchs named George gave away to the more eclectic stylings of the Victorian era.<br />
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Through all of this, many of these styles can also be witnessed in places not analyzed in this article due to both the vastness of the British Empire and the United States' control and also their hegemonic power.<br />
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<b>Victorian Era Eclectic Neoclassical Stone Architecture</b></div>
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Here I use "Victorian era eclectic neoclassical stone architecture" as an informal umbrella term. For this comparison, look for the similarities between the finely cut stone masonry buildings. Many of much of them are derived from Greek/Roman and Renaissance architecture. Also mixed in are motifs derived from French and Italian architecture. Below, some of the most archetypal motifs are highlighted:</div>
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<li style="text-align: left;">Pediments: In original Greek architecture a pediment was a triangular ornament that sat on top of the entablature (the superstructure between the tops of the columns and the pediment). On the buildings shown in this article, pediments can also come in the form of "curved", "broken", and "open".</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">Columns/Pilasters: Vertical motifs with a base and topped with a capital. These are typically found between windows and around doors. The can be freestanding or bas-relief. Many times there will be a portico attached to the fronts of prominent buildings that is composed of columns supporting a pediment.</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">Cornices: Horizontal ledges that protrude outwards from the façade (in classical architecture it was the topmost element of the entablature). Most commonly found along the roof line (where it would likely be the most prominent ledge on the entire façade) but also commonly found visually dividing each storey. </li>
<li style="text-align: left;">Dentils: Tooth-like blocks under the cornices.</li>
<li style="text-align: left;">Quoining: Blocks on the corners and around windows.</li>
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On the left is the Chief Secretary's Building, Sydney, Australia (487,932 inhabitants in 1901). Built 1873-1880. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@-33.863232,151.212895,3a,75y,268.42h,92.56t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1shCbZ5nh35QdS9Gcol6gw_Q!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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At the end of the street is the Halifax Town Hall built 1861-1863. Halifax, England, United Kingdom (104,933 inhabitants in 1901). Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@53.723822,-1.860521,3a,75y,337.92h,102.15t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sYU-PkSWk3L6JT3pDxhMB3g!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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The Dominion Building used as Halifax, Nova Scotia's (40,832 inhabitants in 1901) central post office. Built 1867. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@44.648229,-63.573132,3a,75y,39.7h,99.8t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sB-BR547qbZ1xT6zcg1Qqxg!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.<br />
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Cape Town's city hall, finished in 1905, although technically of the Edwardian era, bears a strong resemblance to the other architecture in this subsection. The urban area was home to 169,641 inhabitants in 1904. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@-33.9251273,18.4239862,3a,75y,195.26h,103.15t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1shBajhYLs-wfEnGjsd8I__A!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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Brownstone terraced housing in Harlem, New York City (3,437,202 inhabitants in 1900) Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@40.803856,-73.946063,3a,45.1y,334.83h,98.47t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1smI4G1TzSObn1U5L6PDBJRw!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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The James C. Flood Mansion, better known as the Pacific-Union Club in San Francisco, California (342,782 inhabitants in 1900). It was built in 1886 from brownstone that was quarried in Connecticut and shipped around Cape Horn to the other side of the Americas. It amazingly survived the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and fire. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@37.791805,-122.411309,3a,75y,345.84h,93.66t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sBLIGQJqQeyc3pbiqs5Ubaw!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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On the right is the British Empire Building in Montreal, Quebec (267,730 inhabitants in 1901). It was built in 1874. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@45.503955,-73.557523,3a,75y,140.07h,97.98t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1se2neV7p__NKP6_srQxPvfw!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY4luWkJOvWZ4r5fXWhVGd0Mw2oTCD0RossknqJI9HkRHqcPXdbYqoYilavCx0Bb9WwWUr94DvBCUkyPKQLTvYi3BlWT1PzdBxN5h4HCQ1kObShJEwW8w1cunfn1wd0r0UCBRFi8-i1RsK/s1600/Oamaru+New+Zealand.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiY4luWkJOvWZ4r5fXWhVGd0Mw2oTCD0RossknqJI9HkRHqcPXdbYqoYilavCx0Bb9WwWUr94DvBCUkyPKQLTvYi3BlWT1PzdBxN5h4HCQ1kObShJEwW8w1cunfn1wd0r0UCBRFi8-i1RsK/s1600/Oamaru+New+Zealand.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
Victorian limestone commercial buildings in Oamaru, New Zealand (4,800 inhabitants in 1901). To the right is the Criterion Hotel, built 1877. To the extreme right with a British flag on top is Smith's Grain Store, built 1882. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@-45.102594,170.970063,3a,75y,126.07h,92.1t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sgJLbQcMoJcxlnEvVyYihBw!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<b>Victorian Era M</b><b>unicipal Buildings, Capitols, and Other Public Buildings</b></div>
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One of the most common repeating elements to look for in this comparison are the clock towers. Richardsonian Romanesque was a popular style during the Victorian Era, Toronto's Old City Hall being an example below. All of the buildings share an imposing appearance.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCDWUzH6Avg6xWxarvOC6Min8zzYTF5MiXrJuZtZv9_55-fnRLz4oc5pTqEkE1_TYvJyfP-8boxTis6C8y3vHstECydNKjEt7firyQVueJQnNyMTxJMk5ts5zqAcUV1pikdXSu7PuspWhN/s1600/Toronto+Old+City+Hall.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCDWUzH6Avg6xWxarvOC6Min8zzYTF5MiXrJuZtZv9_55-fnRLz4oc5pTqEkE1_TYvJyfP-8boxTis6C8y3vHstECydNKjEt7firyQVueJQnNyMTxJMk5ts5zqAcUV1pikdXSu7PuspWhN/s1600/Toronto+Old+City+Hall.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Toronto, Ontario's (208,040 inhabitants in 1901) Old City Hall built 1889-1899 in the Richardsonian Romanesque style. When it was completed it was the largest municipal building in North America. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@43.651774,-79.382397,3a,74.3y,38.47h,104.93t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sdEKoG9NJPySml-_UzFywAw!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTQdQ_2L2XBSTFlVAKRze_YKLjd5lsoOHJom83Q4XpLHsaIXxnwuWIvmqBUbPmFe7PtCj3d8UNhM_fbI1YrsG6QA_s9P5TLvzsE6vPDEuklseUqu2sqpvAjkkR-xVbQ5iLq4TF6cUrnO8_/s1600/Manchester+City+Hall+1+DARKER.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTQdQ_2L2XBSTFlVAKRze_YKLjd5lsoOHJom83Q4XpLHsaIXxnwuWIvmqBUbPmFe7PtCj3d8UNhM_fbI1YrsG6QA_s9P5TLvzsE6vPDEuklseUqu2sqpvAjkkR-xVbQ5iLq4TF6cUrnO8_/s1600/Manchester+City+Hall+1+DARKER.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Manchester, England's (543,969 inhabitants in 1901) town hall built 1868-1877, it is considered to be one of the finest Victorian and Gothic-Revival buildings ever built. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@53.479931,-2.244684,3a,75y,169.51h,106.18t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sj-8TYpG36TRTiKdLcHkxGQ!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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South Melbourne, Australia's town hall built 1879-1880 and is regarded as the grandest expression of Victorian Second Empire styling to be found in Australia. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@-37.834654,144.959387,3a,75y,20.17h,100.73t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1s1vcCBx7sRCxoKTbHEOzH4A!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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The New York State Capitol Building in Albany New York (94,151 inhabitants in 1900). It was built between 1867-1890 at a cost of $25 million (half a billion today). Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@42.653391,-73.756562,3a,49y,215.86h,103.39t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sZbApvUs6TXPYgabiSZQ1kg!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<b>Victorian Era W</b><b>orking Class Residential Architecture</b></div>
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Simplicity wouldn't be a surprise to find among the architecture of the Victorian working classes. Still, some examples do possess ornamentation, especially tenement buildings like the ones found in New York City. The working class housing arguably shows the most diversity between regions, where even within Britain tenements are more commonly found in Scotland and terraced housing in England. In Australia, New Zealand, and the areas of South Africa differ in that there is a higher prevalence of verandas, likely due to the warmer climate. Working class construction also tends to take on more vernacular styling since its more likely to utilize what materials are readily available and whatever methods of construction are the simplest. Below is a series of images illustrating worker's terraces found among the places analyzed in this article.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLRX6dXTHLyeLlILscSkM_hdRULny0s48QnPdHinrRrn5G5MkdTHIKexDu57WGc2dHDtZcp9Buvtj20-WHrQ8Ef9SqCaSJFQNDqP9QcmNckEOXQjdd7DcJrM6koUtc0ymW76iEk8JBuzDx/s1600/Dublin+Working+Class.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLRX6dXTHLyeLlILscSkM_hdRULny0s48QnPdHinrRrn5G5MkdTHIKexDu57WGc2dHDtZcp9Buvtj20-WHrQ8Ef9SqCaSJFQNDqP9QcmNckEOXQjdd7DcJrM6koUtc0ymW76iEk8JBuzDx/s1600/Dublin+Working+Class.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Working class terraced housing in Dublin, Ireland, home to 290,600 inhabitants in 1901. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@53.334596,-6.2716,3a,75y,285.58h,77.19t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sRkSZBxSEy93YV1a-07i7kQ!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUR1rbtWDZPBqCO4FoTn2u9TFgyAAnpzAG2bxxyS9OTkRaodttqNcb9bQ9uYc7GnUaP0zvW0QK04LG22iw7nPfkIxFlr1LWhgCWSkAAkuAD5YNHmx2VjHHtvakmkSK7Z19EnimzuuERQSk/s1600/Johns.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUR1rbtWDZPBqCO4FoTn2u9TFgyAAnpzAG2bxxyS9OTkRaodttqNcb9bQ9uYc7GnUaP0zvW0QK04LG22iw7nPfkIxFlr1LWhgCWSkAAkuAD5YNHmx2VjHHtvakmkSK7Z19EnimzuuERQSk/s1600/Johns.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
Terraced houses in St. John's, Newfoundland which is now part of Canada. It was home to 29,594 inhabitants in 1901. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@47.5701468,-52.7020012,3a,47.2y,95.72h,89.9t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sg0nh96JunkpGpkRCcbxs4w!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivleTdXrW5isOevzvCjPfMwVLlYtTifxTMWLsCGx4EEk7jNrKvM6S9Bp1PEAk1Rt4K8jffIRbzzQySbrxZNLuNaJqEn4-ZputjubCxMJmT0WY1srpFBdA_qJfOurKd4-CSsnecfCqxLx63/s1600/Leeds+Working+Class.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivleTdXrW5isOevzvCjPfMwVLlYtTifxTMWLsCGx4EEk7jNrKvM6S9Bp1PEAk1Rt4K8jffIRbzzQySbrxZNLuNaJqEn4-ZputjubCxMJmT0WY1srpFBdA_qJfOurKd4-CSsnecfCqxLx63/s1600/Leeds+Working+Class.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
Working class housing in Leeds, England, home to 428,953 inhabitants in 1901. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@53.809002,-1.572067,3a,75y,343.6h,83.93t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sVd9q5IiEyxwfv0eH_tNLQg!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGPL746leh4H6c89po_VRAOQ8JaunwdN9p-11IkRLs5tGUUV_dTQGO8DM1ZFHnwaMCIu8gzot4CMp-pVXDeWTHpZJzBI7JPEKO6KpRUj6jnuNj50cM06Zmb5El1PqDyQwr988bKZk8JpDO/s1600/Port+Elizabeth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="326" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGPL746leh4H6c89po_VRAOQ8JaunwdN9p-11IkRLs5tGUUV_dTQGO8DM1ZFHnwaMCIu8gzot4CMp-pVXDeWTHpZJzBI7JPEKO6KpRUj6jnuNj50cM06Zmb5El1PqDyQwr988bKZk8JpDO/s1600/Port+Elizabeth.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
19th century terraced houses in Port Elizabeth, Natal (South Africa), home to 32,959 inhabitants in 1904. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@-33.9615795,25.6169212,3a,51.1y,33.18h,91.38t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1s5ECrCm07hFKIkF9RXlo4gQ!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrovOm-rcegeyMRPpws2MSSFpnY9XUd_0Z945t7okR4bVDmvQGqn8e3czbSRhC_K5wj_F793Z6PTDMleRHyljaqyOxsPOJrmLRn3tPFGiq-cDJD2er0028mwLnK6mgTJYCubCL8uHNY1FP/s1600/Montreal+Quebec+Working+Class.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrovOm-rcegeyMRPpws2MSSFpnY9XUd_0Z945t7okR4bVDmvQGqn8e3czbSRhC_K5wj_F793Z6PTDMleRHyljaqyOxsPOJrmLRn3tPFGiq-cDJD2er0028mwLnK6mgTJYCubCL8uHNY1FP/s1600/Montreal+Quebec+Working+Class.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
The Victorian working class neighbourhood of Pointe-Saint-Charles in Montreal, Quebec, home to 267,730 inhabitants in 1901. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@45.479207,-73.555068,3a,75y,271.29h,84.53t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sMjJTI37ZDFIM39bxli8R9g!2e0" target="_blank">Google St</a><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@45.479207,-73.555068,3a,75y,271.29h,84.53t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sMjJTI37ZDFIM39bxli8R9g!2e0" target="_blank">reet View</a>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXnhRCpaQ72PiuOBL85dhlvNGhaEWZLG5HhxpPqk_GexdICpA95nUaG6-4Naikwd_t3MiqYN_xoAgDR5kpKlMzlXTFWqybODCLcHtRVIQXEFIp8UR8XCM7qw9iUoWeAJx0eR5D_uDbOtDP/s1600/Sydney+Working+Class.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXnhRCpaQ72PiuOBL85dhlvNGhaEWZLG5HhxpPqk_GexdICpA95nUaG6-4Naikwd_t3MiqYN_xoAgDR5kpKlMzlXTFWqybODCLcHtRVIQXEFIp8UR8XCM7qw9iUoWeAJx0eR5D_uDbOtDP/s1600/Sydney+Working+Class.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
Victorian era working class terraced housing in Glebe, Sydney, Australia, home to 487,932 inhabitants in 1901. One thing to note throughout these images is how common verandas are in warmer climates like southern Africa, Australia, and the Southern United States. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@-33.882629,151.185558,3a,75y,38.95h,83.99t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sD9b_TJcy1J5dVpSrKc1m9A!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSmDzCErLB_XEK5y3cLe-1KlrLvELR4mIil5k49VP5dlhcEmoKvZ6sthLAix2v5jCR8wuxQqGLkyRJ10unF_1v6wa1RFg31eD6XhWGjWNUngAFQ_77Xp7VEyXKneSSYjym20DVIzjeKnX5/s1600/Cape+Town.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="324" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSmDzCErLB_XEK5y3cLe-1KlrLvELR4mIil5k49VP5dlhcEmoKvZ6sthLAix2v5jCR8wuxQqGLkyRJ10unF_1v6wa1RFg31eD6XhWGjWNUngAFQ_77Xp7VEyXKneSSYjym20DVIzjeKnX5/s1600/Cape+Town.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
Terraced housing in Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope colony which is now part of South Africa. It was home to 169,641 inhabitants in 1904. Compare to the low profile and verandas of Sydney's terraced housing above. Note that both have mental roofs . Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@-33.9251411,18.4115652,3a,75y,111.57h,75.86t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sl4RzknZFvxbmq0R1kw4m3Q!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNlLZKDh2he3j-S8BFsXuF61OBuvKj1jp9HEFurlbu3dB_6T7PsaHOtUxYvStGHPSiEULIh0-NIuuECArdx8mcIwC0mujGIcMO0K3mslNFcxXzpQkL5r4rR1Mc3J8qz465VVF9F7RlJ8zr/s1600/Toronto+Townhouses.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNlLZKDh2he3j-S8BFsXuF61OBuvKj1jp9HEFurlbu3dB_6T7PsaHOtUxYvStGHPSiEULIh0-NIuuECArdx8mcIwC0mujGIcMO0K3mslNFcxXzpQkL5r4rR1Mc3J8qz465VVF9F7RlJ8zr/s1600/Toronto+Townhouses.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
Victorian terraced houses, Toronto, Ontario, home to 208,040 inhabitants in 1901. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@43.665223,-79.361317,3a,75y,10.1h,80.7t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sBmtkpJ5g7vUyLgSaoD4hKQ!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.<br />
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Below are two examples of middle class terraced housing. One is from Cape Town in southern Africa and the other is from Sydney, Australia. Note the great similarities in the iron crested balconies and the recessed verandas and balconies. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhxdeLVf9vWT768_tHWxAW8RKVCpUKifJRY4Z04XYbfvj1qtYe1decIMxWvx-XOmOjT0TnbNNGbD8LPqsS3cJv_deV77SLLudpIG1fVZ9xAyYMnuLlFhikiRJinfEY6gXTpBr6vhXHU8u9/s1600/Cape+Town2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhxdeLVf9vWT768_tHWxAW8RKVCpUKifJRY4Z04XYbfvj1qtYe1decIMxWvx-XOmOjT0TnbNNGbD8LPqsS3cJv_deV77SLLudpIG1fVZ9xAyYMnuLlFhikiRJinfEY6gXTpBr6vhXHU8u9/s1600/Cape+Town2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Terraced housing in Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope colony, which is now part of South Africa. In 1904 it was home to 169,641 inhabitants in 1904. home to Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@-33.9318866,18.4155255,3a,75y,60.98h,90.53t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1stGNqg-y6J01tgsMmNkXN6A!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.<br />
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Terrace housing in Sydney, Australia, home to 481,830 inhabitants in 1901. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@-33.8880832,151.2347674,3a,75y,331.86h,86.66t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sLPhGRunsuzKRr6l9U-rCVw!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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It is noticeable that each region has its own vernacular take on terraced housing. Another type of housing that was common among the working classes was the Victorian cottage. Below are examples found among the places analyzed in this article. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5o6M-NOWptl5o3otrk4wwmR4jAGU8eiv4s8BpQqgav7Asrs4WVExqh7KoMYCOCoyP3kxUJXAz4bgI7lMfOTrIWduSMbb9KOGFcWkfGrTroMbPQXqRhcFhQPkJrTpyrqdPz8-wuX2A2vfl/s1600/Chicago+Working.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5o6M-NOWptl5o3otrk4wwmR4jAGU8eiv4s8BpQqgav7Asrs4WVExqh7KoMYCOCoyP3kxUJXAz4bgI7lMfOTrIWduSMbb9KOGFcWkfGrTroMbPQXqRhcFhQPkJrTpyrqdPz8-wuX2A2vfl/s1600/Chicago+Working.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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A small working class cottage with a blue cornice in Chicago, Illinois, home to 1,698,575 inhabitants in 1900. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@41.905402,-87.665086,3a,53.4y,275.56h,88.1t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sutJVynWv7m6RF1REXigg0Q!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTTXVJgY9x7W3pmvcLkuQnLOLWmcm96H7kxa_EjnxJIZkanKb9Gin7ojJuE02KmW1kICIBQEXe4KhDJy3EvK3Tll10az53o9Y2NchETEmudZjsphmGuhsGtFXFhCT7dZfdsoaeoWZuf4nY/s1600/Kimberley+House.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="322" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTTXVJgY9x7W3pmvcLkuQnLOLWmcm96H7kxa_EjnxJIZkanKb9Gin7ojJuE02KmW1kICIBQEXe4KhDJy3EvK3Tll10az53o9Y2NchETEmudZjsphmGuhsGtFXFhCT7dZfdsoaeoWZuf4nY/s1600/Kimberley+House.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
A Victorian house in Kimberley, Cape of Good Hope colony, which is now part of South Africa. In 1904 it was home to 43,709 inhabitants. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@-28.7502267,24.7751698,3a,50.6y,332.99h,86.44t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1s6tXf9queFgCBctQipCSsQw!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmX2d6RvLaG898qFaAZJhp0ePB-980y2lL0vaSEIrg_V76fMmHxtu2doLRtnT-QoxOEuoJIBaYeUxZVzhX8FlY0EaFHruXd9cUcIJ7zEV-52UYFMxMam4VbgF-9vtlsIwdO0A0hlFLg5B9/s1600/Adelaide.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="322" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmX2d6RvLaG898qFaAZJhp0ePB-980y2lL0vaSEIrg_V76fMmHxtu2doLRtnT-QoxOEuoJIBaYeUxZVzhX8FlY0EaFHruXd9cUcIJ7zEV-52UYFMxMam4VbgF-9vtlsIwdO0A0hlFLg5B9/s1600/Adelaide.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
A few Victorian houses in Adelaide, Australia. Notice the similarities between the house on the middle right to Kimberley in the example above namely, the overall "L-shape" and the veranda occupying the recessed portion of the front. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@-34.9448067,138.6030734,3a,75y,357.38h,83.88t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1s6_ff2xMXlfZb9XwuB5Nslw!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvo6_A7tOKPz8dvxub1HM866CTZUZliTS-k5YYcXc5fnxmfe0TnE7283HQj5J9uVEaNzqPimXzr-1KHAwqjaYlr-j9eGJDT69fmMkqgzhyphenhyphenQFFwHglDj0rCZKiRtQm0PSpX-RzYBHm_aA99/s1600/Auckland.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="324" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvo6_A7tOKPz8dvxub1HM866CTZUZliTS-k5YYcXc5fnxmfe0TnE7283HQj5J9uVEaNzqPimXzr-1KHAwqjaYlr-j9eGJDT69fmMkqgzhyphenhyphenQFFwHglDj0rCZKiRtQm0PSpX-RzYBHm_aA99/s1600/Auckland.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
A Victorian cottage in Auckland, New Zealand, home to 67,226 inhabitants in 1901. Notice the similarities in the overall "L-shape" of the house and the veranda occupying the recessed portion of the front as with the previous two examples. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@-36.8786164,174.7460235,3a,48.9y,70.33h,88.38t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1s2N-jYpoi-VDY8EjawRkJFQ!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.<br />
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Below are the aforementioned examples of tenement housing that can be found most commonly in Edinburgh and New York City. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWv8ET6LxYTiZIU1RkJl0uz00SglBppc9Uhg2tf311Wjrnn0MjUH4KZ6mLqqUUkFshVC03RoxUriqUiL-X0a4VE25-cnJGufyVUkzOFPEogV3WRXilaLMt3zTGjAbrJhOq656cKwQjZDmo/s1600/Edinburgh+Tenements.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWv8ET6LxYTiZIU1RkJl0uz00SglBppc9Uhg2tf311Wjrnn0MjUH4KZ6mLqqUUkFshVC03RoxUriqUiL-X0a4VE25-cnJGufyVUkzOFPEogV3WRXilaLMt3zTGjAbrJhOq656cKwQjZDmo/s1600/Edinburgh+Tenements.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Tenements in Edinburgh, Scotland, home to 304,800 inhabitants in 1901. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@55.964147,-3.175764,3a,75y,24h,89.73t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sJLxiMujX3B2iPDTseWovfQ!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVHGnYJod7t5Wc0-vH2knvI-kTXfE69awFg1Pz5C9y_jEZGOx-m6X2VNrJ4PHQxNvIFE3E7bsgkmbAwV4sRjW_N8uq83O77p4MxzG_uIbB10ZDcuIYThTPLWiEAGBMZ1dmbYuYYF0Vgy5K/s1600/New+York+City+Tenements.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVHGnYJod7t5Wc0-vH2knvI-kTXfE69awFg1Pz5C9y_jEZGOx-m6X2VNrJ4PHQxNvIFE3E7bsgkmbAwV4sRjW_N8uq83O77p4MxzG_uIbB10ZDcuIYThTPLWiEAGBMZ1dmbYuYYF0Vgy5K/s1600/New+York+City+Tenements.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Victorian tenement buildings in Lower East Side, New York City, home to 3,437,202 inhabitants in 1900. View on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@40.720313,-73.984874,3a,75y,214.21h,109.48t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sT6MFpco5ZkUFVf5tI-if2g!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<b>Victorian Era R</b><b>esidential Architecture of the Wealthy: </b></div>
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The architecture of the wealthy classes in the Victorian era takes on more of the styling of the public buildings popular at the time. When it came to public buildings there would be a larger budget to work with meaning that the buildings could more easily be constructed in whatever was considered to be the height of fashion at the time. Similarly, the architecture of the wealthy classes also was built on a large budget and typically in what fashion was at its height at the time. It is because of this that the architecture of the extremely wealthy during this era can be easily confused with public buildings. In a sense, it's a compliment towards the owner's incredible wealth and power that such a mistake could be made.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJZJj7_gfpNxD4WXKNoz3IcX3yiJZ6yKLPdcIVAifu9PYMcdfcCE7gGzjejF98dqxph4ENqdRk10EXX90EnI0qE9m6ZuATQqzgBDQw4AuGJiY1Gf4qaVxs05GkeOYIaJ775hSwJtSVBBjo/s1600/Chicago+Gilded+Mansion.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJZJj7_gfpNxD4WXKNoz3IcX3yiJZ6yKLPdcIVAifu9PYMcdfcCE7gGzjejF98dqxph4ENqdRk10EXX90EnI0qE9m6ZuATQqzgBDQw4AuGJiY1Gf4qaVxs05GkeOYIaJ775hSwJtSVBBjo/s1600/Chicago+Gilded+Mansion.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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The Nickerson House (Richard H. Driehaus Museum) in Chicago, Illinois (home to 1,698,575 inhabitants in 1901) was constructed in 1883 for banker Samuel Mayo Nickerson. It's an example of an urban Gilded Age American mansion. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@41.894095,-87.626567,3a,75y,359.95h,100.77t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sB9l4kLCkyRz052lt28dDFg!2e0!5s2013-09" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrMr49umxRrXMr7A9OLNUXyozyxzq4BcBqLzfHb-Z1hRRv_5oh1no4WdoGkYiKalSNlRroP67aNlUITdwkdBVlgLM79jbLJTWkl8NcRcfrz6FRkKNKZE77btyjYjnXRiY7a2U7cwZfLGyT/s1600/Toronto+Mansion+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="472" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrMr49umxRrXMr7A9OLNUXyozyxzq4BcBqLzfHb-Z1hRRv_5oh1no4WdoGkYiKalSNlRroP67aNlUITdwkdBVlgLM79jbLJTWkl8NcRcfrz6FRkKNKZE77btyjYjnXRiY7a2U7cwZfLGyT/s1600/Toronto+Mansion+2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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The George H. Gooderham house was built in 1892 in Toronto, Ontario (home to 208,040 inhabitants in 1901) for a Manufacturer and politician. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@43.667888,-79.399967,3a,75y,70.51h,96.51t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1st-olmS4MUWyhevT3Ff5w1Q!2e0!5s2009-05" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh51cGEQXDohujHIQKPkKw34moUoFDgtvsnjx2Rl07-ioZwHaiwwOCZ_xaUYd-bdN-Db1R8j-2hwQzewrpDUli1Ixi0msNrdtc6Yl-sTX8KaA739ECIt9aAYIA_SlXKBrRXFyjj877Di4BH/s1600/New+York+City+Gilded+Age+Bright.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh51cGEQXDohujHIQKPkKw34moUoFDgtvsnjx2Rl07-ioZwHaiwwOCZ_xaUYd-bdN-Db1R8j-2hwQzewrpDUli1Ixi0msNrdtc6Yl-sTX8KaA739ECIt9aAYIA_SlXKBrRXFyjj877Di4BH/s1600/New+York+City+Gilded+Age+Bright.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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The Harry F. Sinclair (founder of Sinclair Oil) House is located on the corner of Fifth Avenue and Seventy-Ninth Street, New York City (home to 3,437,202 inhabitants in 1900). It's a fine Gilded Age mansion which was built between 1897-1899. It was built in a Châteauesque style that was popular during the late Victorian era among the most elite. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@40.776768,-73.963185,3a,75y,231.06h,99.44t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sjUkfqCDWcYtSrDBr149wJQ!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcKPBkoQb0c_ucOyzzi85PidDqvplQXJMy-fi4U01D1MMDMArG4jAKO-bFptQixQIafZ1Gwz30mHfoj_eGvDzfFms7uYAD0zxi6vVsEXsZj7x9mdxXbb9y78kN6ni-B0YUaSToIhSbBmcd/s1600/Kimberley+Mansion.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcKPBkoQb0c_ucOyzzi85PidDqvplQXJMy-fi4U01D1MMDMArG4jAKO-bFptQixQIafZ1Gwz30mHfoj_eGvDzfFms7uYAD0zxi6vVsEXsZj7x9mdxXbb9y78kN6ni-B0YUaSToIhSbBmcd/s1600/Kimberley+Mansion.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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The Dunluce or Lillianville House in Kimberley, Cape of Good Hope (South Africa) was built in 1897. The urban area of Kimberley was home to 43,709 inhabitants in 1904. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@-28.747062,24.779866,3a,63.7y,205.63h,87.4t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1s9ooVhYW9EC6rMj7uwU5NKA!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRLPg0e4oDExE97sf2tjREFF4FTX3QheGspJ8ZTLhTZikIVPIzB2LgBrz0QqV784kTTBOQSsOAm3iqa54NIdLAPQKfFCioB-bigt3uyIrt04Pu4angjb6yrDw9ILBAbVtfgqenAnhcj10X/s1600/London+Terraces.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRLPg0e4oDExE97sf2tjREFF4FTX3QheGspJ8ZTLhTZikIVPIzB2LgBrz0QqV784kTTBOQSsOAm3iqa54NIdLAPQKfFCioB-bigt3uyIrt04Pu4angjb6yrDw9ILBAbVtfgqenAnhcj10X/s1600/London+Terraces.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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A Victorian terrace lined street in Chelsea, London, England (home to <span style="text-align: start;">4,536,541 inhabitants in 1901</span>). Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@51.491565,-0.162333,3a,75y,41.83h,89.81t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sVo5YbBVfvDD8_Fb77btnMA!2e0!3e5" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEildiQ7sC1eCwUybYch32GDf9r1jphjOY7tnLHr8nk_OeJNmI99KMAfbaBjkI3l8SlEaVMqTvHifonsMXk4_cNW9Y_35OqZXBTvM15QkzIl9AGBxyafmxkBzQmW_WGSEwYCFcJyvedZ1o3-/s1600/Boston+Mansion2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEildiQ7sC1eCwUybYch32GDf9r1jphjOY7tnLHr8nk_OeJNmI99KMAfbaBjkI3l8SlEaVMqTvHifonsMXk4_cNW9Y_35OqZXBTvM15QkzIl9AGBxyafmxkBzQmW_WGSEwYCFcJyvedZ1o3-/s1600/Boston+Mansion2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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The Burrage Mansion in the Back Bay neighbourhood of Boston, Massachusetts (the city, home to 560,892 inhabitants in 1900) was built in 1899 for Albert C. Burrage who was a lawyer, politician, philanthropist, president of gas light and copper mining companies, had a major role in Standard Oil, and oversaw the construction of the Boston subway. It is also in a Châteauesque style as seen earlier with the Harry F. Sinclair House. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@42.34957,-71.086055,3a,75y,203.73h,97.46t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sfQvL8R_RGqAay0uKqgL8CA!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHCazdk6SJ4FRfGCjiknPTbguYkBtxZA3ZpUaUt3UmsobnGfSJlPTQtN4LiuXP-YQfgUoWa9C74MiUPT3C20Q2QnRLCu6NUcVEcH-Cke02_UKJDHQGK9KADU1sNTiIRbDirxcVE1VJXhob/s1600/4759866219_b1740cde84_o.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHCazdk6SJ4FRfGCjiknPTbguYkBtxZA3ZpUaUt3UmsobnGfSJlPTQtN4LiuXP-YQfgUoWa9C74MiUPT3C20Q2QnRLCu6NUcVEcH-Cke02_UKJDHQGK9KADU1sNTiIRbDirxcVE1VJXhob/s1600/4759866219_b1740cde84_o.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Werribee Park Mansion, near Melbourne, Australia, home to 496,079 inhabitants in 1901. Built between 1874-1877 for wealthy sheep farmers. Image by Rexness via <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/rexness/4759866219/" target="_blank">Flickr</a> [43].</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkNCDo2T9UVg43qSfLM6A4URbiRCr0Xpwq1hwk2YYCFxlgztM-XKSHteWqtJsof_UEYU8ecUTPcBbue86hA4OvpgA6SNYCpEJjkw5rLvcXfWWqfDyIVEUtdbdlIorL6552Y9gfkh4lxIUM/s1600/Montreal+Golden+Square+Mile+V2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkNCDo2T9UVg43qSfLM6A4URbiRCr0Xpwq1hwk2YYCFxlgztM-XKSHteWqtJsof_UEYU8ecUTPcBbue86hA4OvpgA6SNYCpEJjkw5rLvcXfWWqfDyIVEUtdbdlIorL6552Y9gfkh4lxIUM/s1600/Montreal+Golden+Square+Mile+V2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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The George Stephen House built in what was known as the elite "Golden Square Mile" of Montreal, Quebec (home to 267,730 inhabitants in 1901) in the nineteenth century. It was erected between 1880-1883 for George Stephen, 1st Baron Mount Stephen, the first Canadian to be elevated into the Peerage of the United Kingdom. He was a major influence behind the Canadian Pacific Railway, was President of the Bank of Montreal, and was one of the most prominent philanthropists of the time. He worked closely with King George V and was considered to be the wealthiest man in Canada. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@45.499294,-73.575644,3a,75y,214.37h,98.58t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1suhltE1C4KGOBq9qm6qPv1w!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<b>Georgian-Era (largely meaning pre-1860 here) Residential Architecture of the Wealthy:</b></div>
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Although it may sound absurd to some people today, in the Georgian and Victorian eras many of the most wealthy owned an extravagant urban townhouse that would be connected to its neighbours. Among the British Isles, "Georgian and Victorian Squares" were some of the most fashionable areas for the wealthy to live. The were composed of a gated landscaped park that would be surrounded on all sides by large terraced townhouses. Although not too many examples were built and still survive outside of Britain, there are some examples or at least remnants in New York City (Washington Square c. 1830; Gramercy Park c. 1850), Boston (Louisburg Square c. 1845; Union Park c. 1850; Chester Square c. 1850; Worcester Square), San Francisco (South Park c. 1855), and Melbourne (St Vincent Gardens c. 1868). </div>
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The Bute House (centre), is the official residence of the First Minister of Scotland who is the head of the Scottish government. Located at 6 Charlotte Square in Edinburgh, Scotland (304,800) it was built circa 1796. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@55.952364,-3.207804,3a,75y,319.92h,96.8t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sxbEwZv8jWGW2qggr0RQOaA!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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Sandyford Place townhouses built circa 1856 in Hamilton, Ontario (52,600). Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@43.252103,-79.873018,3a,75y,204.74h,95.85t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sARItG9dt58R__wwMRjTm5A!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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The Government House of Nova Scotia located in Halifax (40,832) (top is the front and the bottom is the reverse). It is the official residence of the lieutenant governor and the Canadian monarch. Built 1800 to circa 1805 when it was first resided in although unfinished at that time. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@44.643524,-63.570784,3a,38.3y,250.89h,98.72t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1su2RjJgRh2jFLQpqRchnPGg!2e0!5s2012-07" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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Fritzwilliam Square, Dublin, Ireland (290,600). One of Dublin's famous Georgian squares. The square was laid out 1789-1792. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@53.335467,-6.253358,3a,51y,140.6h,97.54t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sJeWN9J3fiQ6iiCtjF7UkqA!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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Washington Square Park, Manhattan, New York City (3,437,202). During the 1830's it was one of the most fashionable addresses in the entire city. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@40.732037,-73.998308,3a,75y,114.92h,95.74t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1skX0UAvg4KWVPB1iZOmBnrA!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">1.8 Differences Derived from other Colonial Powers</span></h3>
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Within the areas that constitute the DESW discussed in this article there have been many modern colonial powers that have at some point had power over the same areas. These include: France, The Netherlands, Portugal, Russia, Spain, and Sweden. The most prevalent examples that can still be found today reside in Quebec and South Africa. </div>
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Dutch colonization in southern Africa begun in 1652 when a refreshment station for sailors was founded in Cape Town. In 1795 the British took control of the Dutch possession but they later gave it back only to finally annex it in 1806. Quebec started as New France and its first settlement, Quebec City, was established in 1608. New France existed until 1763 when France ceded the possession to Britain. During the time that these areas were being colonized many Europeans settled in these areas and developed a vernacular style of architecture reflecting both their homeland in Europe and the conditions and materials present in the lands they were colonizing. Even after Britain took control of these areas, many of these vernacular styles continued to propagate. </div>
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Some of the most noticeable characteristics of Dutch colonial architecture and its derivatives include: rounded gables, H-shape, whitewashed exterior, and a thatched roof. Many times oak trees were planted around them as seen in Stellenbosch. Below are examples of architecture found from the remnants of the Dutch colonization of southern Africa. </div>
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<b>Dutch Derived</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC36xa68tzS1MnZHtK3QTPL7C-cUUrGy5GMh2t_N1i__N8Muxaw7bPgOL71N9CZLelc-MH3w-YnKCDxMi8GALY83p-K54Qxn_Ugthu7WIckLvfimTArw-6M4XxH1svWr0fpq_PKQs2KRq0/s1600/Dutch.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC36xa68tzS1MnZHtK3QTPL7C-cUUrGy5GMh2t_N1i__N8Muxaw7bPgOL71N9CZLelc-MH3w-YnKCDxMi8GALY83p-K54Qxn_Ugthu7WIckLvfimTArw-6M4XxH1svWr0fpq_PKQs2KRq0/s1600/Dutch.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Tulbagh, Cape of Good Hope (South Africa). Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@-33.283002,19.1383394,3a,75y,314.48h,86.07t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1sbGT7IkXUjB2fjnF6Km5DVw!2e0!3e5" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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Graaff-Reinet, Cape of Good Hope (South Africa), home to 10,083 inhabitants in 1904. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@-32.2515149,24.5387633,3a,48.9y,335.17h,89.8t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sDoEYRFmmPuD-zNPbhxLYnQ!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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Stellenbosch, Cape of Good Hope (South Africa), home to 4,969 inhabitants in 1904. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@-33.9401652,18.852957,3a,53.4y,164.73h,89.11t/data=!3m5!1e1!3m3!1ssNeB0IIWXWjJ3f5_MN2KRg!2e0!3e5" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<b>French Derived</b></div>
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Some of the most noticeable characteristics of French colonial architecture and its derivatives include: extremely tall and steep roofs; metallic roofs; many smaller dormers, sometimes two stories of them; Below are examples of French derived </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL2SibCyG178NbGIrXl74VWL3fToW57jF05aPJ3hAH8Ff5UbYdK2QzymVLkTrg0JYZ0mbSW9SL3_qCwn2KwMzWA56sYpHBmyxxXFJ1r7y2fh5orfe4ZpXQZ3S1jZX3UeuEZtVsDB7GbASN/s1600/Quebec2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="324" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgL2SibCyG178NbGIrXl74VWL3fToW57jF05aPJ3hAH8Ff5UbYdK2QzymVLkTrg0JYZ0mbSW9SL3_qCwn2KwMzWA56sYpHBmyxxXFJ1r7y2fh5orfe4ZpXQZ3S1jZX3UeuEZtVsDB7GbASN/s1600/Quebec2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Mauvide-Genest Manor, l’Île d’Orléans, Quebec. Built between 1734-1752. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@46.9140596,-70.9024662,3a,64.9y,305.03h,99.95t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sh9H1Ywz1QadV6mPDiC1xYg!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>. </div>
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Boucherville, Quebec near Montreal. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@45.610948,-73.455558,3a,75y,271.49h,92.75t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sSqhFXMkkJFlUMeqa9Lavmg!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD53n4W8ErvlbhXybCQcvVK30HvX1en0MtU1Y9WdTF8hJtd_NQB34O_hGAygEuJinIpvhZTofuolPBY-vBUcSw3_xijwgFLbqSdM4vL-1NOrNG89RqxeuR1wUYtNZkR7wAmOmeZc4z0-Nl/s1600/Quebec5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="296" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjD53n4W8ErvlbhXybCQcvVK30HvX1en0MtU1Y9WdTF8hJtd_NQB34O_hGAygEuJinIpvhZTofuolPBY-vBUcSw3_xijwgFLbqSdM4vL-1NOrNG89RqxeuR1wUYtNZkR7wAmOmeZc4z0-Nl/s1600/Quebec5.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Townhouses in Quebec City, Quebec. The city was home to 68,840 inhabitants in 1901. Notice that the two townhouses both have two rows of dormers. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@46.8113205,-71.2102032,3a,50.1y,10.95h,98.85t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1speFQu2o9ie3gyLgNbZBtMQ!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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Louis Bolduc House, Ste. Geneviève, Missouri, United States. The municipality was home to 1,707 inhabitants in 1900. The house was built in 1792 and is an example of Poteaux-sur-sol construction. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@37.9785282,-90.042906,3a,46.6y,299.38h,91.35t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1s0Db86dyDQmY-D1kiHz89Jg!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnnfp1FNAT8pVt_A1Ix9l4uQjfga-vaC9fmSSzodNekCI0DqkmN_yh3_6Dgx5bfHXljgFWIfDInVPQ13ihYiwa9fV46jBPvarpwWGXT_NAIYDPPS9p_O1NhYfuFrodDyxbHMvOjLS28KS0/s1600/Quebec7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="294" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnnfp1FNAT8pVt_A1Ix9l4uQjfga-vaC9fmSSzodNekCI0DqkmN_yh3_6Dgx5bfHXljgFWIfDInVPQ13ihYiwa9fV46jBPvarpwWGXT_NAIYDPPS9p_O1NhYfuFrodDyxbHMvOjLS28KS0/s1600/Quebec7.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Vernacular creole cottages lining this section of street in the French Quarter of New Orleans. The municipality was home to 287,104 inhabitants in 1900. Explore on <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/@29.9601592,-90.0669918,3a,67.3y,121.39h,85.7t/data=!3m4!1e1!3m2!1sskQB9_jxgkGBaluR14_EzA!2e0" target="_blank">Google Street View</a>.</div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">6 </span><span style="font-size: x-large;">Further Reading and Related Articles</span></h3>
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For links to all of my related writings you can visit my <a href="http://www.thebillywilson.com/p/population-data-articles.html" target="_blank">Population Data and Architecture Articles</a> page.</div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: x-large;">7 References</span></h3>
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To keep things neat and manageable, I utilize one universal reference list for all of my population and architecture related articles: <a href="http://www.thebillywilson.com/p/to-simplify-things-i-use-this-one.html" target="_blank">Reference List for Population Data and Architecture Articles</a>.<br />
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Billy Wilsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00650540049798713387noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7158284719665231341.post-75389438110079775072012-11-25T16:31:00.000-08:002012-11-25T16:31:32.988-08:00The Blog so FarWell it's been 10 days since I started the blog, I've made 2 posts, and tried looking at other people's blogs to see what they're doing. So far I've been enjoying the experience and I've learned a lot. Lately I've been trying to figure out ways to customize the blog and so far I've changed the background, layout, and even bought my own domain name. It's now <a href="http://www.thebillywilson.com/" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.thebillywilson.com/</span></a>, I chose "thebillywilson" because "billywilson" was already taken by some kind of company that wasn't really using it but asking $25,000 for it. When I was checking the availability of domain names Google gave me the funniest suggestions. I find the suggestions containing "goat" to be the most humorous "goatwilson.net" "goatwriter.net" "goatwilson.com".<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8ufePhSezqlwinR4h1FDkQspqc_XQCt8exoDgAipNzg-uJaQsbhAf75hwYRjzxzeVJQQLCBGpLKXuv-P9aqhjKYK9coGT8bLbqDcakoN5wGSraDaKLWkBxaUYXsOG-4AdpDmIH3V1zZW-/s1600/Domain+Taken.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8ufePhSezqlwinR4h1FDkQspqc_XQCt8exoDgAipNzg-uJaQsbhAf75hwYRjzxzeVJQQLCBGpLKXuv-P9aqhjKYK9coGT8bLbqDcakoN5wGSraDaKLWkBxaUYXsOG-4AdpDmIH3V1zZW-/s1600/Domain+Taken.jpg" height="382" width="640" /></a></div>
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Google's suggestions for a domain name similar to billywilson.com.</div>
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I also figured out how to make my <a href="http://billywilson.smugmug.com/" target="_blank">SmugMug</a> a page on my site called "Limited Edition Prints" and customize it to the extent where it looks identical to the blog. So clicking through to it makes you feel like it's the same site, or it at least does to me. My only big problem on SmugMug is if you open one of the galleries the photo spaces are larger than my background. I haven't figured out how to fix this yet. I'm also planning on putting up some of my architectural drawing onto SmugMug so people can purchase prints of those too.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyVBsqp7GkxpgThmdfKDfCe4xEPcHdN4_lBfy_o8xZr-DJTrMXMHT2dB0P8YQSEjF_3ZRebAIq9JFqPx8quUpaxH5b27gagOLbLT0x9iVlu2odcxcUfb1of_noqjqTLshF_4iwZc6bC_ds/s1600/SmugMug+Customized.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyVBsqp7GkxpgThmdfKDfCe4xEPcHdN4_lBfy_o8xZr-DJTrMXMHT2dB0P8YQSEjF_3ZRebAIq9JFqPx8quUpaxH5b27gagOLbLT0x9iVlu2odcxcUfb1of_noqjqTLshF_4iwZc6bC_ds/s1600/SmugMug+Customized.jpg" height="298" width="640" /></a></div>
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The current customized look of my SmugMug.</div>
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The general appearance of the blog seems to need a little more work I think. I want to figure out how to make my "Blog Archive" look a bit different and a way to display my profile information a bit differently on the right column. I also want to create a few more pages for my other content. I was happy to figure out how to make some social media icons near the top of my blog so people can find me on other sites. One thing I noticed during the changes I made, I'm not sure if it was during the domain change or when I renamed the blog but I lost all the +1's people had given the blog and it's posts.<br />
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Let me know how I'm doing and other things I might want to look for to add to the blog. It's snowing outside!</div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: large;"><em>Billy</em></span><br />
<a 0="0" 116865428289255716443="116865428289255716443" href="https://www.blogger.com/%7Bhttps://plus.google.com/u/0/+BillyWilson/posts%7D%3EBilly%20Wilson%3C/a%3E%3Ca%20href=" https:="https:" plus.google.com="plus.google.com" rel="author" u="u"><span style="font-size: x-small;">about Billy</span></a> Billy Wilsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00650540049798713387noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7158284719665231341.post-71433563617097721602012-11-17T21:31:00.000-08:002012-11-23T22:51:37.116-08:00My Online Journey<b>From Panoramio to Flickr to Google+</b><br />
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I haven't always been big on using the internet. When I really get into anything I tend to become obsessed with it. I have an internet track record of breaking things, tripping wires, and grabbing people's attention not always in the best way. I've also had some problems with interacting with people in real life. Below are the main networks I've used over the time I've been actively producing content online.<br />
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<b>The <a href="http://www.panoramio.com/user/1126362" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">Pamoramio</span></a> Days:</b><br />
My family has traditionally been behind the curve of technology and we didn't even have a computer in the house until 2003 and we started out with dial up. I mainly used it to play a few games and type things up. Eventually my mother saved up to buy a laptop that I began using when she wasn't using it. It wasn't until 2007 on a laptop passed down to me by my mother that I started to contribute content to the internet. For a little while I had been obsessed with the desktop version of Google Earth. I loved using it to explore areas around my city of Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada. I had an obsession with finding new waterfalls and brook trout fishing spots and I'd ride my pedal bike out into the forest down old bush roads and bull my way through thick forest to find these places and take pictures. I discovered that on Google Earth you could embed photos as a layer through a site called <a href="http://www.panoramio.com/user/1126362" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">Panoramio</span></a>, so I signed up and started to put my photos up on there.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8wDN7nrNSgpotnm70gl49lqmkMNCDWB6AH_IIEGHAgsmLA3yLmVQePA1c6f1dPT1TObfhJqhAAL6KI6eknkpIgo8uvrDxTM1GO2z9LnITjpkzBa9J5p2H6CfF64YmFnznJIz5I6SkxaW3/s1600/Screenshot+of+Google+Earth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="364" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8wDN7nrNSgpotnm70gl49lqmkMNCDWB6AH_IIEGHAgsmLA3yLmVQePA1c6f1dPT1TObfhJqhAAL6KI6eknkpIgo8uvrDxTM1GO2z9LnITjpkzBa9J5p2H6CfF64YmFnznJIz5I6SkxaW3/s640/Screenshot+of+Google+Earth.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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A screenshot of Google Earth overlooking the upper reaches of the Little Carp River with descriptions. The following photos correspond to the numbered locations.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWUetJizMTcsOG09CyLuPT3AtEQxUQReJIZe-fhuEQB4IjMscn-z4XmGNzXajKcI8Rg_-6QNj21YZveAhGmaMkUW0eA0e0GlsGmv9imFzgInp-AvlJMi1omEb_cuQ56yearMteoCtx4C9u/s1600/1+blog.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWUetJizMTcsOG09CyLuPT3AtEQxUQReJIZe-fhuEQB4IjMscn-z4XmGNzXajKcI8Rg_-6QNj21YZveAhGmaMkUW0eA0e0GlsGmv9imFzgInp-AvlJMi1omEb_cuQ56yearMteoCtx4C9u/s640/1+blog.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>1. </b>These beaver ponds were up on the flat height of land. This was early in the spring and finding such ponds excites trout fishermen, at least me anyway. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwX92TZb4M4UVcE2nrrt2AhCHRQys4mSulpmraeTrqlOdNY8WaB0JPOpV2BAgDlUVNGURiE3J2RN7bR-yXeOXsxwABu3LMVgZEzvE0DrtY-zENZz-SThWklvyrvWvh2b1B-_MIQhmAh2xZ/s1600/2+Blog.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwX92TZb4M4UVcE2nrrt2AhCHRQys4mSulpmraeTrqlOdNY8WaB0JPOpV2BAgDlUVNGURiE3J2RN7bR-yXeOXsxwABu3LMVgZEzvE0DrtY-zENZz-SThWklvyrvWvh2b1B-_MIQhmAh2xZ/s640/2+Blog.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>2.</b> Further downstream just above the waterfalls the river looks nice and peaceful. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwDxRTR905D75l1dIu1dwQl_i52W8BND3KkD0CaUPN6EaeHPNhiBJePGKdZ7G-nxvEH9-HraFTcAxxC-gPxmY9aGC2oztVPXXhAQPh6fvLP7X6kXQPOXx2j81A_j2biJXBR4A2peCmcO_u/s1600/3+Blog.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwDxRTR905D75l1dIu1dwQl_i52W8BND3KkD0CaUPN6EaeHPNhiBJePGKdZ7G-nxvEH9-HraFTcAxxC-gPxmY9aGC2oztVPXXhAQPh6fvLP7X6kXQPOXx2j81A_j2biJXBR4A2peCmcO_u/s640/3+Blog.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>3. </b>Then BAM! it goes over a plunge into a gorge full of waterfalls. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicUXRrdvqW0F3eOokS5RZqYC-PEj2kStArWVEWnMIdSo-3Q6NnXMIDKAxANxM9yku2upb7j2xT6FK_8-H-ffUTJ32vzWtriRJwOBcEBEQebLL7w7rsGGycbhXjevo6SNILNcCqY_CH3KCl/s1600/4+Blog.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicUXRrdvqW0F3eOokS5RZqYC-PEj2kStArWVEWnMIdSo-3Q6NnXMIDKAxANxM9yku2upb7j2xT6FK_8-H-ffUTJ32vzWtriRJwOBcEBEQebLL7w7rsGGycbhXjevo6SNILNcCqY_CH3KCl/s640/4+Blog.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>4. </b>And along these journeys I'd come across the <i>Salvelinus fontinalis </i>better known as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brook_trout" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">brook trout</span></a> or speckled trout. These guys are prized fish for eating and carry a kind of prestige and air about them for being a fish that needs an extremely high quality habitat, hence they are an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicator_species" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">indicator species</span></a><span style="color: #0b5394;">. <a href="http://www.blogger.com/"></a></span></div>
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<b>The <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/billy_wilson/" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">Flickr</span></a> Days:</b></div>
I soon became bored with Panoramio, I was getting a lot of views but there just wasn't a community to be found on the site at the time. So I went looking for a new site to display my photos so I researched which site was the world's most used photo sharing site and I found Flickr. I started posting on Flickr in 2008 and I started to get some interaction with people, I discovered groups, and made some new contacts. I found it to be a great place to see other people's work and I soon started to fave a lot of images. I became obsessed with faving, I liked looking at people's photos and it was a way for me to escape chemistry and biology that I was studying in university. Through all of my time faving, seeing photos, and shooting I quickly developed my skills in taking photos. I soon became renowned for faving images and I showed no sign of slowing down. On Flickr <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/thomashawk/" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">Thomas Hawk</span></a> claimed to have the <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/thomashawk/favorites/" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">most faves</span></a> of anyone and I soon passed him and hit a <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/billy_wilson/favorites/" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">quarter of a million</span></a> before Flickr stopped me thinking I was an automated script and suspended my account in 2010. Flickr's freezing of my account caused a lot of commotion and soon threads and blog posts started popping up about it and I disputed Flickr's claim and they unfroze my account. Since that time I slowed down on Flickr in fear of tripping another spam wire.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgETd7b0Lg1iMjqy4qgaOHkqPP0t57VdpewSuru__V0ZnOZ7AjypILFih4YlkcqKGJNOSQYT8oFT1MYf-DbHT4fY_kr7RPa1dXLitVl4ZHMxBA3gfM1JTkf6v-FgV6nZFo9heeMfRTYlF8g/s1600/Screenshot+Thomas+Hawk+Digital+Connection.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="474" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgETd7b0Lg1iMjqy4qgaOHkqPP0t57VdpewSuru__V0ZnOZ7AjypILFih4YlkcqKGJNOSQYT8oFT1MYf-DbHT4fY_kr7RPa1dXLitVl4ZHMxBA3gfM1JTkf6v-FgV6nZFo9heeMfRTYlF8g/s640/Screenshot+Thomas+Hawk+Digital+Connection.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Above is Thomas Hawk's <a href="http://thomashawk.com/2010/08/flickr-restricting-accounts-for-excessive-faving.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">blog post</span></a> about my Flickr account being suspended. </div>
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<b>The <a href="https://plus.google.com/u/0/+BillyWilson/posts" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">Google+</span></a> Days:</b><br />
A few months after I had finished my university degree in Biology and Chemistry <a href="https://plus.google.com/u/0/+ThomasHawk/posts" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">Thomas Hawk</span></a> invited me to Google+ on August 19th of 2011. At first I was afraid of joining and being active on something referred to as a "social network" since <a href="https://plus.google.com/u/0/+BillyWilson/posts/6LB3pwk1cVw" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">I hadn't done well interacting with people in real life</span></a>. I gave it a try and I felt like there was an accepting community on there. Within 5 days I had 1,416 followers, within 36 days I had more than 6,000 followers which is around what I had amassed on Flickr. By June 15th of 2012 I had hit 50,000 followers and now by November 30th I estimate I'll hit 1 million followers. The massive amount of followers means nothing though in comparison to the meaningful relationships I've made with people on G+. I had met Thomas Hawk on Flickr years ago, but it wasn't until G+ that I really felt like I knew him through G+ hangouts which are a live video chat of up to 10 people. Google+ helped me further open up and overcome some of my social problems to the point where I actually felt confident enough to host an on air <a href="https://plus.google.com/u/0/b/108595299975404341987/108595299975404341987/posts" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">variety show</span></a> using G+ Hangouts On Air. The show has gone on to become one of the longest running shows on G+. Producing shows meant that I was producing video content so now I'm more active on <a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/TheBillster2?feature=mhee" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">Youtube</span></a>, a site where I was too afraid to comment on for years. Making a lot of new great connections on G+ spilled over to <a href="http://www.facebook.com/BillyWilsond" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">Facebook</span></a> where I've gone from only having a handful of school friends to having hundreds of friends and many subscribers. During this time I've also gotten interested in <a href="http://pinterest.com/billywilson/" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">Pinterest</span></a> where I'm enjoying collecting images related to my interests.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIeuZxbCQ9twY2w31q2QbQsvsy9yt8wZDj7zBflmhfwGw9U1rualFxD2buCW-849iWdAf63y4gV5IQZuXFie2RyYHh3t7p9vEISNJnZ3JmLRMvTPAJ19HIr8JURkXhO3Wz_paZ9vnawIGS/s1600/Screenshot+of+Youtube.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="346" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIeuZxbCQ9twY2w31q2QbQsvsy9yt8wZDj7zBflmhfwGw9U1rualFxD2buCW-849iWdAf63y4gV5IQZuXFie2RyYHh3t7p9vEISNJnZ3JmLRMvTPAJ19HIr8JURkXhO3Wz_paZ9vnawIGS/s640/Screenshot+of+Youtube.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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A screenshot from the 33rd episode of my on air G+ variety show <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DM6PqOGtL4k" target="_blank"><span style="color: blue;">"That Show with Billy Wilson (TSBW)"</span></a>.</div>
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This now brings me to this place, this blog, that I've just started mostly based on the buzz and recommendations I've heard from people on G+. So far I'm enjoying this and I'm excited to see where it will go. Let me know what you guys think!
<p><font size="5" face="Times New Roman"><em>Billy</em></font></p><a href="{https://plus.google.com/u/0/+BillyWilson/posts}>Billy Wilson</a><a href=" 116865428289255716443?rel="author" 0 u plus.google.com https:><font size="2">about Billy</font></a> Billy Wilsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00650540049798713387noreply@blogger.com17tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7158284719665231341.post-40427622342480413302012-11-15T16:45:00.000-08:002012-11-23T22:58:12.005-08:00<h2>
I Started a Blog</h2>
I have no idea what I'm doing, but I thought why not start a blog? So many people talk about blogs and the closest thing I've had was a Tumblr that for a month I wrote some really in depth articles about camera gear on but I haven't updated in years. I've felt that what I post on social networks is satisfactory to me. In the sense that I feel like that's where the people are and that's where I will make more connections. All of the buzz about bloggers and all of the ones I know I've discovered on <a href="https://plus.google.com/u/0/+BillyWilson/posts" target="_blank">Google+</a> for the most part. Last night I watched a G+ hangout on air done by <a href="https://plus.google.com/u/0/116865428289255716443/posts" target="_blank">Colleen Jorgensen</a> and she explained how G+ was helping out her <a href="http://muralmaker1.blogspot.ca/" target="_blank">blog</a>. I think that might have been the factor that pushed me to start one today. I also think I'm excited to try something that feels entirely new and fresh to see what I can build up.<br />
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Once I post this I'm going to see what things I can do with a blog. How I can customize it, what other people are doing, the purpose of a blog, that kind of stuff. The blogger I've known the longest would probably be <a href="http://thomashawk.com/" target="_blank">Thomas Hawk</a>, the second one would be <a href="http://www.penmachine.com/" target="_blank">Derek K. Miller</a> who's sadly passed away. He's the one who gave me the camera and lens collage ideas on <a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/billy_wilson/" target="_blank">Flickr</a> that are my most popular posts.<br />
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Hmm, what can you expect from this blog? Probably thoughts on art, photography, architecture, history, Google+, exploring the world in Google Street View, stuff along those lines. Perhaps with a wee bit of <a href="https://plus.google.com/u/0/b/111188574736819390850/111188574736819390850/posts" target="_blank">Tibby</a> thrown in there for good measure.<br />
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<p><font size="5" face="Times New Roman"><em>Billy</em></font></p><a href="{https://plus.google.com/u/0/+BillyWilson/posts}>Billy Wilson</a><a href=" 116865428289255716443?rel="author" 0 u plus.google.com https:><font size="2">about Billy</font></a> Billy Wilsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00650540049798713387noreply@blogger.com10